Handbook of Medicinal Herbs by James A. Duke

Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition by James A. Duke
with Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi duCellier, Peggy-Ann K. Duke

HAN D B O O K O F
Medicinal
Herbs•

Mary Jo Bogt schutz-Godwin Judi.dnCclliu
Feggy—Aoa IN Dulc
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H A N D B O O K O F
Medicinal

H A N D B O O K O F
Medicinal Herbs
SECOND EDITION

James A. Duke
with
Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin
Judi duCellier Peggy-Ann K. Duke

CRC PR ES S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Peggy-Ann K. Duke has the copyright to all black and white line and color illustrations.

The author would like to express thanks to Nature’s Herbs for the color slides presented in the book.

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Introduction
By the time this second edition is published, the first edition of the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs will have been out more than 15 years. The second edition is designed to present most of the old information plus new information on the more important of those original 365 herbs. I submitted the first edition under the original unpublished title, Herbs of Dubious Salubrity. I intentionally left out many of the completely safe culinary herbs, spices, and food plants that are clearly medicinal. I also intentionally omitted some strictly dangerous herbs, such as foxglove, that were too unhealthy for use in unskilled hands. I did include several obscure hallucinogenic plants of dubious salubrity. I did, or should have, dropped some of these because they have little medicinal importance. Some poorly documented species, such as Mimosa hostilis and Phoradendron leucarpum, for example, were retained with fragmentary entries, so as to at least mention species from the first edition that might better have been dropped.
Now I think I have the most important herbs well covered here. In edition two, which I will refer to frequently as my Herbal Desk Reference (HDR), I have tried to concisely corral the data on some 1000 herbs in as little space as possible, striving to make a reliable, referenced resource to parallel the PDR for Herbal Medicines. I use the three-letter abbreviation, HDR, to indicate the second edition of my Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, because I compare and contrast it to other important sources, which are also represented by three-letter abbreviations. (See the reference abbreviation appendix.)
With this edition, I have tried to cover most of the widely mentioned medicinal plants, whether they are extremely salubrious or extremely toxic. Without counting them, I estimate we include more than 1000 of the most important herbs, including the more important herbs from the young Native American and the European traditions (including most of those approved by Commission E (KOM), and almost all of those included in the PDR for Herbal Medicine (PHR for the first edition, and PH2 for the second edition). Unlike Commission E and the Herbal PDR, which seem to stress European and American traditions, I include proportionately more herbs from the older African, Ayurvedic, and Chinese traditions as well, not wanting to slight any major medicinal plant from any major tradition.
Let me explain the new format for the second edition. First, a common name appears, usually but not always in English, followed by a recently accepted scientific name, with the authority for the scientific name. Then follows a safety score, X, +, ++, or +++. An X means I don’t recommend taking it at all, or realize that it is so dangerous that it should not be taken without expert guidance. But for litigious reasons, I give some potent medicinal herbs the X (amateurs beware!). A single plus (+) indicates that I do not consider that the herb is, overall, as safe as coffee. I score two pluses (++) for those herbs I think of, overall, as being as safe as coffee. I score three pluses (+++) for those herbs I believe to be safer than coffee. In the first edition, I related the plus sign to a cup of coffee, figuring that 1, 2, or 3 cups per day of an herbal tea from the herb would be as safe as 1, 2, or 3 cups per day of coffee. I often drink more than 3 cups of coffee a day, especially while I worked on this project! Clearly, this is an oversimplification. Too often, some parts of a plant are more helpful or more toxic than other parts of the same species, and different ethnic groups or cultures may use parts differently. The safety scoring is a continuation of the same scoring system I used in the first edition. Some scores have been upgraded a bit, some have been downgraded.
Often, there are some comments on synonymy and other nomenclature difficulties that arose in completing this opus. I inject these following the nomenclature line. Here you may find some proven and/or suspected synonyms, or notes of related species that may be included in this species
concept, especially by nontaxonomically trained authors. I have often used, as final arbiter of scientific names and sometimes common names, the nomenclature database at the USDA (www.ars- grin.gov; curator, Dr. John. H. Wiersema: sbmljw@ars-grin.gov).
Unfortunately, the new American Herbal Products Association (AHP) book on nomenclature arrived too late for our consideration. Attempts to standardize common names, although admirable, are often aggravating to special interests. It was with some misgiving that I arranged this book alphabetically by common names, when the first edition was by scientific name. It generated big headaches for all of us who think more along the lines of scientific names. Would it be under mulberry or black mulberry, chamomile or German chamomile? Some plants have dozens of common names. Several have suffered almost as many scientific names, such as, for example, feverfew. Hopefully, you will find it easy to use.
In the Activities and Indications sections, parenthetical numbers are followed by three-letter abbreviations (abbreviation of source) or an alphanumeric X-1111111 to identify PubMed citations. A parenthetical efficacy score of (1) means that a chemical in the plant or in an extract of the plant has shown the activity or proven out experimentally (animal, not clinical) for the indication. This could be in vitro animal or assay experiments. A hint: not real human proof! Nothing clinical yet! I give it a score of (2) if the aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, or decoction or tea derived from the plant has been shown to have the activity, or to support the indication in clinical trials. Commission E (KOM) and Tramil Commission (TRA) approvals were automatically given a score of (2) also, because they represented consensus opinions of distinguished panels. The rare score of (3) for efficacy means that clinical trials exist to show that the plant itself (not just an extract or phytochemical derivative) has the indications or activities. The solitary score of (f) in many of the citations means it is unsupported folk medicine, or I have not seen the science to back it up. The three-letter abbreviations are useful short citations of the references consulted in arriving at these numbers. I have by no means cited every source. However, unlike KOM and hopefully better than PHR, we indicate at least one source for every indication and activity we report.
Thus, we have a score for Safety and a score for Efficacy, the latter backed up by the three- letter abbreviations or citations, often PubMed citations. In addition to our three letter abbreviations for the frequently consulted texts, we occasionally cite articles cited from the PubMed database with their unique abstract number, preceded by the letter X. For example, I received a paper showing that ginger contained several COX-2 inhibitors. I looked in the PubMed database to find the unique abstract citation number, PMID: 11437391, which I shortened for database purpose to X11437391. So, all alpha-numeric (X-numerical) combinations will refer you to the source in the PubMed database. Whenever I update one of my Herb-a-Day columns, I automatically search PubMed for
>species name AND 2000 <, which automatically gives me the post 1999 abstracts. In 2001, I search for >species AND 2001<. Then I order hard copies of those articles that look promising for database purposes. Often, many more than 10 sources were involved in my decision-making. In many instances, I limited citations to three, typically the ones that were most important at arriving at my scores. Not wanting to blow my own horn, my own books were first to be deleted from the list when it exceeded three. In preparing this edition I realized that for patent litigation, the earlier citations were most valuable, so at the last minute I added several older references, such as DEP, FEL, HHB, and MAD. For example, even I was surprised when I read about Remifemin in HHB (1973, p. 12), three decades ago, since Remifemin seems so new here in America. But in my mind it is just another native American remedy, coming back home to us, slightly upgraded, after having been better studied in Europe than it has been in America (other examples include evening primrose, passionflower, and saw palmetto). DEP and FEL citations are more than 100 years old, and might be useful in challenging frivolous patents. One very important abbreviation, WAM, might as well be viewed as MOM, meaning pediatric. This comes from the excellent book, Kids, Herbs, Health, by Dr. Linda White, MD, and Sunny Mavor. So, if you are looking for an herb that has been suggested by a pediatrician, scroll down to WAM. Ditto for PIP, Hans Schilcher’s Phytotherapy in Paediatrics. This is an evolving system that changes as new science validates the folklore, often resulting in an upgrading of the indication or activity. Occasionally, bad news about the plant will result in my lowering its safety rating, from +++ to ++, or ++ to +, or + to X. This does not constitute my recommendation of an herb. It merely indicates how I think the herb compares with others, based on the literature surveyed. As a botanist, I cannot legally, and do not, prescribe. But I find mechanical searches of the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs to be an extremely fast way to find the better herbs for a given indication. We have used the same abbreviations that are used in my database at the USDA (http://www.ars- grin.gov/duke). I much prefer the abbreviations used there because they do not get you into as much trouble when you e-mail a query to the taxpaying public. For example, the preferred abbre- viation of microgram, at least with some publishers (including CRC), but not me, is g. Too often, if I put that abbreviation (or use an italicized u) in an e-mail, the u or  disappears and the reader receives g instead of ug or g, giving an often dangerously high reading, a million times too high. Ditto for ul or l (microliter) as opposed to ml (milliliter). And with uM and mM, micromole and millimole, respectively. In a sense, my scored second edition is a loner’s approach to a Commission E, but I am the sole member of the fictitious commission, Commission U.S. for us, here in the good old USA. Note that unlike the ratings in, for example, APA, my ratings assess the efficacy of each activity and indication. I’ll keep revising the scoring for an online version as new information, positive or negative, comes in on the safety or efficacy of the herb, or chemicals it contains. So, like the allopaths, health announcers, and reporters, I reserve the right to change my mind as I oscillate from side to side of the pendulum on my long, tedious, treacherous, and tumultuous trip, veering like a coiled caduceus, deviously toward the truth. Users will find it easy to search and find which herbs score highest for efficacy and safety. The three-letter abbreviations will lead them to some, but by no means all, of the sources I consulted including the one(s) or some of them that led me to the numerical scores for efficacy. The scores are my own. Only rarely did all the cited and consulted sources agree; but one of the indicated sources provided the evidence that led me to arrive at the assigned score. By no means should these scores be attributed to anyone except me. THE APA RATINGS A warning: my highest ratings are my best ratings. With the American Pharmaceutical Association (APA) and the American Herbal Products Association (AHP), the converse is true: the higher the number, the lower the rating. APA’s best, (1), is verified by large clinical, randomized, placebo- controlled, double-blind, human trials. That too would have gotten approval, we assume, in Commis- sion E. That would get a (2) in my HDR, if the study were of an extract of the plant, but a (3) for example if the study were of the natural whole herb, such as garlic or onion. The APA (1) and the HDR (3) scores are rare indeed. Their number (1) means “Years of use and extensive, high-quality studies indicate that this substance is very effective and safe when used in recommended amounts for the indication(s) noted in the ‘Will It Work For You?’ section.” Unfortunately, they often mention unapproved, unstudied folklore in this section, even clearly noting that it was unapproved. With APA, (2) is a large, clinical human trial, but not necessarily double blind and placebo controlled. That would also get a (2) in my HDR, if the study were of an extract of the plant, but a (3) if the study were of the whole herb, rather than the extract. And the third one is hard for me to believe, but here is the quote, “large, placebo-controlled animal experiment.” That would get a (1) in my HDR. The APA (4) is for in vitro studies, which I suppose includes studies, e.g., of isolated phytochemicals. Those score (1) in HDR. The APA (5) is for decades or centuries of well-known folk use, but no supporting studies. That would get an (f) for folkloric in the HDR. APA (6) is a large collection of case histories, which would also get an (f) in HDR. At the bottom of the APA ladder is the personal anecdote, which of course, also gets an (f), even though it has not yet evolved into folklore. THE AHPA CLASSIFICATION A few specific comments regarding the American Herbal Products Association (AHP). Although I like the way they handled some perplexing little details, such as idiosyncratic allergies, trivial quantities of toxic substances, etc., I’m a little alarmed by their ‘Class 1’ definition. Why alarmed? Because I feel that all drugs, whether they be synthetic, phytochemical, nutritional, or herbal, “can be safely consumed when used appropriately.” Class 1: Can be safely consumed if used appropriately. Class 2: Herbs with the following use restrictions apply; unless otherwise directed by an expert qualified in the use of the substance: (2a) External use only (2b) Not for use in pregnancy (2c) Not for use while nursing (2d) Other restrictions as noted Class 3: Herbs with significant data suggesting labeling: “To be used only under the super- vision of an expert qualified in the appropriate use of this substance.” Labeling must include proper use information: dosage, contraindications, potential adverse effects and drug interactions, and other information pertinent to the safe use of the substance. Class 4: Herbs with data insufficient for classification. Why don’t I like that ‘Class 1’ definition? My interpretation of ‘Class 1’ definition is that all herbs are ‘Class 1’ and can be safely used if used appropriately (appropriate is safe). Similarly, I think we could say appropriately for many, if not most, herbs what AHPA says of labeling information that should be required for aloe, “Do not use this product if you have abdominal pain or diarrhea. Consult a health care provider prior to use if you are pregnant or nursing. Discontinue use in the event of diarrhea or watery stools. Do not exceed recommended dose. Not for long term use.” (AHP, 1997) A subset of American phytomedicine advocates argue that we should emulate the German Commission E’s Standard of Excellence. Which one? Two versions came out in 1998, purporting to be authentic English presentations of the Commission E conclusions. There were some differ- ences; e.g., Blumenthal’s very careful book (identified as KOM in this book) states that hyssop is unapproved by Commission E, while Gruenwald, in the second edition of the PDR for Herbal Medicine, says hyssop is approved for colds, fevers, and gallbladder and liver complaints. In the title line, where I evaluate safety, I scored hyssop with three pluses (+++), meaning that I think it is safer than coffee as an herbal medicine. As to efficacy, I had decided to let Commission E endorsement rank 2 in my Activities and Indications columns. This example of divergence between the published “Commission E” interpretations of hyssop (and there are more than ten English interpretations of Commission E now) is just one of many that I encountered as I traversed most of these interpretations. It really raises a serious question again that I raised for myself back in the early 1980s as I was working on my Medicinal Plants of China. Clearly, I was capable of working only with the English translations of Chinese books on medicinal plants, embellished by three trips to China. I assumed that by the time I had compiled most of the information from five different books, there would be little new information as I traversed the sixth. But diminishing returns had not yet set in. There are a few major discrepancies in recent translations of romance language, scientific German, as with Commission E. How many more can we expect in translations of ancient Chinese, Hindu, and Sanscrit writings that are thousands of years old? Small wonder we often encounter differences of opinion. One can only be thankful that these books have survived because they document millennia of empirical wisdom. The best of the herbal medicines have survived and the worst have been marginalized. That took thousands of years. You can almost say the same of pharmaceuticals: some have survived, while some of the worst have been marginalized or withdrawn. But none of the pharmaceuticals have survived more than 200 years with us. But the ~140 herbs mentioned in the Bible have been with us 2000 years. A recent study showed that humans have been active in the Biblical area for at least 1,700,000 years. So, the genes of some humans have experienced many of the phytochemicals from Biblical plants for nearly 2 million years. More new synthetics hit the market each year, to your peril, but few new herbs surface in a given year. Mankind does not want bad medicine. Man empirically selects the good and rejects the bad. I feel strongly that many of the herbs treated in this book are as good as the competing synthetic pharmaceuticals, and almost always cost less, in dollars and in side effects. Until the better of these herbs have been clinically compared with the pharmaceuticals, neither your physician nor mine, nor you nor I, knows for sure which is best. Meanwhile, pharmaceuticals will kill more than 100,000 Americans a year, as per JAMA, a propharmaceutical journal, while herbs will kill fewer than 100, as per the conservative Washington Post in an antiherb article (Gugliotta, March 19, 2000). On May 1, 2002, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) suggested that adverse drug reactions may be the leading cause of death in the United States. FORMAT SYNONYM: In some cases I list one or more taxonomic synonyms often following the USDA Nomenclature database, curated by John Wiersema http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/taxgenform.html. ACTIVITIES: Most of the published biological activities that crossed my desk are listed alphabetically, with each activity followed by the “f” or numerical score for efficacy, followed by the citation for the source. INDICATIONS: Most published indications that crossed my desk are listed alphabetically, with each indication followed by the “f” or numerical score for efficacy, followed by the citation for the source. It was with some trepidation that I converted more specific terms such as arthritis to arthrosis, and bronchitis to bronchosis, but I think that was a more economical (space-wise) way of presenting the data. Classically, the suffix “itis” means inflammation, and “osis” means ailment of. Thus, arthritis is inflammation of the joint, and arthrosis is broader, meaning an ailment in the joint. Where some author just said “for joint problems,” that became “arthrosis,” but where they were more specific and said inflammation of the joint, it means the more specific “arthritis.” Toward the end we aggregated both under “arthrosis.” Many people will dislike that I converted all the more specific -itis entries to -osis, rather than somewhat redundantly include both. DOSAGE: I have attempted in this edition to give the range of published dosage ranges I have encountered. With good editorial prodding, I have gone back to my sources to see if they specified which plant part. In some cases my sources were not specific as to plant part. And sometimes one source specified one part, another source identified another part. A few dosages were taken right off the bottles of herbs. If there are dangerous published dosages given under dangerous herbs, I have indicated with an “X” that it should not be taken except with a skilled practitioner on hand. None of the dosages originate with me (except for an occasional “food farmacy” comment, indicating that the herb is eaten as food); they are from the literature, as indicated by the usual set of abbreviations. Several do, however, represent dosages said to have been approved by Commission E, especially those cited with the abbreviations KOM, PHR, and PH2. I suppose by appearing in an American Pharmaceutical Book, there is an indirect assumption that APA approves those APA data, but I am not sure they would give such approval. CONTRAINDICATIONS, INTERACTIONS, AND SIDE EFFECTS: The scores of AHP, PHR, and PH2 are cited followed by some of the reported perils of the herbs, indicated by the usual three-letter or abstract citations giving the source of the warning regarding the “peril.” EXTRACTS: More than 20 years ago, I started a phytochemical database that gives many of the published activities of the bioactive phytochemicals. I regret at that time I had no systematic approach to scoring the activities of the extracts of the plants. That is what we usually take, rather than isolated phytochemicals. So, occasionally, too late, I have included some reports on activities (and ED50’s and LD50’s where available) on various extracts of the plants. We have at the last minute deleted the repetition of the extensive data found in my updated FNF phy- tochemical database, early versions of which were published in some of my previously published CRC books. Duke, J.A. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents in GRAS Herbs and other Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Duke, J.A. Handbook of Biologically Active Phytochemicals and Their Activities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. and Duke, J.A. Handbook of Mints (Aromathematics): Phytochem- icals and Biological Activities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. Where I found no significant information for any one format section, the headings were deleted, therefore, many entries will have only e.g., Activities and Indications. Readers who wish to know more about the individual phytochemicals occurring in a given herb can find many useful queries answerable on my USDA database: www.ars-grin.gov/duke. In one particularly useful query for a person trying to rationalize the utility of an herb, one can secure a list of all the phytochemicals reported from the plant, with or without the list of all their reported activities, even calling out a primary or secondary reference for each data bit. Printouts of such queries on the better-studied plants are often dozens of pages long, and impractical to publish in this edition. It becomes increasingly clear that there are hundreds of biologically active compounds, often additive or synergistic, in all our plants, foods, spices, herbs; medicinal and poisonous plants alike. The genes directing the thousands of chemicals in our own body have coevolved with all or many of the phytochemicals in most of the edible plants that our ancestors chose to eat and the medicinal plants with which they treated themselves. My genes have probably known thousands of phytochemicals now extant in the Rift Valley (where anthropologists speculate that humans evolved some 6 million years ago), and still extant in my American herbs. I feel that homeostatic mechanisms have evolved for these long-known phytochemicals, enabling the body to grab a needed chemical in which the body is temporarily deficient and, conversely, excluding perhaps as “expensive” urine, those phytochemicals in which the body is not deficient. Yes, I even agree with “supplement-bashers,” who charge that excess vitamins are often excreted, unused, in the “expensive” urine. I am inclined to disagree if the basher suggests that most of us are not deficient in one vitamin or another. I think the majority of, if not all, Americans are deficient in one or more vitamins that occur in dietary plant sources. Only within the last decade did we finally realize that choline was essential. I think more such knowledge will surface in the decades ahead. And we will learn that such common and useful phytochemicals as oleanolic acid, procyanidins, quercetin, resveratrol, and sitosterol are often needed by the body and, like vitamins, kept within bounds by homeostatic mechanisms. When you offer your body an herbal menu of hundreds of useful synergistic phytochemicals, your body may select those it needs most, rejecting the ones least needed or not needed at all. When you offer the body an isolated phytochemical or synthetic pharmaceutical “silver bullet,” you are excluding all those hundreds of other useful phytochemicals in the edible and medicinal herbs. Your body knows better than your pharmacist or physician or phytotherapist or shaman, which chemicals it needs. And your evolutionary diet will often provide chemicals in which you may be temporarily deficient. Your evolutionary diet included a wide variety of plant materials that are no longer generally consumed. And your body, if not your brain, will recognize a positive benefit therefrom. The safer herbs will prevail, in spite of mounting published efforts to make them seem more dangerous than the pharmaceuticals. Herbs, on average, are much cheaper and safer than pharmaceuticals, and often as efficacious. ILLUSTRATIONS: Mrs. Peggy Duke, my most vociferous critic, has generously rounded up nearly 250 black-and-white illustrations and several color plates bearing her copyright. This is a substantial improvement over the first edition. Peggy’s black-and-white illustrations are located with the herb under discussion. Thanks to the benevolence of Natures Herbs, A Twinlab Division, we are able to include ~150 color plates of most of the popularly marketed herbs in the U.S. We give special thanks to Grace Lyn Rich and Steve Welling for making this possible. I hope the second edition of the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs will help patients and physicians alike to use the safer herbs even more safely and wisely, and help steer them to the safer herbal alternatives and away from some of the more dangerous pharmaceutical alternatives. James A. Duke Acknowledgments Although this second edition is clearly the work of many people, I use I in the introduction, and acknowledgment and often in the text. There is no shorter, less ambiguous word in the world than the word “I.” I could have said “the author” or “the authors” instead of “I” or “we” and really introduced ambiguities, but my coauthors don’t share all my views, so the buck stops here. I acknowledge with deep gratitude and with apologies, my coauthors: Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, who has worked with me more than a decade, rewriting from my terrible sows-ear drafts to produce the proverbial silk purse; Judi duCellier, who has worked with me 25 years and survived the evolution of my creeping dyslexia; Peggy-Ann Kessler Duke, friend for nearly 50 years and wife for more than 40; botanical illustrator par excellence, whose more than 300 illustrations are worth more than my 300,000 words; and to CRC Press publisher, Barbara Norwitz, who for more than 5 years has seen me slip and slide in and out of proposed contracts to do this second edition. To these praiseworthy women accrue all the compliments for this massive volume. The errors are mine. All science books are built on what has gone before, hopefully seizing the best and discarding the worst. It’s not plagiarism if one cites one’s sources. I am deeply indebted to all those scientific writers with and before me, who have written about phytochemicals and phytopharmacy; and to our ancestors before them, who sampled the plants around them, and learned which were edible, medicinal, and poisonous, and who lived to talk about it. Also let me acknowledge you, my readers, for struggling with this, my most ponderous, yet I hope most useful, book. If you like it and find any errors, let me know. I hope to keep it updated on my computer at home. Then maybe Barbara and CRC Press, maybe even you, will be ready for a third edition. New scientific data are pouring in, hopefully proving me right, that herbal phytochemicals are cheaper and safer, on average, and often as efficacious, as competitive pharmaceuticals. James A. Duke The Author James A. “Jim” Duke, Ph.D., is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of North Carolina, where he received his Ph.D. in Botany. He then moved on to postdoctoral activities at Washington University and the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri, where he assumed professor and curator duties, respectively. He retired from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1995 after a 35-year career there and elsewhere as an economic botanist. After retiring, he was appointed Senior Scientific Consultant to Nature’s Herbs (A Twin Labs subsidiary), and to an online company, ALLHERB.COM. He currently teaches a master’s degree course in botanical healing at the Tai Sophia Institute in Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Duke spends time exploring the ecology and culture of the Amazonian Rain Forest and sits on the board of directors and advisory councils of numerous organizations involved in plant medicine and the rainforest. He is updating several of his published books and refining his online database, http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/, still maintained at the USDA. He is also expanding his private educational Green Farmacy Garden at his residence in Fulton, Maryland. Abbreviations Full reference citations are listed in the References section. Many of our primary reference citations follow the consistent system (abbreviation, volume, page) format developed in my CRC Handbook of Biological Activities. These are more meaningful to us, the compilers, than the PMID abstract number (e.g., EB, or JE, or PR followed by a number then a colon then another number, always means Economic Botany, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, or Journal of Phytotherapy Research, respectively, followed by the volume number:page number). The major references in this edition are indicated by concise and consistent three-letter abbre- viations. The short explanation in the alphabetical sequence for the often-used three-letter abbre- viations for our major references appear in the Reference Abbreviations section. Many primary sources are often cited via the PMID index, which is indicated by an X, followed directly by the PubMed serial number. Even for the $3000 worth of journals to which I subscribe, I can usually find the PubMed citation in the same week that the journal gets my citation. Conventional abbreviations appear here. Three types of citations, compactly squeezed into the all important Activities and Indications paragraphs, are generously sprinkled elsewhere. ABS abstract ACAT Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltrans- ferase ACE angiotensin converting enzyme AChE antiacetylcholinesterase ADD attention deficit disorder AFG in Afghanistan, as based on KAB AHH arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase AHP American Herbal Products Associa- tion AIL Duke’s computerized AILS file, source of The Green Pharmacy, etc.; soon to be online ALA alpha-linolenic acid AMP adenosine monophosphate APA American Pharmaceutical Association APB as-purchased basis ARC Aloe Research Council ATP adenosine triphosphate BAL Baluchistan, as based on KAB BO body odor BPC British Pharmacopoeia BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate cf compare with CFS chronic fatigue syndrome CHD coronary heart disease chd child ckn chicken CNS central nervous system COM commercial COMT catechol-O-methyl-transferase COPD chronic obsessive pulmonary disorder CORP corporation COX cyclooxygenase COX-I cyclooxygenase inhibitor (sometimes COX-1 or COX-2) COX-2-1 COX-2-inhibitor CVI chronic venous insufficiency DGL deglycyrrhizinated licorice DHT dihydrotestosterone DMBA 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (a carcinogen) dml dermal EBV Epstein-Barr virus ED50 effective dose at which 50% of sub- jects are “cured,” “effected,” “affected,” or “altered” e.g. for example EO essential oil EPA eicosapentaenoic acid EPO Evening Primrose oil ERT estrogen replacement therapy etc. et cetera ext extract f folklore, not yet substantiated frg frog g gram GA glycyrrhetinic acid GABA gamma-amino-butyric acid GC Garcinia cambogia GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GFG green farmacy garden GI gastrointestinal GLA gamma-linolenic acid GMO genetically modified organism gpg guinea pig GTF glucosyl-transferase h (as a score for an activity or indication) homeopathic HCA hydroxycitric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HDR Herbal Desk Reference; online ver- sion under my Medical Botany Syl- labus (MBS) HFR human fatality reported HLE human leukocyte elastase HMG hydroxymethylglutarate hmn human HRT hormone replacement therapy iar intraarterial IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome IC inhibitory concentration ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research ID50 inhibitory dose at which 50% of activ- ity is inhibited IgE immunoglobulin-E igs intragastric ihl inhalation IL interleukin ims intramuscular inc incorporated ind intradermal inf infusion ipr intraperitoneal ith intrathecal ivn intravenous LD50 lethal dose at which 50% of experi- mental population is killed LDlo lowest reported lethal dose lf leaf l liter MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor MDR multidrug resistant mg milligram MIC used differently by various sources; minimum inhibiting concentration or mean inhibiting concentration mky monkey ml milliliter MLD used differently by various sources; Merck meaning minimum lethal dose; some other sources meaning mean lethal dose, and some do not define it (with apologies to the reader from the compiler) mM millimole MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9 mus mouse NH3 ammonia NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NKC natural killer cell NO nitric oxide NWP Northwest Province or Pushtu (dia- lect at border of northwestern Afghanistan) OCD obsessive compulsive disorder ODC ornithine-decarboxylase OPC oligomeric procyanidin ORAC oxygen radical absorbance capacity orl oral OTC over the counter (or approved for sale in Europe) oz ounce PA pyrrolizidine alkaloids PAF platelet aggregating factor par parenteral pc personal communication PEITC phenethylisothiocyanate pers. comm. personal communication PG prostaglandin pgn pigeon PKC protein kinase C PMS premenstrual syndrome pp pages ppm parts per million PSA prostate-specific antigen PTK protein tyrosine kinase rbt rabbit RSV respiratory syncytial virus RT reverse transcriptase SAD seasonal affective disorder SAM S-adenosylmethionine scu subcutaneous SF Stephen Foster SGPT serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase SL sesquiterpene lactones SLE systemic lupus erythematosus SN serial number (when followed by a number) SOD superoxide dismutase SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sup suppository TAM traditional Ayurvedic medicine tbsp tablespoon TCM traditional Chinese medicine THC tetrahydrocannabinol TNF tumor necrosis factor tsp teaspoon unk unknown uns unspecified UTI urinary tract infection UV ultraviolet VD venereal disease VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor VOD veno-occlusive disease Vol volume wmn woman WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White (syndrome) X solitary X in the title line of the herb following the scientific name means do not take it without advice from an expert (think of it as a skull and cross-bones) X followed by serial number PMID (PubMed ID number) XO external use only ZMB zero moisture basis g microgram l microliter M micromole Contents Catalog of Herbs (A to Z) 1 Reference Abbreviations 815 References 821 Illustration Credits 829 Scientific Name Index 831 Common Name Index 843 A ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) + Activities (Abscess Root) — Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (1; EFS; PH2); Expectorant (1; EFS; PH2). Indications (Abscess Root) — Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2). Dosages (Abscess Root) — No real dosage given (PH2). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Abscess Root) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). ACACIA, BABUL (Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) ++ Synonym — Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Activities (Acacia) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Algicide (1; ZUL); Amebicide (1; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; ZUL); Antiedemic (1; ABS); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (f; ABS); Antitussive (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; MPI; ZUL); Astringent (f; GMH; PH2); Decongestant (f; BIB); Demulcent (f; BIB; DEP); Expectorant (f; KAB; MPI); Hemostat (f; DEP); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Hypogly- cemic (1; ZUL); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Lactagogue (f; BIB; UPW); Molluscicide (1; ZUL); Neurostimulant (f; BIB); Protisticide (1; ZUL); Stimulant (f; BIB); Taenicide (1; ZUL); Teratologic (f; ZUL); Tonic (f; DEP); Vermifuge (1; KAB; ZUL). Indications (Acacia) — Ameba (1; ZUL); Ascites (f; KAB); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; BIB; DEP); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Burn (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEP); Chill (f; ZUL); Cholecystosis (f; BIB); Cholera (f; SKJ); Colic (f; KAB); Condyloma (f; BIB); Congestion (f; BIB); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP); Cough (f; DEP; KAB); Cystosis (f; DEP); Diabetes (1; DEP; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; GMH; PH2); Dysentery (f; BIB; DEP); Dyspepsia (f; ZUL); Dysuria (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; DEP); Fever (f; BIB; UPW); Flu (1; ABS); Fracture (f; KAB); Gastrosis (f; DEP); Gingivosis (f; DEP; PH2); Gonorrhea (1; DEP; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Hepatosis (f; BIB); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Hyperglycemia (1; ZUL); Hypersalivation (f; DEP); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (1; ZUL); Inflammation (1; ABS; PH2); Insanity (f; KAB); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; DEP); Menorrhagia (f; DEP); Muco- sosis (f; PH2); Odontosis (f; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; BIB; JLH); Orchosis (f; BIB); Otosis (f; BIB; JLH); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Pneumonia (f; ZUL); Proctosis (f; DEP; UPW); Puerperium (f; DEP); Pulmono- sis (f; ZUL); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; DEP); Sore (f; DEP; UPW); Sore Throat (f; DEP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (f; ZUL); Stomachache (f; UPW); Stomatosis (f; DEP; PH2; UPW); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (1; ABS); Syphilis (f; BIB); Tapeworm (1; ZUL); Toothache (f; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Typhoid (f; BIB); Urethrosis (f; KAB); Uterosis (f; DEP; KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB; PH2); VD (f; DEP); Worm (1; KAB; ZUL); Wound (f; UPW). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Acacia) — None covered (AHP; KOM). Large internal doses may lead to constipation and dyspepsia (PH2). 1 ADAM’S NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET (Yucca filamentosa L.) ++ Few taxonomists and herbalists and even fewer pharmacists and physicians can distinguish the Yucca species in the field. How then can they distinguish them ground and powdered in the capsule? APA covers also Yucca brevifolia, Y. glauca, and Y. schidigera. Activities (Adam’s Needles) — Antiarthritic (1; APA); Antiherpetic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (f; WOI); Antimelanomic (1; APA); Antitumor (1; APA); Antiviral (1; APA); Hemolytic (1; APA); Piscicide (2; DEM; FAD); Sedative (f; DEM). Indications (Adam’s Needles) — Adenopathy (f; WOI); Arthrosis (1; APA); Biliousness (f; WOI); Bleeding (f; APA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cytomegalovirus (1; APA); Depression (f; WOI); Dermatosis (f; APA; DEM; FAD); Diabetes (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; WOI); Headache (1; APA; WOI); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Herpes (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); High Cholesterol (1; APA); Inflammation (f; APA; WOI); Insomnia (f; DEM); Melanoma (1; APA); Migraine (f; APA); Nervousness (f; DEM); Pain (1; APA); Rheumatism (1; APA; WOI); Sore (f; APA; DEM; FAD); Sprain (f; DEM; FAD); Stomatosis (f; WOI); Swelling (1; APA); Tumor (1; APA); VD (f; WOI); Virus (1; APA). Dosages (Adam’s Needles) — 3 (490 mg) capsules 3 /day (APA). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Adam’s Needles) — AHP classifies four other Yuccas as Class 1. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Root compounds toxic to lower life forms (FAD). Saponins can cause gastric discomfort (PHR). AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) + Activities (African Caper) — Antispasmodic (1; VVG); Decongestant (f; ZUL); Depurative (f; ZUL); Diuretic (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; ZUL); Expectorant (f; ZUL); Philtre (f; ZUL); Tonic (f; ZUL). Indications (African Caper) — Chest Ache (f; VVG; ZUL); Cough (f; VVG; ZUL); Cramp (1; VVG); Diarrhea (f; ZUL); Fever (f; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; ZUL); Headache (f; VVG; ZUL); Impotence (f; ZUL); Infertility (f; ZUL); Insanity (f; VVG; ZUL); Jaundice (f; VVG; ZUL); Leprosy (f; ZUL); Malaria (f; VVG; ZUL); Mastosis (f; ZUL); Miscarriage (f; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Pleurisy (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (f; VVG); Rheumatism (f; VVG); Scrofula (f; ZUL); Snakebite (f; VVG; ZUL); Swelling (f; ZUL); Water Retention (f; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Caper) — In view of reported poisonings, indiscriminate use is discouraged (VVG); human fatalities reported following root ingestion. Contains stachydrine (ZUL). AFRICAN QUININE, QUININE TREE (Rauvolfia caffra Sond.) + Activities (African Quinine) — Antipyretic (f; ZUL); Depurative (f; ZUL); Diuretic (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; ZUL); Larvicide (f; ZUL); Laxative (f; ZUL); Tranquilizer (f; ZUL). Indications (African Quinine) — Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (f; ZUL); Itch (f; ZUL); Maggot (f; ZUL); Malaria (f; ZUL); Measles (f; ZUL); Nervousness (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (f; ZUL); Rheu- matism (f; ZUL); Scrofula (f; ZUL); Swelling (f; ZUL); Water Retention (f; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Quinine) — Poisonous (ZUL). AFRICAN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt) X Activities (African Spurge) — Abortifacient (f; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Emetic (1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (1; EFS; PH2); Rubefacient (f; EFS); Sialagogue (f; PH2); Toxic (f; EFS); Vesicant (f; EFS). Indications (African Spurge) — Bronchosis (f; HHB); Cancer (f; JLH; PH2); Catarrh (f; HHB); Conjunctivosis (f; HHB; PH2); Constipation (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dropsy (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Epistaxis (f; HHB); Gout (f; PH2); Headache (f; PH2); Immunodepression (1; PH2); Infection (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Otosis (f; PH2); Plantar Wart (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; PH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Wart (f; PH2). Dosages (African Spurge) — Don’t take it (JAD). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Spurge) — Not covered (AHP). Topically very irritating. Ingestion can cause death, burning gastrosis, colic, diarrhea, nephrosis, salivation (PH2). AFRICAN WILD YAM (Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz) + Activities (African Wild Yam) — Avicide (f; ZUL); Hemolytic (1; ZUL); Intoxicant (f; ZUL); Narcotic (f; ZUL); Soporific (f; ZUL). Indications (African Wild Yam) — Childbirth (f; ZUL); Convulsion (f; VVG); Cramp (f; ZUL); Epilepsy (f; VVG); Fit (f; VVG; ZUL); Hysteria (f; ZUL); Insanity (f; ZUL); Nervousness (f; ZUL); Scabies (f; VVG); Sore (f; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL). AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) + Activities (African Wormwood) — Analgesic (1; VVG; ZUL); Analeptic (1; VVG); Antibacterial (1; VVG); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (1; VVG); Antiitch (1; VVG); Antiseptic (1; VVG); Carminative (1; VVG); Decongestant (f; VVG); Depurative (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; VVG); Narcotic (1; VVG; ZUL); Stimulant (1; VVG). Indications (African Wormwood) — Acne (1; ZUL); Anorexia (f; VVG; ZUL); Bacteria (1; VVG); Boil (1; ZUL); Cardiopathy (1; VVG); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Chill (f; ZUL); Cold (1; VVG; ZUL); Colic (f; ZUL); Constipation (1; ZUL); Croup (f; ZUL); Diabetes (f; ZUL); Dyspepsia (f; ZUL); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (1; VVG; ZUL); Flu (f; VVG); Gas (1; VVG); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gout (f; ZUL); Headache (f; VVG); Hemorrhoid (f; ZUL); Inflammation (1; VVG); Itch (1; VVG); Malaria (1; VVG; ZUL); Measles (f; ZUL); Mumps (f; ZUL); Otosis (f; VVG; ZUL); Pain (1; VVG; ZUL); Pertussis (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (1; VVG; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; ZUL); Sprain (f; ZUL); Toothache (f; ZUL); Worm (1; VVG; ZUL). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Wormwood) — One tbsp EO (essen- tial oil) severely poisoned a worker, similar to thujone poisoning (ZUL). AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X Activities (Aga) — GABA-Antagonist (1; PH2); Hallucinogen (1; PH2); Paralytic (1; PH2); Psychotropic (1; PH2); Stimulant (1; PH2); Toxic (1; PH2). Indications (Aga) — Anxiety (f; PH2); Arthrosis (f; PH2); Intoxication (f; PH2); Neuralgia (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2). Dosages (Aga) — Don’t take it (JAD). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aga) — Signs of intoxication include confusion, cramps, dizziness, enteralgia, mania, psychostimulation, then sedation vomiting (PH2). AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++ Activities (Agar) — Laxative (1; PH2); Peristaltic (1; PH2). Indications (Agar) — Constipation (1; PH2). Dosages (Agar) — 4–16 g 1–2 /day (AHP); 4–16 g in 1–4 doses (HHB); 1–2 tsp powdered agar, always with liquid, 1–3 /day (PH2). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agar) — Class 2d. Take with at least 250 ml (8 oz liquid); contraindicated in bowel obstruction (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++ Activities (Agrimony) — Aggregant (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Antidiabetic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; BIS); Antipyretic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA); Astringent (2; APA; KOM); Antiviral (1; APA; PNC); Candidicide (1; APA); Cholagogue (1; PNC); Depurative (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; PNC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; APA); Hemo- stat (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Litholytic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; WBB); Tonic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Uricolytic (1; CAN); Vermifuge (1; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Vulnerary (f; CRC). Indications (Agrimony) — Acne (f; CRC); Anthrax (f; WBB; ZUL); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; FNF; ZUL); Bile (f; ZUL); Bleeding (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, ganglion (f; JLH); Cancer, groin (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; APA); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cholelithiasis (f; ZUL); Cholestasis (f; PH2); Cold (f; CRC; WBB); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Congestion (f; APA); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cystosis (f; JLH); Decubitis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (2; APA; CAN; KOM); Diabetes (1; APA); Diarrhea (2; APA; FAD; KOM); Dysentery (1; FNF); Dyspepsia (1; CAN; KOM); Eczema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC; PH2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (1; CRC; FAD); Fungus (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; CAN; KOM); Gastroduodenosis (f; CAN); Gastroenterosis (1; APA; BIS); Gout (f; CRC; FAD); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; APA); Hematuria (1; CRC); Hepatosis (f; APA; FAD; JLH; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Icterus (f; ZUL); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (1; BIS); Insomnia (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC); Kernel (f; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; APA); Metrorrhagia (1; CRC); Mucososis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CRC); Porphyria (f; CAN); Pharyngosis (2; FAD; KOM; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (f; PH2); Rash (1; APA); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scrotum (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f; PH2); Sinew (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (1; APA; JLH); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC; JLH); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PHR); Stone (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; ZUL); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; APA); Uterosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA; PNC); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Water Retention (1; PNC); Worm (1; CRC; FAD; PH2; WBB; ZUL); Wound (1; APA; JLH; PH2); Yeast (1; APA). Dosages (Agrimony) — 3 g herb (KOM; PHR); 3–6 g herb (APA); 1–1.5 g (BIS); 2–4 g 3 /day (CAN); 1 tsp herb/cup water (RFW); 1–3 ml extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% alcohol 3 /day (CAN). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agrimony) — Class 1 (AHP). None known (Kom; PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Excessive doses may interact with anticoagulant, hypotensive, and hypertensive thera- pies. As with other tannin-rich herbs, “excessive use” should be avoided. In view of the lack of toxicity data, use of agrimony should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. Reportedly affects the menstrual cycle (CAN). Extracts (Agrimony) — Uricolytic activity demonstrated for 15% infusions ED = 20 ml/kg orl rat (equivalent to 3 g dry drug); hypotensive (ivn cat); bactericidal against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. The tannin constituent agrimoniin (from A. pilosa) has antitumor activity, perhaps via immunostimulant activity (CAN). Aqueous extracts inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in vitro, and ethanolic extracts show antiviral activity (PNC). Twenty cutaneous porphyria patients successfully treated with agrimony infusions. Chinese research indicates agrimony increases blood coagulability ~50% (CAN). AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) + Synonym — Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. Activities (Air Plant) — Analgesic (1; TRA); Antiaggregant (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; TRA); Anticancer (1; AAB); Antiedemic (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; AAB; TRA); Antiplaque (1; TRA); Antiprostaglandin (1; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antitussive (1; TRA); Choleretic (1; TRA); Cicatrizant (1; TRA); Cytotoxic (1; TRA); Diuretic (1; TRA); Emollient (f; JFM); Expectorant (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; AAB; TRA); Hemostat (f; JFM); Immunomodulator (1; TRA); Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; TRA); Panacea (f; AAB); Spasmogenic (1; TRA); Vasocon- strictor (1; TRA); Vulnerary (f; JFM). Indications (Air Plant) — Athlete’s Foot (1; AAB); Bacteria (1; TRA); Bleeding (f; JFM); Boil (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; IED); Bruise (f; AAB; JFM); Bug Bite (f; JFM); Cancer (1; AAB); Cold (f; TRA); Colitis (1; TRA); Congestion (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; JFM); Cough (f; TRA); Cramp (1; TRA); Debility (f; AAB); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (1; TRA); Dysuria (f; JFM); Enterosis (1; IED; TRA); Fever (f; IED); Flu (f; AAB); Fracture (f; IED); Fungus (1; AAB; TRA); Gonorrhea (f; JFM); Headache (f; IED; JFM; TRA); Heartburn (f; IED); Infection (1; AAB; JFM; TRA); Inflammation (1; AAB; TRA); Mastosis (f; AAB); Migraine (f; IED); Mycosis (1; AAB; TRA); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Otosis (f; JFM); Pain (1; TRA); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Sore (1; TRA); Sore Throat (f; AAB); Sprain (f; AAB); Swelling (1; AAB; TRA); Urethrosis (f; JFM); VD (f; JFM); Water Retention (1; TRA); Wound (1; AAB; TRA). Dosages (Air Plant) — 10 g leaf applied to forehead for headache (TRA). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Air Plant) — Do not use more than 15 days in a row. Not for pregnant, puerperal, or lactating mothers or small children (TRA). AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) ++ Synonym — Dioscorea latifolia Benth. Activities (Air Potato) — Alexeteric (f; DAV); Alterative (f; KAB; KAP); Analgesic (1; TRA); Anorectic (1; KAP); Antidote (f; DAV); Antiinflammatory (f; DAV); Antipyretic (1; DAA; DEP; TRA); Antiseptic (f; WBB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB); Bitter (1; KAB); Candidicide (f; WBB); Detoxicant (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DAV; WBB); Expectorant (f; DAA; KAB); Hemolytic (1; WBB); Hemostat (f; DAV); Hypoglycemic (1; TRA); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Molluscicide (1; TRA); Piscicide (1; WBB); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; KAB). Indications (Air Potato) — Abscess (f; TRA); Anorexia (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; DAV); Boil (f; WBB; DAA); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (f; DAV; KAB; JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; DAA); Cancer, colon (f; DAA); Cancer, stomach (f; DAA); Candida (f; DAA; WBB); Cervisosis (f; JLH); Complexion (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA; WBB); Diarrhea (f; DAA; WBB); Dysentery (f; DAV; KAP; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; DAA; KAB); Fever (1; DAA; DAV; DEP; TRA); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Goiter (f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; KAP; WBB); Hernia (f; DAA); Hyperg- lycemia (1; TRA); Infection (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; DAA; DAV; TRA); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Pain (1; KAB; TRA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Sore (f; DAV; KAB; KAP; WBB); Sore Throat (f; DAA); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (f; DAA); Syphilis (f; DAA; DAV; KAP; WBB); Thyroma (f; DAA); Tumor (f; DAV); VD (f; DAA; KAP); Water Retention (f; DAV; WBB); Worm (f; KAB); Yeast (f; DAA; WBB). Dosages (Air Potato) — 6–12 g powdered tuber (KAP). AJOWAN, BISHOP’S WEED (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.) +++ Synonyms — Ammi copticum L., Carum ajowan ined., Carum copticum (L.) C. B. Clarke, Sison ammi L., T. copticum (L.) Link Activities (Ajowan) — Antioxidant (1; WOI); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Antiseptic (f; DEP); Antispasmodic (f; KAB; SUW); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Bitter (f; KAB); Cardiodepressant (1; WOI); Carminative (f; KAB; SUW); Catabolic (f; MBB); Detoxicant (f; MBB); Diaphoretic (f; MBB); Diuretic (f; KAB; SUW); Emmenagogue (f; KAB); Expectorant (f; KAB); Fungicide (1; WOI); Gastrorelaxant (1; MPI); Gastrostimulant (1; MPI); Hypotensive (1; WOI); Lactagogue (f; KAB); Laxative (f; KAB); Litholytic (f; MBB); Parasympathomimetic (1; WOI); Sialagogue (f; DEP); Spasmogenic (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; KAB; SUW); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB; SUW); Vermifuge (1; KAB). Indications (Ajowan) — Anorexia (f; KAB); Arthrosis (f; MBB); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma (f; MBB; WOI); Atony (f; KAB); Bacteria (1; WOI); Boil (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; MBB; WOI); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; KAB); Cancer, abdomen (f; KAB); Cardiopathy (f; KAB); Cholera (f; DEP; KAB); Cold (f; DEP); Colic (f; DEP; SUW); Congestion (f; MBB); Cough (f; KAB; MBB; WOI); Cramp (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Debility (f; KAB); Diarrhea (f; KAB); Dipsomania (f; DEP); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Edema (f; MBB); Emphysema (f; WOI); Enterosis (f; KAB); Epilepsy (f; SKJ); Escherichia (1; WOI); Fever (f; KAB; MBB); Flu (f; MBB); Fungus (1; WOI); Gas (f; KAB; SUW); Gastrosis (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; KAB); Hiccup (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; WOI); Hysteria (f; DEP); Infection (1; DEP; WOI); Inflammation (f; KAB); Laryngosis (f; MBB); Mycosis (1; WOI); Nausea (f; KAB); Nematode (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB); Paralysis (f; KAB); Pneumonia (f; WOI); Rheumatism (f; DEP); Salmonella (1; WOI); Sinusosis (f; MBB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; DEP); Splenosis (f; KAB); Stone (f; MBB); Syncope (f; DEP); Toothache (f; KAB); VD (f; SKJ); Water Retention (f; KAB; SUW); Worm (1; KAB; KAP); Wound (f; SKJ). Dosages (Ajowan) — 3–6 g powdered seed; 125 mg extract (KAP). Extracts (Ajowan) — EO fungitoxic at 500 ppm (FFJ4(1) 1:1), also spasmogenic (MPI). Rich in thymol, which could impart many of its biological activities. AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X Synonym — Cupania sapida J. Voigt Activities (Akee Apples) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; CRC); Anti- pyretic (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC). Indications (Akee Apples) — Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Edema (f; CRC); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Migraine (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Orchosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Pyorrhea (f; CRC); Smallpox (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; CRC); Yaws (f; CRC); Yellow Fever (f; CRC). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Akee Apples) — Used as a fish poison. Contains the potentially useful but toxic hypoglycemic agents, cyclopropanoid amino acids, hypoglycin A, and hypoglycin B. Akee poisoning has been reported to be fatal in 2 hours. The bitter reddish raphe should be picked out as the fruit opens on the tree. Damaged, unripe, or fallen fruits should not be eaten. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, a quiescent period with drowsiness and sleep, followed 3 or 4 hours later with intense vomiting, and lastly, convulsions, coma, and death. ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) + Synonyms — Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd., Mimosa lebbeck L. Activities (Albizzia) — Antiallergic (2; KEB); Antianaphylactic (1; KEB); Antiasthmatic (2; KEB); Antibacterial (1; KEB); Antibronchitic (1; KEB); Antihistaminic (1; KEB); Antiseptic (1; KEB); Antispasmodic (1; KEB); Antitubercular (f; WO2); Astringent (f; WO2); Cardiotonic (f; KEB); Fungicide (1; KEB); Hypocholesterolemic (2; KEB); Insecticide (f; WO2); Mast-Cell Stabilizer (1; KEB); Positive Inotropic (2; KEB); Tonic (f; WO2). Indications (Albizzia) — Allergy (2; KEB); Anaphylaxis (1; KEB); Asthma (2; KEB); Bacteria (1; KEB); Boil (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; WO2; KEB); Carbuncle (f; SKJ); Cramp (1; KEB); Dermatosis (1; KEB); Diarrhea (f; SKJ); Dysentery (f; SKJ); Eczema (2; KEB); Fungus (1; KEB); Gingivosis (f; SKJ); Gonorrhea (f; SKJ); Hemorrhoid (f; SKJ); High Cholesterol (2; KEB); Infection (1; KEB); Leprosy (f; WO2); Mycosis (1; KEB); Nephrosis (2; KEB); Night Blindness (f; SKJ); Swelling (f; SKJ); Urticaria (2; KEB). Dosages (Albizzia) — 3–6 ml/day (1:2 liquid extract) (KEB). ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) + Synonyms — Cassia acutifolia Delile, C. angustifolia Vahl, C. lanceolata Forssk., C. senna L. Activities (Alexandrian Senna) — Antidysenteric (f; WHO); Antileukemic (1; CAN); Anti- spasmodic (f; PED); Bitter (f; PED); Carminative (f; WHO); Expectorant (f; WHO); Fungicide (1; JAD); Hepatoprotective (1; CAN); Laxative (1; BGB; PH2; PIP; SKY); Mutagenic (1; BGB); Peristaltic (1; PED; WHO). Indications (Alexandrian Senna) — Anemia (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Constipation (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; PIP; SKY; WHO); Cramp (f; PED); Dermatosis (f; WHO); Dysentery (1; WHO); Dyspepsia (f; WHO); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; PH2; WHO); Fungus (1; JAD); Gas (f; WHO); Gonorrhea (f; WHO); Hemorrhoid (f; BGB; PIP; WHO); Hepatosis (1; CAN; PH2); Infection (1; JAD); Jaundice (f; PH2); Leukemia (1; CAN); Mycosis (1; JAD); Ringworm (1; JAD); Splenosis (f; PH2); Typhoid (f; PH2); Wound (f; WHO). Dosages (Alexandrian Senna) — 0.5–2 g (0.5–1 tsp)/cup water (APA); 1–2 g fruit (WHO); 3–6 alexandrian or 4–12 tinnevelly pods steeped in 150 ml warm water 6–12 hours (CAN); 0.5–2 g dry leaflets (CAN); 1–2 g dry leaf (PED; WHO); 1 g dry leaf:5 ml alcohol/5 ml water (PED); 0.5–2 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) (CAN); 20–30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives/day calculated as sennoside B (KOM); 2 (25 mg) StX extracts 1–2 /day (APA); 10–60 mg sennosides (SKY). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alexandrian Senna) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d (AHP). Commission E and other sources report interaction of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit-forming. Some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic. Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma. One woman developed clubbing of her digits and hypertropic osteoarthropathy after taking at least three tablets daily for 3 years for weight loss. She also experienced several months of secondary amenorrhea. Of senna leaf, Blumenthal et al. lists abdominal pain of unknown origin, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., Crohn’s disease and colitis ulcerosa), and appendicitis as contraindications. Because of the anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). “Anthraquinones may be secreted into breast milk” (CAN). Should not be used in lactation, pregnancy, or with children under 12 years old (KOM). Occasional cramp-like discomfort of the GI tract may require dosage reduction (KOM). Side effects with chronic abuse: disturbance of electrolyte balance, espe- cially hypokalemia (may be exacerbated by simultaneous administration of corticoadrenal steroids, licorice root, or thiazide diuretics), leading to cardiopathy, muscular weakness espe- cially with concurrent uses of cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, or diuretics (KOM). Pig- mentation of the intestinal mucosae (pseudomelanosis coli) is harmless and usually reverses on discontinuation of the drug. Laxative like this should not be used more than 1–2 weeks without medical advice (KOM). CAN report anthraquinones are purgative and irritate GI tract. Also contraindicated in hemorrhoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown causes, any enterosis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome) hemorrhoids, nephropathy, menstruation (AHP). Do not use more than 8–10 days (AHP). Do not use this in case of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Consult a health care provider prior to use in pregnancy or nursing. Discontinue use if diarrhea or watery stools occur. Not for long term use (AHP). “Some herbal laxative preparations, such as cascara and senna for example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin” (D’epiro, 1997). Pedersen (1998) cautions against taking the fresh leaf (we have done that in Peru with modest laxative results). “Senna causes gripping unless taken in combination with carminative herbs such as ginger, cloves, or various mint species.” Although GRAS, senna can be more habit-forming than cascara (PED). Lininger et al. (1998) pronounce it “safe for children over the age of six” (half the adult dose) (SKY). I’d be more cautious. Extracts (Alexandrian Senna) — Possibly representing a negative case for my synergy proposition, “The toxicity of total extracts is greater than that of the individual sennosides. It has been proposed that the laxative and toxic components of senna could be separated” (CAN). Elsewhere, I have read that the sennosides are synergetic as far as their laxative action is concerned. But then anomalously, CAN report that sennosides A and B are reported to be most potent with respect to laxative action, but the least toxic compared to other anthraquinone fractions. LD50s of sennosides A & B are 4100 mg/kg ivn mus and of rhein-8-glycoside 400 mg/kg ivn mus. All fractions had LD50 = >5000 mg/kg orl rat.

ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) +

Activities (Alfalfa) — Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; PED); Antiatherosclerotic (1; APA); Antibacterial (1; CRC; WOI); Antiinflammatory (f; APA); Antipyretic (f; PED); Antiscorbutic (1; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antithrombic (f; PED); Aperitif (f; CRC; SKY); Bitter (f; PED); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Choleretic (1; PNC); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC; PED); Digestive (1; PED); Diuretic (1; CRC; PED; PH2); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (1; CRC; FNF; UPW); Estrogenic (1; CRC; FAD; SKY); Fungicide (1; FAD); Hemolytic (f; APA); Hemostat (f; FAD); Hypocholesterolemic (f; CAN; PED); Hypoglycemic (f; PED); Lactagogue (1; CRC; FNF; UPW); Stimulant (f; CRC); Sto- machic (f; CRC; PED); Tonic (f; CRC; PED).
Indications (Alfalfa) — Alcoholism (f; FAD); Allergy (f; APA); Anorexia (f; CRC; FAD; SKY); Arthrosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD; MAD); Asthma (f; APA); Atherosclerosis (1; APA); Bacteria (1; CRC; FNF; WOI); Bleeding (f; FAD); Blood Clot (f; APA; PED); Boil (f; CRC); Cancer (f; FAD; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (f; PED); Debility (1; CAN); Diabetes (1; APA; CAN; FAD; MAD; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dysuria (f; CRC; PED); Enterosis (f; CRC); ERT (1; FAD; FNF; SKY); Fever (f; CRC; PED); Fungus (1; FAD); Gall Bladder (1; PNC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gravel (f; CRC); Halitosis (1; FNF); High Cholesterol (1; APA; CAN; PED; PNC); Hyperglycemia (f; PED); Hypoprothrombinaemic Purpura (1; CAN); Indigestion (1; PED); Induration (f; MAD); Infection (1; FAD); Inflammation (f; APA); Mycosis (1; FAD); Myxedema (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; APA; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Otosis (f; DEM); Poor Milk Supply (1; FAD; FNF); Prostatosis (1; APA; FNF); Rheumatism (f; PED; MAD); Swelling (f; MAD); Thrombosis (f; PED); Thyroidosis (f; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (1; CRC; PED; PH2); Wound (f; MAD); Yeast (1; CAN).

Dosages (Alfalfa) — 1–2 tsp dry leaf/cup water 3 /day (APA); 5–10 g/herb/day (CAN); 6–12 g/dry herb/day (PED); 5–10 ml tincture (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 15–30 drops tincture
4 /day (SF2); 3–4 (370 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH); 1–2 (500 mg) capsules/day (SF); 8–9 (400–500 mg) capsules/day (SF2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alfalfa) — Class 1 (AHP). PHR is too kind with their usual template. None known with proper dosage (which they don’t define) (PH2). Stachydrine and l-homostachydrine, in the seeds, may be emmenagogue and lactogenic. One patient died from listerosis after ingesting contaminated alfalfa tablets (LRNP, March 1991). Seeds and/or sprouts may contain 13,000 ppm canavanine, which may be implicated in hypo- complementenemia, lupus, and pancytopenia. Canavanine, a toxic amino acid, may cause systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome (CAN). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like manifestations, skin reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, raised serum urate levels are symp- toms that have been associated with alfalfa use in humans. Seeds should not be ingested during pregnancy or lactation (CAN). May cause stomach upset and diarrhea. Believed by some herbalists to be helpful in delaying absorption of cholesterol and dissolving plaque deposits on arterial walls (TMA). Consumption of alfalfa tablets contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes was linked to a fatal case of listerosis. One case of allergic reaction (from contamination with grass pollen) in alfalfa tablets has been reported (SF2). Flatulence, abdominal discomfort, loose stools, diarrhea, and loss of appetite may result from ingesting large amounts of alfalfa seeds (120 g/day).
Extracts (Alfalfa) — Purines in seeds may raise mean serum urate levels (AEH). Porphyrins may photosensitize (PNC). Saponins decrease plasma cholesterol without changing HDL cholesterol, decrease intestinal absorption of cholesterol, increase excretion of neutral steroids and bile acids, and prevent atherosclerosis. Saponins hemolytic, may interfere with vitamin E utilization. Root saponins, selectively antiyeast and fungicide, also hypocholesterolemic, in monkeys (CAN). “Sapo- nin contents act on the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems” (PHR). Alfalfa sprouts, not recommended, contain trace of COX-2 inhibitor apigenin (70 ppm ZMB) (COX). Forty g heat- treated alfalfa seed, 3 /day/8 weeks, helped normalize serum cholesterol concentrations in Type 2 hyperlipoproteinanemia. Alfalfa extracts, possibly due to the high manganese content, may reduce blood sugar, but only in patients with inability to use their stored manganese (CAN).

ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) +
Synonym — Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz.
Activities (Alisma) — Antidote, opium (f; WO2); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Astringent (f; GMH; LMP); Diaphoretic (f; DAA; GMH); Diuretic (2; DAA; FAD; GMH; WO3); Hemostat (f; GMH); Hepatoprotective (1; PEP; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (f; PEP; PH2); Hypoglycemic (f; PEP; PH2); Hypotensive (1; PH2; WO3); Irritant (1; FAD); Lactagogue (f; LMP); Lipotropic (f; PEP); Litholytic (f; WO2); Natriuretic (f; PEP); Rubefacient (1; FAD); Sterilant (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; LMP); Tonic (f; LMP); Vulnerary (f; WO2).
Indications (Alisma) — Aphrodisiac (f; DAA); Ascites (f; DAA); Back (f; DEM); Beriberi (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; GMH); Bruise (f; FAD; GMH; WO2); Calculus (f; GMH); Cancer (f; WO2); Cancer, stomach (f; WO2); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; FAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Chyluria (f; DAA); Constipation (f; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; DAA); Debility (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; DAA; LMP); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dropsy (f; DAA; LMP); Dysentery (f; GMH; WO2); Dysuria (1; DAA; FAD); Edema (1; DAA; FAD); Enterosis (f; DAA); Epilepsy (f; GMH); Fever (f; DAA; GMH); Flu (f; DEM); Frigidity (f; DAA); Gastrosis (f; DEM; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Gout (f; WO2); Gravel (f; FAD; GMH); Heartburn (f;

DEM); Hematuria (f; DAA); Hepatosis (1; WO3); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; WO3); High Cholesterol (f; PEP; PH2); Hydrophobia (f; WO2); Hyperglycemia (f; PEP; PH2); Induration (f; WO2); Infertility (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; WO2); Kidney Stone (f; DAA); Leprosy (f; DAA); Leukemia (f; WO2); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Obesity (f; PEP); Polyuria (f; DAA); Rhinosis (f; FAD); Snakebite (f; GMH); Sore (f; WO2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (f; DAA; WO2); Swelling (f; DAA; FAD; GMH); Toothache (f; WO2); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Urethrosis (f; PHR); UTI (f; PHR; WO3); VD (f; DAA; LMP); Venosis (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; WO3); Water Retention (2; DAA; FAD; GMH; WO3); Wound (f; FAD; WO2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alisma) — Class 2d. Prolonged use may cause GI irritation and gastroenterosis (AHP). Doses 20–40 times higher than clinical dose hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in rats (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Rhizome, most often used as a diuretic, should not be used when there is a clear, thin vaginal discharge. May cause more than usual excretion of sodium and urea in healthy subjects (TMA). LD50
= >4 g/kg orl mouse (LMP).

ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYER’S ALKANET
(Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X
Synonyms — A. lehmanii (Tineo) A. DC., A. tuberculata (Forssk.) Meikle, Anchusa bracteolata
Viv., A. tuberculata Forssk., Lithospermum lehmanii Tineo
Activities (Alkanet) — Amebicide (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; PHR); Antiseptic (1; PH2; PNC); Astringent (1; LAF; PNC); Candidicide (1; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); CNS- Depressant (1; FNF); Curare (1; FNF); Emollient (f; EFS); Genotoxic (1; CAN; FNF); Hepatotoxic (1; CAN; PHR; PH2); Immunomodulator (1; LAF); Immunosuppressant (1; LAF); Neurotoxic (1; FNF); Paralytic (1; FNF); Vulnerary (f; BIS; PNC).
Indications (Alkanet) — Abscess (f; LAF); Ameba (1; FNF); Bacteria (1; PH2); Burn (1; FNF); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; PHR; PH2); Decubitis (1; FNF); Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); EBV (1; FNF); Indolent Ulcer (1; PH2; PNC); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; FNF); Leukemia (1; FNF); Snakebite (f; PNC); Sore (1; LAF); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Ulcus cruris (2; PHR); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; FNF); Wound (1; PH2); Yeast (1; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Alkanet) — No more than 0.1 g pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 necine framework and their N-oxides (PH2).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alkanet) — AHP Class 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. Long- term use discouraged. Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Effective July 1996, the AHP Board of Trustees recommends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) that contain toxic PAs, including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label: “For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing” (AHP). PAs are genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic (CAN). Due to the PAs, alkanet use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (JAD). Consolicine & Consolidine: CNS-Paralytic (3  cynoglossine) (PHR). Dietary alkannin for 15 weeks at 1% of diet nontoxic in mice (LAF). Shikonin immuno- modulatory at low doses, immunosuppressant at high doses.

ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++

Synonyms — Myrtus dioica L., M. pimenta L., P. officinalis Lindl., P. pimenta (L.) H. Karst.,
P. vulgaris Lindl.
Activities (Allspice) — Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF; PH2); Anesthetic (1; APA; RIN); Anticonvul- sant (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; CRC); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; APA); Antiviral (1; APA); Candidicide (1; APA); Carminative (1; APA; CRC; JFM); CNS-Depressant (1; APA); Depurative (f; CRC; JFM); Digestive (1; APA); Fungicide (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Hypotensive (1; ABS); Irritant (1; PH2); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasiticide (1; APA); Rubefacient (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; HHB); Stomachic (f; CRC; JFM); Tonic (f; CRC; HHB).
Indications (Allspice) — Arthrosis (1; RIN); Athlete’s Foot (1; AAB); Bacteria (1; APA); Bruise (f; CRC); Candida (1; APA); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (1; APA); Convulsion (1; APA); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cramp (1; AAB; APA); Diabetes (f; CRC; JFM); Diarrhea (f; APA); Dysmen- orrhea (1; AAB; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; AAB; APA; CRC); Enterosis (f; APA); Fatigue (1; AAB); Fever (f; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Gas (1; AAB; APA; CRC; JFM);
Gingivosis (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; ABS); Infection (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Myalgia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; AAB; APA; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Pain (1; AAB; APA; CRC; FNF;
PH2; RIN); Parasite (1; APA); Rheumatism (1; AAB; CRC); Stomachache (1; APA; CRC); Stomatosis (1; APA); Toothache (1; APA); Vaginosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA); Vomiting (1; APA; FNF); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Allspice) — 1–2 tsp herb/cup water 3 /day (APA); 4–6 fruits/cup water as stimulant (JFM); 0.5–2 g powdered fruit (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml EO (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Allspice) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Allspice) — Rinzler recounts a study of 408 patients with eczema in which 19 reacted positively to allspice patch tests (RIN). “The berries, their oil, and the eugenol extract promote the activity of the digestive enzyme trypsin, which may help explain why allspice has traditionally been used as a digestive aid” (APA). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol) and cinnamon (to 3.8%), allspice (to 3.6% eugenol) is a major source of eugenol.

ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++
Synonyms — Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P. communis
(L.) Arcang., P. dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim.
Activities (Almond) — Allergenic (1; JAF49:2131); Alterative (f; BIB); Antibacterial (1; APA; MPI); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (f; BIB); Carminative (f; BIB); Cyanogenic (f; BIB); Demulcent (1; APA; BIB; EFS; PH2); Discutient (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB; DEP); Emollient (1; APA; BIB; EFS); Laxative (1; APA; BIB); Litholytic (f; BIB; DEP; WOI); Nervine (f; BIB; WOI); Pediculicide (f; DEP); Sedative (f; BIB); Stimulant (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BIB).
Indications (Almond) — Acne (f; BIB); Adenopathy (1; JLH); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (f; BIB); Bacteria (1; APA; MPI); Biliousness (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Callus (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; APA); Cancer, breast (1; APA; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; ABS); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; APA); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; APA); Cold (f; BIB); Colic (f; BIB); Condyloma (f; BIB; JLH); Constipation (1; APA); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (f; BIB; DEP; PH2); Cramp (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; BIB; JLH); Delirium (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; BIB; PH2; WOI); Diabetes (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEP); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; DEP); Furuncle (f; BIB); Gas (f; BIB); Gingivosis (f; BIB); Gleet (f; BIB); Gravel (f; BIB); Headache (f; BIB; DEP); Heartburn (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB; DEP; JLH); High Cholesterol (1; APA); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Impotence (f; BIB); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Inflammation (f; BIB); Insomnia (f; BIB); Itch (f; BIB; WOI); Leu- koderma (f; BIB); Nausea (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Nervousness (f; BIB); Neuralgia (f; DEP); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Otosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; DEP); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Respirosis (f; EFS); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; BIB; JLH); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB; DEP; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stone (f; BIB; DEP; WOI); Streptococcus (1; MPI); Swelling (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; BIB); VD (f; BIB); Vomiting (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; BIB; DEP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Almond) — “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Ten bitter almonds said to be fatal to children, 60 to an adult (PH2). Of U.S. citizens, 0.5% show sensitivity to tree nuts, 0.6% to peanuts, and an additional 0.3% allergic to nuts but not specifying or differentiating between tree nut and peanut allergy.

ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++
Synonyms — Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P. communis
(L.) Arcang., P. dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
Activities (Almond Oil) — Antibacterial (1; APA); Demulcent (2; APA); Emollient (2; APA); Laxative (2; APA).
Indications (Almond Oil) — Bacteria (1; APA); Cancer, bladder (1; APA); Cancer, breast (1; APA); Cancer, oral (1; APA); Cardiopathy (2; APA); Constipation (2; APA); High Cholesterol (2; APA).
Dosages (Almond Oil) — 30 ml oil as laxative (APA); 15–30 ml almond oil (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Almond Oil) — Class 3 (AHP). Ten bitter almonds said to be fatal to child, 60 to adult (PHR).

ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++

Synonyms — A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.
The gel is used folklorically, and the dried inner leaf juice pharmaceutically as a laxative. There is much confusion resulting from different interpretations by botanists, chemists, collectors, herbalists, pharmaceuticists, physicians, and taxonomists. I don’t know the herbalist or taxon- omist who can identify aloe to species by its latex or leaves alone. Here, I have tried to sort out what I think was intended by the authors, mostly also compilers like myself, interpreting the studies of others. Potter’s New Cyclopedia tried to straighten things out by calling the gel “aloe vera” and the purgative powder “aloes.” Fleming (1998) aggregates it all inextricably, dried and fresh leaf juice, whole leaves, and the gel (PHR, PH2). It’s even botched in the Bible, according to Biblical scholars. Aloe in the Old Testament is said to be Aquilaria, while that of the New Testament is said to be our Aloe vera.
Activities (Aloe) — Abortifacient (1; WO3); Analgesic (1; PH2); Antiaggregant (f; CRC); Antiaging (f; WO3); Antialcoholic (1; WO3); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidote, alcohol (1; WO3); Antiedemic (1; CAN; WHO); Antiherpetic (1; AAB; PH2); Antihistaminic (1; APA); Antiinflam- matory (1; AAB; CAN; PH2; WHO; WO3); Antiplaque (f; WO3); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PH2); Antithromboxane (1; PH2; WHO); Antiulcer (1; AAB; PH2); Antiviral (1; AAB; PH2; WO3); Antiwrinkle (f; WO3); Aperient (f; DAA; DEP); Arylamine-N-Acetyl- transferase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Bitter (f; PED); Cholagogue (f; CRC); Collagenic (1; PH2); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (1; CRC; WAM); Emmenagogue (1; DAA; MPI); Emollient (1; WAM); Fungicide (1; APA; PH2); Hemostat (1; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (1; WO3); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN); Immunomodu- lator (1; PH2); Insecticide (f; CRC); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (1; PH2; WAM); Microcircu- latory Stimulant (f; CAN); Mitogenic (1; WO3); Moisturizer (1; CRC); Nematicide (1; CRC); Phagocytotic (1; CAN; PNC); Propecic (f; KAP); Radioprotective (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; MPI); Tonic (f; MPI); Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Vermifuge (1; MPI); Vulnerary (1; CAN; WAM; WHO; WO3).

Indications (Aloe; gel only) — Abrasion (1; WHO); Abscess (f; CAN); Acne (f; CRC; WHO); Acrochordon (f; CRC); Adenopathy (f; DEP); Alcoholism (1; WO3); Alopecia (f; CRC; KAP); Amenorrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Anemia (f; WHO); Apoplexy (f; DEP); Arthrosis (1; CAN; WO3); Asthma (1; CAN; KAP; PNC); Bacteria (1; APA; PH2); Bleeding (1; CRC; WO3); Blindness (f; WHO); Boil (f; AAB); Bronchosis (1; CAN; WO3); Bruise (1; WHO); Bug Bite (1; APA); Burn (1; AAB; CAN; WAM; WHO); Cancer (1; FNF, JAD; JLH; PH2); Cancer, anus (1; CRC;
JLH); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, larynx (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lymph (f; DEP); Cancer, nose (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; CRC; JLH; PH2); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Childbirth (f; CRC; DAA); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (f; KAP; PH2); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP; PHR); Constipation (adult only) (2; DAA; PH2; WAM); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; APA; CRC; KAP); Decubitis (f; AAB); Derma- tosis (1; PH2; WHO; WO3); Diabetes (1; APA; CAN); Dysmenorrhea (f; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CAN; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; WO3); Epilepsy (f; KAP); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Fever (f; DEP); Frostbite (1; APA; PH2; WHO); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; MPI; PH2);
Gastrosis (f; CRC; WO3); Gingivosis (f; WO3); Glaucoma (f; WHO); Hemorrhoid (f; APA; CRC; WHO); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEP); Herpes (1; AAB; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; WO3); HIV (1; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; CAN); Hysteria (f; CRC); Immunodepression (1; CAN; PNC); Indigestion (1; WAM); Infection (1; APA; PH2); Infertility (1; CRC; MPI); Inflammation (1; AAB; CAN; CRC; PH2; WHO; WO3); Ischemia (1; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f;
CRC); Leukemia (f; CRC; JLH); Mouth Sore (1; CAN); Mycosis (1; APA; FNF; PH2; WHO); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Pain (1; PH2); Peptic Ulcer (1; CAN; CRC); PMS (f; APA); Proctosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (2; CAN; PH2; WHO); Radiation Burn (1; CRC; DAA; WHO); Rash (1; AAB); Rheumatism (f; WO3); Ringworm (1; APA); Salmonella (1; CRC); Seborrhea (f; WHO); Splenosis (f; DEP); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; PH2); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Streptococcus (1; CRC); Sunburn (1; AAB; PNC; WAM); Swelling (1; CAN; WHO); Syphilis (f; PHR); Trachosis (f; WO3); Tuberculosis (1; DAA; KAP); Tumor (1; CRC); Ulcer (1; AAB; APA; PH2; WAM;
WHO; WO3); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (f; APA); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; AAB; PH2; WO3); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Worm (1; CRC; MPI; PH2); Wound (1; APA; CAN; CRC); Wrinkle (f; WO3).
Dosages (Aloe) — 50–200 mg powder (APA); 50–300 mg powder in a single dose at bedtime (AHP); 1 tbsp gel 3 /day (APA); 25 mg in 701 mg soybean oil, 1–2 softgels 3 /day; apply topically; or 1 tbsp juice after meals (SF). Aloe gel, Barbados aloe, and Aloe powder contain, respectively 4.87, 4.65, and 4.21% aloin, and 2.2, 2.1, and 2.03% aloe emodin.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aloe) — Gel Class 1 Internally; Gel Class 2d Externally (AHP); Powder Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Anthraquinones may be purgative and GI tract irritant (CAN). Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interac- tions of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Because of its laxative and reputed abortifacient actions, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. However, they suggest that topical, but not oral, application may be okay in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). The latex can be a drastic laxative. Contraindicated for pregnant women and children (LRNP). Do not use internally in pregnancy (WAM). Do not use with undiagnosed abdominal pain (WAM). Do not use internally for more than 10 days (WAM). Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH:115). May cause allergic dermatosis. Taken in excess may result in ulcers or irritated bowels (TMA, 1996). Hypoglycemic. Naturopaths Yarnell and Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may develop a severe rash following its application. Alcoholic extract at 100 mg/kg for 3 months toxic in mice (AAB).

Clinical (Aloe) — A nondialysable fraction (with mixed polysaccharides) enhances phagocytosis in adult bronchial asthma (perhaps due to endogenous cyclooxygenase synthesizing prostaglandins especially PGE-2, with some TXB-2, PGD-2, PGF-2, and 6 keto-PGF-1b). ZPGE2 has been associated with the beneficial effect on asthma. Gel reported effective in mouth ulcers. Gel prep- arations reported effective against peptic ulcers (unless stress-induced), radiation burns, and skin ulcers, ineffective against stress-induced gastric and peptic ulcers. Healing wounds (10 mg/kg scu rat; 100 mg/kg scu mouse).

ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice) +
Synonyms — A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.
Activities (Aloes) — Antiallergic (f; PED); Anticancer (1; CAN; PNC); Bitter (f; PED); Cell- Proliferant (f; PED); Demulcent (f; PED); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; PNC); Gastrotonic (f; AAB); Hepatotonic (f; AAB); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN); Laxative (2; AAB; CRC; KOM; PNC; SHT; WHO); Nephrotonic (f; AAB); Pancreatonic (f; AAB); Stomachic (f; CRC); Sunscreen (f; PNC); Vermifuge (1; MPI; PHR).
Indications (Aloes; inner leaf only, powdered) — Abrasion (f; CRC); Allergy (f; PED); Amen- orrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Cancer (1; CAN; FNF; PNC); Colic (f; PHR); Constipation (2; KOM; SHT; WOI); Dermatosis (f; CRC; PHR; WHO); Diabetes (1; CAN; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Fungus (1; FNF; JAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; WOI); Hepatosis (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (1; CAN; WHO); Infection (f; PHR); Mycosis (1; APA; WHO); Seborrhea (f; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; WHO); Tumor (1; FNF; PHR); Ulcer (f; PED; WHO); Worm (1; FNF; JAD; MPI; PHR).
Indications (Aloes) — Amenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Colic (f; PHR); Constipation (2; KOM; SHT; WOI); Dermatosis (f; PHR; WHO); Diabetes (f; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR); Gastrosis (f; PHR; WOI); Hepatosis (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (f; WHO); Infection (f; PHR); Mycosis (1; APA; WHO); Seborrhea (f; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; WHO); Tumor (f; PHR); Ulcer (f; WHO); Worm (f; PHR).
Dosages (Aloes) — 50–300 mg at bedtime (AHP); 50–200 mg dried juice or equivalent per day (KOM); 50–200 mg dried juice or equivalent 3 /day (CAN); 1 (250 mg) capsule at bedtime (NH); 100–300 mg (PNC); 1 tsp juice after meals (SF). As a laxative for adults and children over 10 years old, 0.04–0.11 g of the dry juice of Barbados or Curaçao aloe or 0.06–0.17 g Cape aloe corresponding to 10–30 mg hydroxyanthraquinones/day (or 0.1 g juice as single dose in the p.m.) (WHO).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Aloes) — Dermatosis, diarrhea, intestinal cramps, ulcers. Also contraindicated in hemorrhoids, ileus, and nephropathy (BIS; CAN; KOM), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown causes, any enteritis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome), and menstruation (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Naturopaths Yarnell and Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may develop a severe rash following its application. Anthraquinones may be purgative, and GI tract irritant (CAN). Because of its laxative and reputed abortifacient actions, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. “Anthraquinones may be secreted into breast milk” (AHP). Do not use more than 8–10 days (AHP). “Do not use in cases of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Discon- tinue use if diarrhea or watery stools occur. Consult a health care provider prior to use in pregnancy or nursing. Not for long-term use or overdosage (AHP). Speaking of Aloe spicata, “Because of its drastic laxative action it is not commonly employed in the United States.

Research on the long-term toxicity and pharmacokinetics of aloe is still incomplete” (AHP). Risks are not conclusive based on the available information (SHT).
Clinical (Aloes) — A nondialysable fraction (with mixed polysaccharides) enhances phagocytosis in adult bronchial asthma (perhaps due to endogenous cyclooxygenase synthesizing prostaglandins especially PGE-2, with some TXB-2, PGD-2, PGF-2, and 6 keto-PGF-1b). PGE-2 has been associated with the beneficial effect on asthma.

ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) ++

With at least 10 common names available in the USDA online, you’d think that an herbal desk reference intended for American physicians would use 1 of these 10. But no, PH2 went with alpine cranberry. USDA suggests cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingen, lingenberry, lingon, lingon berry, mountain cranberry, and rock cranberry (not to mention the German, Preiselbeere). DEM goes with lingonberry and mountain cranberry. Even two of the alternatives offered by PH2 were not listed by USDA (e.g., alpine cranberry and whortleberry). Thank goodness for scientific names.
Activities (Alpine Cranberry) — Antiherpetic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astringent (f; HHB; HH2); Cyclooxygenase-Activator (1; HH2); Cytotoxic (1; HH2); Fungicide (1; HHB); Urinary Antiseptic (1; PH2).
Indications (Alpine Cranberry) — Bleeding (1; HHB); Calculus (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; HHB); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM; HHB); Diarrhea (1; HHB; HH2); Flu (1; HH2); Fungus (1; HHB); Gout (f; PH2); Herpes (1; HH2); Infection (1; HHB; PH2); Inflammation (1; HH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (1; HHB; HH2); Respirosis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HH2); Urethrosis (f; HH2); UTI (f; PH2); Virus (1; PH2).
Dosages (Alpine Cranberry) — 2 g/cup tea (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Cranberry) — Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and in children under 12 years of age. Since the urinary antisepsis depends on an alkaline environment, acidifying herbs should be avoided (PH2). At 5 g/kg orl cat, the leaves cause the same intoxication as a toxic dose of hydroquinone (HH2). Liver damage could occur with long-term use or overdose, due to possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinones released. Hydroquinone intoxication, apparently roughly dose dependent, may occur with many Ericaceae, proportionate to their hydroquinone content. Without comparative analysis, we may even add the warning to other blueberries, cranberries, and bearberries.

Extracts (Alpine Cranberry) — Should we be pleased or disenchanted that three flavonoids in this species increases cyclooxygenase activity? Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium species have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances. (X1332092)

ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.) X
PH2 may have been confused in assigning the common names life root and squaw weed to this species, more often reserved for American S. aureus. Some data (HHB) apply to ssp. fuchsii.
Activities (Alpine Ragwort) — Carcinogenic (1; HHB; PH2); Hemostat (1; HHB; PH2); Hepa- totoxic (1; HHB; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; PH2); Hypotensive (f; BRU).
Indications (Alpine Ragwort) — Bleeding (1; BRU; HHB; PH2); Diabetes (1; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; BRU; PH2); Hyperglycemia (1; PH2); Odontosis (f; PH2); Uterostimulant (f; PH2).
Dosages (Alpine Ragwort) — Do not take (JAD). Steep 1 tsp 5–10 minutes in cup hot water; take several times a day as needed (PH2). (Still, PH2 says it should not be taken internally.)
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Ragwort) — Not covered (AHP). Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in considerable amounts and varieties, which can be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and mutagenic. Use of Senecio species can result in potentially fatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease in humans, with symptoms of abdominal pain and vomiting with ascites. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg (AEH).

ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.) X
Activities (Alpine Rose) — Astringent (1; HHB); Diuretic (f; HHB); Hypotensive (f; PH2); Litholytic (f; HH2); Sedative (f; HHB).
Indications (Alpine Rose) — Arthrosis (f; PHR); Calculus (f; PHR; PH2); Gas (f; PH2); Gout (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PHR; PH2); Hypertonia (f; PHR); Insomnia (f; HHB); Migraine (f; PHR; PH2); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; HHB); Neuralgia (f; PHR; PH2); Orchosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Senility (f; PH2); Stone (f; HHB; HH2); Water Retention (f; HHB).
Dosages (Alpine Rose) — 5–6 g in infusion (HH2; PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Alpine Rose) — Not covered (AHP). Commission E reports for leaf, toxic diterpenes may be present and chronic use may lead to hydroquinone poisoning (due to the presence of arbutin) (AEH; HH2). Signs of intoxication: arrhythmia, bradycardia, cold sweats, cramps, diarrhea, dyspnea, hypotension, paresthesia, poor coordination, salivation, stupor, finally leading to possible death through apnea or cardiac failure (PH2). There are no reports of serious instances of poisoning of patients used to taking it as an infusion in folk medicine (daily dose 5–6 g).

AMERICAN BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) ++

Synonyms — F. americana Sweet, F. ferruginea Aiton
Activities (American Beech) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; MIC); Depurative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; MIC); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (American Beech) — Burn (f; DEM; FAD); Chancre (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Frostbite (f; DEM; FAD); Hepatosis (f; MIC); Jaundice (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (f; MIC); Sore (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM; MIC); VD (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM; FAD).
Dosages (American Beech) — 1 oz leaf/quart salt water (FAD).

AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens L.) X
Activities (American Bittersweet) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; CEB); Astringent (f; DEM; HHB); Cardioactive (f; FAD; HHB); Cholagogue (f; CEB); Depurative (f; DEM); Dia- phoretic (1; FAD; PH2); Diuretic (1; DEM; FAD; PH2); Emetic (f; FAD; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Laxative (f; CEB); Laxative (Pediatric) (f; DEM); Poison (1; DEM; USA); Secreta- gogue (f; CEB).
Indications (American Bittersweet) — Amenorrhea (f; DEM); Anemia (f; DEM); Backache (f; DEM); Burn (f; FAD); Cancer (f; CEB; DEM; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Debility (f; CEB); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dropsy (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (1; CEB; DEM; FAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gingivosis (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; CEB); Hepatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Leukorrhea (f; FAD); Liver Spot (f; DEM); Mastosis (1; CEB); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM; PH2); Sore (f; DEM; JLH); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CEB; HHB); Syphilis (f;

CEB); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Ulcer (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Water Retention (1; DEM; FAD; PH2); Wound (f; FAD).
Dosages (American Bittersweet) — Make decoction, boiling down 1 lb of bark in 1 gallon water; reduce to 2 quarts; take wineglassful 2–3 /day (CEB but XXX for Jim Duke). For anemia, a fistful of root bark to 1 gallon water; reduce to 1 pint; mix with wine and infusion of wild grape vine (CEB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Bittersweet) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Fruit toxic; all parts potentially toxic (FAD).

AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT
(Mentha canadensis L.) ++
Synonyms — M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernald, M. arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex L. H. Bailey
Activities (American Corn Mint) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiemetic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Carminative (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Hemostat (f; DEM); Sedative (f; DEM); Stomachic (f; DEM).
Indications (American Corn Mint) — Bleeding (f; DEM); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Colic (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Croup (f; DEM); Dentition (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Epistaxis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gingivosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; DEM); Nausea (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pleurisy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Corn Mint) — Commission E reports contraindications for EO: biliary obstruction, gallbladder inflammation, severe liver damage; adverse effects: gastric complaints. Not to be inhaled by small children (AEH).

AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.) +++

Activities (American Ginseng) — Adaptogen (f; FAD); Anticonvulsant (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Aphrodisiac (1; CRC; FAD); Carminative (f; CRC); Cerebrotonic (f; DEM); Demulcent (f; CRC; FAD); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; DEM); Hypertensive (1; FAD); Hypoglycemic (f; CRC); Panacea (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; FAD); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (American Ginseng) — Aging (f; CRC); Anemia (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; DEM); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholera (f; DEM); Colic (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; DEM); Debility (f; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Fatigue (f; CRC); Fear (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; DEM); Hyperglycemia (f; CRC); Impotence (1; CRC; FAD); Infertility (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; CRC); Low Blood Pressure (1; FAD); Nausea (f; DEM); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Palsy (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Syncope (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor (f; CRC); VD (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Ginseng) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered exactly in PH2 where, unfortunately, they list American (P. quinquefolius) and Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) among the trade names for oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng), rendering the entire PH2 entry suspect.

AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton) X

Synonyms — V. eschscholtzii A. Gray, V. lobelianum var. eschscholtzianum Schult. & Schult. f.
Activities (American Hellebore) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; DEM); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Aperitif (f; FEL); Arteriosedative (f; CRC); Cardiosedative (f; CRC); Decongestant (f; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; PHR); Emetic (f; CRC; HHB); Hepatotonic (1; CRC); Hyperemic (f; PH2); Hypotensive (1; CRC; WOI); Insecticide (1; CRC; WOI); Larvicide (1; WOI); Nephrotonic (1; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Parasiticide (1; CRC); Poison (f; DEM); Sedative (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Sternutator (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (f; CRC).
Indications (American Hellebore) — Ague (f; CEB); Alopecia (f; DEM); Amaurosis (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; FEL); Apoplexy (f; CRC); Atherosclerosis (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CEB; DEM; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Backache (f; CRC); Blood (f; DEM); Boil (f; FEL); Bronchosis (f; FEL); Bruise (f; DEM); Bunion (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Carbuncle (f; FEL); Cardiopathy (f; CRC; FEL); Cellulitis (f; FEL); Chilblain (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CEB; CRC); Chorea (f; CEB; CRC; MAD); Cold (f; CRC; PH2); Congestion (f; CRC; MAD); Constipation (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC; WOI); Cough (f; DEM); Cramp (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Croup (f; CRC; PH2); Cystosis (f; FEL); Dandruff (f; CRC); Delirium (f; FEL; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Diplopia (f; CRC); Diaphragmosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CEB; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eclampsia (f; FEL; MAD); Edema (1; CRC); Encephalosis (f; MAD); Endocardosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Epilepsy (f; CEB; CRC; MAD); Erysipelas (f; CRC; FEL); Esopha- gosis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; PHR); Flu (f; CRC); Fracture (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f;

DEM; MAD); Goiter (f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Headache (f; CRC; FEL; MAD; WOI); Heatstroke (f; CEB; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; FEL); Hepatosis (f; FEL); Herpes (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; PH2); Hiccup (f; CEB; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CEB; CRC; WOI); Hysteria (f; MAD); Inflammation (f; CRC; FEL; WOI); Insomnia (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Malaria (f; CRC); Mania (f; CRC; FEL; WOI); Mastosis (f; JLH); Meningosis (f; CRC; MAD); Miscarriage (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC; DEM); Nausea (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; FEL); Nervousness (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Neuralgia (1; CRC; FEL; PH2; WOI); Orchosis (f; CRC; FEL); Pain (1; CRC; PH2); Palpitation (f; FEL); Parasite (1; CRC); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Peritonosis (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Pertussis (f; CEB; CRC); Phlebitis (f; DEM); Phthisis (f; FEL); Pleurosis (f; MAD); Pneumonia (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; MAD; PH2); Poison Ivy (f; FEL); Pregnancy (f; HHB; WOI); Proctosis (f; CRC); Puerperium (f; CEB; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; FEL; MAD); Respirosis (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Rheumatism (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; PH2); Rhinosis (f; DEM); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC; PH2); Sciatica (f; CRC; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC; PH2); Shingles (f; CRC; PH2); Sinusosis (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Splenosis (f; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CRC; DEM); Syphilis (f; FEL); Tonsilosis (f; CRC; FEL; PH2; WOI); Toothache (f; CEB; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhoid (f; CRC); Typhus (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; CRC); VD (f; DEM; FEL); Vertigo (f; MAD); Vomiting (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; CRC; PHR); Wound (f; CEB; CRC).
Dosages (American Hellebore) — 0.3–2 ml tincture (1:10)/day (HHB; PHR); 60–240 mg fl extract; 120–600 mg tincture (MAD). Old daily dose 100 mg (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Hellebore) — Class 3 (AHP). Whole plant highly toxic (CRC); overdose fatal (DEM). Too toxic to use (JAD; PH2). Some of the alkaloids transdermally dangerous (PH2).

AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson) +
Synonym — Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark.
DEM gives mostly distinct uses for the round-lobed Hepatica var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark, the data of which have not been entered here. DEM data below apply only to the sharp-lobed liverwort. PH2 seems to have lumped the two American varieties with the European H. nobilis in saying that it is a protected species in Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, etc. CEB treats three species (H. acutiloba, H. americana, and H. nobilis) and gives some indications I had not seen elsewhere. MAD seems to restrict his account to the European material, but as almost always, PH2 does not bring forth much of the Madaus folklore.
Activities (American Liverleaf) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antibacterial (1; HHB); Aperitif (f; FAD); Astringent (f; EFS); Circulotonic (f; FAD); Contraceptive (f; DEM); Demulcent (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; MAD); Emetic (f; DEM); Hepatotonic (f; FAD); Laxative (f; DEM); Litholytic (f; PH2); Pectoral (f; CEB); Philtre (f; DEM); Tonic (f; HHB); Vulnerary (f; MAD).
Indications (American Liverleaf) — Anorexia (f; FAD); Bacteria (1; HHB); Bleeding (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Cachexia (f; CEB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; CEB); Cough (f; CEB); Crosseye (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; MAD); Diphtheria (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CEB; DEM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; DEM); Enuresis (f; MAD); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fracture (f; MAD); Gallstone (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Gravel (f; PH2); Hematuria (f; HHB); Hemoptysis (1; HHB); Hepatosis (f; DEM; HHB; PH2); Hernia (f; CEB); Hypocholdria (f; CEB); Incontinence (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; CEB); Jaundice (f; HHB; PH2); Laryngosis (f; MAD); Leukorrhea (f; DEM); Mastosis (f; DEM); Myosis (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CEB; MAD); Oph- thalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; CEB);

Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; CEB); Side Ache (f; DEM); Sore (f; CEB); Sore Throat (f; HHB); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (f; DEM); Tonsilosis (f; JLH; MAD); Tracheosis (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (1; HHB); VD (f; MAD); Vertigo (f; CEB); Water Retention (f; MAD).
Dosages (American Liverleaf) — 100 g dry herb, 350 ml water, 450 ml alcohol (HHB); 4 tsp (3.8 g) herb in cold extract (MAD); 2–4 g in tea as single dose (PH2); 2–8 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Liverleaf) — Class 2b. High doses may irritate kidneys and urinary tract (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

AMERICAN PENNYROYAL
(Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC)
Synonym — Melissa pulegioides L.
Activities (American Pennyroyal) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; DEM; FNF); Anesthetic (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; APA); Anti- septic (1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; FNF); Antitussive (f; CRC); Carminative (1; APA; CRC); Decongestant (f; APA); Dermatitigenic (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Expectorant (f; APA; DEM; FAD); Hepatotoxic (f; PHR); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (2; APA; CRC; DEM); Myorelaxant (1; CRC; FNF); Nervine (f; CRC); Sedative (1; FNF); Stimulant (f; APA; CRC).
Indications (American Pennyroyal) — Allergy (1; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1; FNF); Burn (f; CRC); Cold (1; APA; CRC; FAD; FNF); Colic (1; APA; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Cough (1; APA; DEM; FAD; FNF); Cramp (1; CRC; FNF); Dermatosis (f; APA); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA; DEM); Eczema (f; APA); Enterosis (f; CRC); Fever (1; CRC; FAD; FNF); Flu (1; APA; FNF); Flux (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC; DEM); Gout (f; CEB); Headache (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; FAD); Inflam- mation (1;APA; FNF); Itch (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Myosis (1; FNF); Nephrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; FNF); Pertussis (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (1; FNF); Pneumonia (f; CRC); Rheumatism (1; CRC); Spasm (1; CRC; FNF); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; FNF); Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (American Pennyroyal) — Should not be taken (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Pennyroyal) — Class 2b. Emme- nagogue and uterotonic (AHP). In Canada, only allowed in food or beverage if pulegone-free (AHP). Used as an emmenagogue and abortifacient. Pennyroyal oil is toxic and potentially fatal if ingested. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness, and alternating lethargy and agitation, leading to kidney failure, massive hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Serious toxicity with the tea has not been reported. CNS symptoms from ingesting pennyroyal-containing preparations include lethargy, agitation, dizziness, sometimes leading to seizures and auditory and visual hallucinations. GI effects include nausea, vomiting, burning in the throat, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (AEH1).

AMERICAN SOLOMON’S-SEAL
(Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot) ++
Activities (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (f; FAD); Anti- pyretic (f; CEB); Aphrodisiac (f; CEB); Astringent (f; CEB; FAD); Depurative (f; CEB); Emetic (f; CEB); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM); Sedative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM); Vulnerary (f; CEB).

Indications (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Arthrosis (f; FAD); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DEM; FAD); Cancer (f; KAB); Carbuncle (f; DEM; FAD); Coma (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; CEB); Cough (f; DEM); Debility (f; DEM; FAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmen- orrhea (f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FAD); Enterosis (f; CEB); Erysipelas (f; CEB); Fever (f; CEB); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; CEB; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; FAD); Inflammation (f; FAD); Insomnia (f; DEM); Leukorrhea (f; DEM); Mastosis (f; CEB); Measles (f; DEM); Nervous- ness (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; CEB); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; FAD); Sore (f; DEM; FAD); Wound (f; DEM; FAD).
Dosages (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Food farmacy, as the plant is eaten.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (American Solomon’s-Seal) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). None reported.

AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) ++
Synonyms — Abies canadensis Mill., P. canadensis (Mill.) Britton et al., P. glauca f. aurea (J. Nelson) Rehder, P. glauca var. conica Rehder, Pinus glauca Moench, Pinus laxa Ehrh.
Activities (American White Spruce) — Antiseptic (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Digestive (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Panacea (f; DEM); Rubefacient (f; CEB); Tonic (f; DEM).
Indications (American White Spruce) — Abscess (f; CEB); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Boil (f; CEB; DEM); Burn (f; CEB); Catarrh (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Congestion (f; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Dyspnea (f; CEB); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; CEB); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CEB; DEM); Gravel (f; CEB); Gray Hair (f; CEB); Infection (f; CEB; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; CEB); Phthisis (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rash (f; DEM); Respirosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM); Scab (f; CEB); Scabies (f; DEM); Scurvy (f; CEB; DEM); Sore (f; CEB; DEM); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Swelling (f; CEB; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Wound (f; CEB; DEM).

AMMONIAC (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) +
Activities (Ammoniac) — Antispasmodic (f; PH2; PNC); Antitumor (f; JLH); Diaphoretic (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; PH2); Expectorant (f; PH2; PNC); Stimulant (f; PH2).
Indications (Ammoniac) — Abscess (f; HHB; PH2); Adenopathy (f; HHB; PH2); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Asthma (f; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; PH2); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2; PNC); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cramp (f; PH2; PNC); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; JLH); Fever (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Hyperadenosis (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Mastosis (f; JLH); Ophthalmia (f; JLH); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; PH2); Parotosis (f; JLH); Phymata (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; PNC); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Sciatica (f; PH2); Sore (f; PH2); Splenosis (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HHB; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); VD (f; JLH); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Ammoniac) — 300–1000 mg ammoniacum (powdered gum resin) (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ammoniac) — Not covered (AHP). Emme- nagogue folklore may contraindicate in pregnancy (PH2); folklore said to induce visual disturbances such as glaucoma (PH2). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

AMUR CORKTREE (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) ++
Activities (Amur Corktree) — Alterative (f; DAA); Analgesic (f; LMP); Antibacterial (1; LAF); Antidote, daylily (f; FAY); Antioxidant (1; LAF); Antihelicobacter (1; X9781854); Antiinflamma- tory (1; AKT); Antiseptic (1; AKT; LAF); Antiulcer (1; X9781854); Antiviral (1; AKT); Aphrodisiac (f; DAA); Bitter (1; AKT); Candidicide (1; AKT; X2079677); Cardiodepressant (1; DAA); Choler- etic (1; DAA); Diuretic (1; DAA); Expectorant (f; DAA; LMP); Fungicide (1; LAF); Hypocholes- terolemic (1; LAF); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA; LAF); Hypotensive (1; LAF); Immunosuppressant (1; AKT); Insecticide (f; HHB); Myorelaxant (1; DAA); Stomachic (f; LMP); Tonic (f; DAA); Trypanoside (1; X9121161); Uterotonic (1; DAA); Vasoconstrictor (1; DAA); Antihelicobacter (1; X9781854); Antiulcer (1; X9781854).
Indications (Amur Corktree) — Acne (f; LAF); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Arthrosis (1; AKT; COX); Bacteria (1; AKT; LAF); Bleeding (f; DAA); Boil (f; DAA); Bruise (f; LMP); Cancer (1; COX; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; COX; FNF); Candida (1; AKT; X2079677); Canker (f; DAA); Cataract (f; AKT); Cholecystosis (f; LMP); Cholera (1; AKT); Cold (f; FAY); Conjunctivosis (1; AKT; LMP); Cystosis (f; DAA; LMP); Dermatosis (f; DAA; LAF); Diabetes (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; AKT); Diph- theria (1; AKT); Dysentery (1; AKT; DAA; LAF; LMP); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; LAF); Eczema (f; DAA; LAF); Enterosis (f; DAA; LAF); Epistaxis (f; DAA); Favus (f; DAA); Fever (1; AKT; DAA; LMP); Fungus (1; LAF); Gastrosis (f; LMP); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Helicobacter (1; X9781854); Hemorrhoid (f; AKT; DAA); Hepatosis (f; LAF); High Blood Pressure (1; LAF); High Cholesterol (1; LAF); Hot Flash (f; AKT); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA; LAF); Impotence (f; DAA); Infection (1; AKT; LAF); Inflammation (1; AKT); Itch (f; LAF); Jaundice (f; DAA; LAF); Leukorrhea (f; LAF); Liver spot (f; LAF); Melena (f; DAA); Meningosis (1; AKT); Menopause (f; AKT); Mycosis (1; LAF); Nephrosis (f; LMP); Night Sweats (f; LAF); Osteosis (f; LMP); Pain (f; AKT: LMP); Paralysis (f; DAA); Pemphigo (f; DAA); Pneumonia (1; AKT); Rheumatism (f; DAA); Senility (f; DAA); Sore (f; LAF); Spermatorrhea (f; LAF); Staphylococcus (1; AKT); Stomatosis (f; DAA); Swelling (f; AKT); Tinnitus (f; DAA); Trachoma (1; AKT); Trichomoniasis (f; DAA); Typhoid (f; AKT; LMP); Typhus (f; LMP); Ulcer (1; AKT; X9781854); Urethrosis (f; DAA); Vaginosis (f; AKT; DAA); Virus (1; AKT); Water Retention (1; DAA); Wound (f; LAF); Yeast (1; AKT; X2079677).
Dosages (Amur Corktree) — 3–10 g powdered bark/day (AKT); 1–3 g bark/day (HHB); 1–3 g 4:1 dry decoction (AKT).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Amur Corktree) — Class 2b (AHP). Not covered (BGB, PH2). One case of rash associated with ingestion (AHP). Good and bad effects of berberine may accrue to this species. Contains up to 25,000 ppm berberine, P. chinese, up to 80,000.

ANEMARRHENA (Anemarrhena asphodelioides Bunge) ++
Activities (Anemarrhena) — Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA); Antipyretic (1; DAA; PH2); Bitter (1; LMP); Depurative (f; LMP); Diuretic (f; LMP); Expectorant (f; DAA); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA); Laxative (f; DAA); Peristaltic (1; LMP).
Indications (Anemarrhena) — Agitation (f; PH2); Bronchosis (f; DAA); Cancer (1; DAA); Childbirth (f; LMP); Cough (f; PH2); Dehydration (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; DAA; PH2); Dysentery (f; LMP); Dysuria (f; DAA; LMP); Fever (1; DAA; PH2); Flu (f; DAA); Hyperemesis (f; LMP); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA); Inflammation (1; DAA; PH2); Lumbago (f; DAA); Morning Sickness (f; LMP); Osteosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Pneumonia (f; DAA); Scarlet Fever (f; PH2); Sperma- torrhea (f; PH2); Strangury (f; PH2); Thirst (f; DAA); Tinnitus (f; DAA); Tuberculosis (f; PH2); Typhoid (f; DAA); Typhus (f; PH2); Vertigo (f; DAA); Water Retention (f; LMP).
Dosages (Anemarrhena) — 6–12 g in tea (PH2).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Anemarrhena) — Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Not for use with diarrhea (PH2). Large doses may cause colic, diarrhea, enteritis, gastrosis (PH2). Mangiferin in large doses may repress nerves and heart.

ANGELICA, WILD PARSNIP (Angelica archangelica L.) ++

Synonyms — A. officinalis Moench, Archangelica officinalis (Moench) Hoffm.
Activities (Angelica) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; BGB; CAN; TMA); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; CAN); Antispasmodic (2; BGB; CAN; CRC; KOM; PH2); Aperitif (1; BIS); Bitter (f; BGB); Calcium Antagonist (1; BGB; FNF; JAD; LAF); Carminative (1; BGB; CAN; CRC; HHB); Cholagogue (1; BGB; BIS; PH2); Cytostatic (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; BGB; CAN; PHR; PH2); Digestive (f; BGB); Diuretic (f; BGB; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; HHB); Expectorant (f; CAN; CRC); Fungicide (1; APA; CAN); Gastrogogue (2; BGB; KOM; PHR; PH2); Myorelaxant (1; BGB); Photocarcinogenic (1; APA); Phototoxic (1; APA; PH2); Rubefacient (f; PH2); Secretagogue (2; PHR); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); Tonic (f; BGB; HHB); Tracheorelaxant (1; BGB).
Indications (Angelica) — Anorexia (2; BIS; CAN; PHR); Arthrosis (f; APA); Asthma (1; CAN); Bacteria (1; BGB; CAN; TMA); Bronchosis (f; CAN; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; BGB; FNF; JAD; LAF); Caries (f; CRC); Catarrh (1; CAN); Cholecystosis (f; HHB); Cold (2; APA; BGB; PH2); Cough (f; APA; PH2); Cramp (2; BGB; CAN; CRC; KOM; PH2); Duodenosis (f; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; BGB; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Enterosis (1; BGB; CRC; HHB; PH2); Fever (2; BGB; CAN; PHR; PH2);
Flatulence (2; CAN; KOM); Fullness (1; BGB); Fungus (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Gas (1; BGB; CAN; CRC; HHB); Gastrosis (2; BGB; CRC; HHB; KOM; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Hypoacidity (f; BGB); Infection (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Inflammation (1; CAN); Insomnia (f; CRC; HHB); Lice (f; PH2); Malaria (f; PH2); Mucososis (f; CAN); Mycosis (1; APA; CAN); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Neuralgia (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Pain (f; APA; TMA); Plague (f; APA); Pleurisy (f; CAN); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; HHB; PH2); Stomachache (f; APA); Swelling (1;

CAN); Tuberculosis (1; BGB); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC; HHB); UTI (2; PH2); Water Retention (f; BGB; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Angelica) — 1 tsp powdered leaf, root, or seed/cup of water (APA); 1.5 g root (1 tsp =
~1.5 g)/day (BIS); 4.5 g root (BIS; KOM; PH2); 1–2 g root in tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–2 g powdered root (PNC); 1–2 g seed day (CAN); 2–5 g dry leaf 3 /day (CAN); 2–5 ml leaf tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–2 ml root tincture (1:5 in 50% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 1.5 g
root tincture (1:5) (KOM); 2–5 ml leaf extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.2–5 ml root extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); wineglass of root tea (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Angelica) — Class 2b, 2d (avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight) (AHP). Contraindicated for peptic ulcer. Commission E reports photosensi- tivity due to furocoumarins (AEH). Furanocoumarins may cause phototoxic dermatosis (CAN). Anticoagulant coumarins may interact with anticoagulant therapy, additively or synergistically, or perhaps even antagonistically. Angelica and root oils reported to cause photodermatosis and pho- totoxicity, respectively. Root oil should be limited to 7800 ppm in skin products when the skin is to be exposed to UV. Root Oil LD50 = 2200 mg/kg orl mouse; LD50 = 1160 mg/kg orl rat (CAN); toxic in rats 1870 mg/kg (BIS); LD50 = >5000 mg/kg top. rabbit (CAN). We may extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,” since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Bergapten is a suspected carcinogen. Angelica root, reportedly abortifacient, should not be used in “pregnancy and lactation in amounts exceeding those used in foods” (CAN). Canadians list “as an unacceptable non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (AHP). Do not use if fever, chills, headache, thirst, sweating, and a rapid pulse are present (TMA, 1996). Is this any worse than celery, parsnip, and other furanocoumarin-containing herbs in the carrot family, even carrot itself? Until I answer this question without bias, I don’t know that it deserves the low score given it by AHA. It does contain at least 15 different coumarin-like compounds, probably shared with many other umbelliferae (Apiaceae).

ANGLED LOOFAH, CHINESE OKRA
(Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) ++
Synonym — Cucumis acutangulus L.
Activities (Angled Loofah) — Abortifacient (1; KAP; MPI); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Bitter (f; DEP); Demulcent (f; KAP; WOI); Diuretic (f; KAP; WOI); Emetic (f; DEP; WOI); Expectorant (f; WOI); Hypoglycemic (1; KAP); Laxative (f; DEP; KAP; WOI); Tonic (f; DEP); Vermifuge (f; KAB).
Indications (Angled Loofah) — Amenorrhea (f; WOI); Asthma (f; KAB; WOI); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; KAP); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP; WOI); Dermatosis (f; KAP; WOI); Diabetes (1; KAP); Dropsy (f; KAP); Dysentery (f; DEP; KAP); Fever (f; KAB); Gonorrhea (f; DEP); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; WOI); Hyperglycemia (1; KAP); Jaundice (f; DEP; WOI); Leprosy (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; WOI); Ringworm (f; KAB; KAP); Snakebite (f; KAP); Sore (f; KAP; WOI); Splenosis (f; DEP; KAB; WOI); Uremia (f; WOI); VD (f; DEP); Water Retention (f; KAP; WOI); Worm (f; KAB).
Dosages (Angled Loofah) — 1.5–2 g to 10 seed as demulcent (KAP); 5–10 g fruit juice (KAP); 28–56 ml infusion (KAP). LD50 (50% Ethanolic Extract) = 1000 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI).

ANGOSTURA (Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T. S. Elias) ++
Synonyms — Bonplandia trifoliata Willd., Galipea officinalis Hancock; Cusparia febrifuga Humb. ex DC., Cusparia trifoliata (Willd.) Engl.

Activities (Angostura) — Antipyretic (f; HHB); Aperitif (1; EFS; FNF); Bitter (1; HHB; PH2); Carminative (f; EFS); Emetic (1; PH2); Gastrotonic (f; PH2); Laxative (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; EFS); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; PH2).
Indications (Angostura) — Anorexia (1; EFS; FNF); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; HHB); Fever (f; HHB; PH2); Gas (f; EFS); Hypoacidity (1; HHB).
Dosages (Angostura) — 0.5 g (HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Angostura) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Larger doses may induce nausea, vomiting, or both (PH2).

ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.) ++

Synonym — Anisum vulgare Gaertn.
Activities (Anise) — Abortifacient (f; CAN; CRC); Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; HH2); Antibacterial (2; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Anticonvulsant (1; CAN); Antiseptic (2; KOM; PHR; PIP); Antispasmodic (2; CAN; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Antiviral (1; HH2;
PH2); Aperitif (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; HHB); Carminative (1; CAN; HHB; JFM); Collyrium (f; CRC); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Digestive (f; PH2); Emmenagogue (1;

CAN; HHB); Estrogenic (1; CAN; HHB; HH2; PH2); Expectorant (2; CAN; HH2; KOM;
PHR; PH2); Fungicide (1; CRC); GABA-genic (1; CAN); Hepatotonic (1; CRC); Hepatotoxic (f; CAN); Insecticide (1; APA; CAN; CRC); Insectifuge (1; PH2); Lactagogue (1; CAN; CRC; HHB; JFM); Laxative (f; DEM); Libidogenic (f; CAN); Litholytic (f; CRC); Paraciticide (1; CAN; FNF); Pectoral (f; CRC); Pediculicide (1; APA); Secretolytic (1; CAN); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); Sympathomimetic (1; CAN); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Anise) — Andropause (f; CAN); Anemia (1; APA); Anorexia (2; CRC; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f; PH2); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria (2; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Bronchosis (2; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, lung (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f; JLH); Catarrh (2; CAN; DEM; HH2; KOM; PH2); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (2; CRC; PHR); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Colitis (f; HH2); Congestion (f; AHA); Convulsion (1; CAN); Cough (2; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Cramp (2; AHA; CAN; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2);
Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; HH2; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; APA; BIS; CRC; PH2); Epilepsy (f; CRC); ERT (1; CAN; FNF); Fever (2; CRC; PHR; PH2); Frigidity (f; AHA; CAN; FNF); Fungus (1; CRC; WOI); Gas (1; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB; JFM; PH2; SHT);
Gastrosis (f; DEM); Halitosis (1; AHA; CRC); Hepatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; CRC; KOM; PHR; PIP); Insomnia (f; CRC); Lice (1; APA; CRC; WOI); Lumbago (f; PH2); Migraine (f; CRC); Morning Sickness (f; AHA); Mucososis (2; CAN; KOM; PHR); Mycosis (1; CRC); Nausea (f; AHA; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; HH2; PH2); Parasite (1; CAN); Parturition (f; AHA); Pediculosis (topical) (1; APA; CAN); Pertussis (f; CAN; PH2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR; PH2); Poor Milk Supply (1; CAN); Psoriasis (1; CAN); Respirosis (f; PH2); Scabies (topical) (f; APA; CAN; CRC); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Stone (f; CRC); Tracheosis (f; CAN); Tuberculosis (f; HH2; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; JLH); Virus (1; HH2; PH2).
Dosages (Anise) — 1 tsp crushed seed/cup water 3 /day; 3 g seed, or 300 mg seed oil/day (BIS; PHR); 0.5–1 g seed in tea, 3 /day (CAN; HHB); 0.5–3 g fruits (HH2); 20 g fruit in alcohol or water (JFM); 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to 3 /day (APA); 0.05–0.2 ml fruit EO (CAN; PNC); 0.3–1 ml anise water (CAN; PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml anise spirit (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Anise) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). “Occasional allergic reactions of the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract” (BIS, KOM). We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,” since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Oil reported carminative and expectorant; 1–5 ml can cause nausea, pulmonary edema, seizures, and vomiting; LD50 EO =2700 mg/kg orl rat (HH2). Anethole in the volatile oil may cause contact dermatosis (CAN). Commission E reports contraindications for fruit: hypersensitivity; adverse effects: allergic reactions (occasionally) (AEH). Seed, reportedly abortifacient and lactagogue, should not be used in pregnancy and lactation in amounts exceeding those used in foods (CAN). “Often used in pediatric practice” (BIS). Nursing mothers taking anise or fennel tea, or both, to stimulate lactation caused temporary CNS disturbances, emesis, lethargy, poor suckling, restlessness, and torpor in the newborn (15–20 days old), possibly due to anethole in the milk. (Infants were healthy at 6- month follow up.) (Acta Pediatrica 83:683; 1994). Excessive dose may interfere with antico- agulant, contraceptive, ERT, and MAOI therapy.

ANNATTO (Bixa orellana L.) ++

Activities (Annatto) — Antibacterial (1; 60P; TRA); Antidote, cassava (f; JFM); Antidote, jatropha (f; JFM); Antiprostaglandin (1; 60P); Antipyretic (f; MPI; WO2); Antisecretory (f; WO2); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antispasmodic (1; WO2); Antitumor (1; TRA; WO2); Aphrodisiac (female) (f; DAD; 60P; JFM); Astringent (f; 60P; DEP; JFM; MPI); Candidicide (1; TRA); CNS-Depressant (1; TRA; WO2); Digestive (f; WO2); Diuretic (f; 60P; IED; JFM); Emmenagogue (f; JFM); Emollient (f; DAV; WO2); Expectorant (f; DAV); Fungicide (1; TRA); Hemostat (1; WO2); Hyperglycemic (1; DAD; TRA); Hypertensive (1; TRA); Hypoglycemic (1; 60P; TRA); Hypotensive (1; 60P; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; TRA); Insectifuge (f; 60P); Laxative (f; JFM; MPI; WO2); Myorelaxant (f; 60P); Parasiticide (1; DAD); Spasmogenic (1; WO2); Trichomonicide (1; TRA); Uterocontractant (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; DAD).
Indications (Annatto) — Acne (f; 60P); Alopecia (f; DAD); Asthma (f; JFM); Bacteria (1; 60P; TRA); Bite (f; MPI); Bleeding (1; WO2); Blister (f; WO2); Burn (f; DAD; TRA; WO2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; DAD); Candida (1; TRA); Childbirth (f; DAV; IED); Condylomata (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (1; DAV); Cramp (1; WO2); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diabetes (1; JFM; WO2); Diarrhea (f; IED; JFM); Dysentery (f; 60P; DEP; JFM; WO2); Dyspnea (f; JFM); Epilepsy (f; WO2); Eruption (f; JFM); Fever (f; 60P; JFM; MPI; WO2); Flu (f; JFM); Fungus (1; TRA);
Gastrosis (f; DAV); Gonorrhea (1; JFM; MPI; TRA); Headache (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; DAV; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; 60P; WO2); High Blood Sugar (1; 60P); Hyperglycemia (1; 60P; TRA); Hypoglycemia (1; DAD; TRA); Immunodepression (1; TRA); Infection (1; TRA; WO2); Jaundice (f; JFM; WO2); Leprosy (f; JFM; WO2); Low Blood Pressure (1; TRA); Malaria (f; MPI; WO2); Measles (f; JFM); Mycosis (1; TRA); Nausea (f; JFM); Nephrosis (f; DAD; DEP); Pain (f; DAD); Parasite (1; DAD); Pleurisy (f; JFM); Pulmonosis (f; IED); Respirosis (f; IED); Salmonella (1; TRA); Scar (f; WO2); Snakebite (f; MPI); Sore (f; JLH; WO2); Sore Throat (f; JFM; WO2); Stomachache (f; JFM); Stomatosis (f; DAD; JFM); Tonsilosis (f; DAV); Tumor (1; TRA; WO2; JLH); Uterosis (f; JFM); Vomiting (f; JFM); Water Retention (f; 60P; IED; JFM); Worm (f; DAD); Wound (f; JFM); VD (f; DAV; JFM; MPI); Yeast (1; TRA).
Dosages (Annatto) — For diuretic activity, boil 9 seed pods in 3 cups of water for 10 minutes; drink 1 cup before each meal (AAB); 10 g powdered seed/40 ml oil for topical pastes (TRA); 3 leaf/0.5 l water + red paste = female aphrodisiac (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Annatto) — Not covered (AHP; PH2). Seeds contain a toxic alkaloid (JFM). Ingesting the tea for diabetes mellitus, may be contraindicated since trans-bixin is hyperglycemic. Toxicity, if real, is “low grade,” especially in well-nourished exper- imental animals. Toxicity commences in dogs given 60 mg/kg trans-bixin (DAD). Ethanolic seed

extracts active against Escherichia, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus; aqueous and chloroform extracts hypoglycemic, but alcohol extract hyperglycemic (TRA). Root extracts hypotensive in rats at 50 mg/kg, slowing gastric secretions at 400 mg/kg (TRA).

ANNUAL MERCURY (Mercurialis annua L.) +
Some (e.g., MAD) aggregate the annual and perennial Mercurialis.
Activities (Annual Mercury) — Antilactagogue (f; CRC; HHB); Cholagogue (f; CRC); Cyano- genic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS; PHR; PH2); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Hydragogue (f; CRC; EFS); Laxative (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Poison (f; CRC; PHR); Secre- tolytic (f; CRC); Sialagogue (f; MAD); Vermifuge (f; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Annual Mercury) — Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Anorexia (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Ascariasis (f; CRC); Ascites (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Bubo (f; MAD); Burn (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; MAD); Cold (f; PH2); Congestion (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; MAD); Depression (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; CRC; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; HHB); Dysuria (f; PH2); Eczema (f; CRC; HHB); Enterosis (f; CRC; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Infection (f; MAD; PHR); Inflammation (f; PHR; PH2); Mucososis (f; CRC); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Scabies (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; JLH); Sycosis (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); UTI (f; PHR; PH2); VD (f; MAD); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; CRC; EFS; HHB; PHR; PH2); Worm (f; CRC; EFS); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Annual Mercury) — No recent dosage found. I’d not advise the dosage repeated in Madaus (30–100 g sap/day). I usually caution against white sap.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Annual Mercury) — Not covered (AHP). Slightly poisonous; poisonings, including fatal ones, are known only among animals (PHR). Can lead to diarrhea and overactive bladder. Overdoses may lead to toxicity with diarrhea, hepatosis, nephrosis, neurosis, and paralysis (PH2). Pyridone derivatives may color the urine red (PH2).

ANSERINA, SILVERWEED (Potentilla anserina L.) ++
Activities (Anserina) — Antiallergic (1; BIS; FNF); Antiherpetic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; CEB; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; HH2; PH2); Antiviral (1; HH2); Astringent (1; PHR; PH2; PNC); Car- diotoxic (f; HH2); Diuretic (f; CEB); Hypotensive (1; BIS; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; BIS); Inteferonogenic (1; BIS; FNF); Peristaltic (1; HH2); Tonic (2; KOM; PNC); Uteroparalytic (1; PH2); Uterotonic (1; BIS; PHR).
Indications (Anserina) — Acne (f; CEB); Albuminuria (f; MAD); Allergy (1; BIS; FNF); Angina (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Backache (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; MAD); Cancer (1; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Canker (f; CEB); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Catalepsy (f; MAD); Cholera (f; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Colitis (1; BIS); Corn (f; JLH); Cramp (1; HH2; MAD; PH2); Diarrhea (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (1; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (2; KOM; MAD; PHR; PH2); Enterosis (f; JLH; MAD); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Epistaxis (f; MAD); Freckle (f; CEB); Gas (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; JLH; MAD); Gingivosis (1; CEB); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH; MAD); Herpes (1; HH2); High Blood Pressure (1; BIS; FNF); Immunodepression (1; BIS); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; FNF; HH2); Inflammation (2; JLH; KOM); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Myoma (f; MAD); Neurosis (f; MAD); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PH2); PMS (2; PHR;

PH2); Pneumonia (f; MAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Sore (f; MAD); Sore Throat (2; KOM; MAD); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (2; BIS; CEB; KOM; PH2); Stone (f; CEB); Sunburn (f; CEB); Toothache (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; MAD); Vaginosis (f; MAD); Virus (1; HH2); Water Retention (f; CEB); Wound (f; CEB; PH2).
Dosages (Anserina) — 2–6 g (1 tsp = 0.7–1.4 g) (BIS); 4–6 g herb/day (2 g/cup tea) (KOM; PH2). (2 tsp = ~2.8 g).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Anserina) — Class 1 (AHP; JAD). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). No contraindications known (BIS). Commission E reports no contraindications, adverse effects, or interactions, except for gastric irritation (KOM). Other sources report adverse effects of GI disturbances (AEH; PH2). Sensitive individuals may experience stomach upset and vomiting (BIS). The warning with which CAN lambast uva-ursi should as well apply to other herbs with almost as much tannin: “In view of the high tannin content, prolonged use may cause chronic liver impairment.” (CAN). Containing tannin, its extracts might be expected to show antiallergic, antihypertensive, antiviral, immunostimulant and interferon-generating activities (BIS). Catechins have been specifically recommended for colitis (Brown et al., 1997).

APPLE (Malus domestica Borkh.) +++
Synonyms — M. malus (L.) Britton, M. pumila auct., M. pumila var. domestica (Borkh.) C. K. Schneid, M. sylvestris auct., M. sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., Pyrus malus L.
Activities (Apple) — Antiandrogenic (1; JNU); Antibacterial (1; CRC); Antiinflammatory (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Aperitif (f; CRC; EFS); Apoptotic (1; JNU); Cardio- protective (1; JNU; WOI); Carminative (f; CRC); Cyanogenic (1; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC; EFS); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS); Emollient (f; CRC); Hypnotic (f; CRC); Hypogly- cemic (1; JNU); Laxative (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; LMP); Vermifuge (f; CRC; WOI).
Indications (Apple) — Allergy (1; JNU); Anemia (f; LMP); Anorexia (f; CRC; EFS); Aphonia (f; DEM); Asthma (1; JNU); Bacteria (1; CRC; WOI); Biliousness (f; CRC; LMP); Blindness (f; DEM); BPH (1; JNU); Bruise (f; DEM); Cacoethes (f; CRC; JLH); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JNU); Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (1; JNU); Cardiopathy (1; CRC; JNU; WOI); Catarrh (f; CRC); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; FEL); Constipation (1; CRC); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Diabetes (f; CRC); Diarrhea (1; PH2); Diverticulosis (1; JNU); Dropsy (f; FEL); Dysen- tery (1; CRC; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; CRC; HHB; PH2); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; CRC); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Fever (f; CRC); Flux (f; CRC); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gas (f; CRC); Gout (1; JNU); Gravel (f; FEL); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM); Herpes (1; JNU); Hive (1; JNU); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Hyperglycemia (1; JNU); IBS (1; JNU); Inflammation (1; JNU); Insomnia (f; CRC); Malaria (1; CRC; FEL); Nervousness (f; CRC); Obesity (f; WOI); Ophthalmia (f; JLH); Otosis (f; DEM); Pancreatosis (1; JNU); Pertussis (f; CRC); Prostatosis (1; JNU); Scarlatina (f; FEL); Scurvy (f; CRC); Sore (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; FEL); Spasm (f; CRC); Stress (f; WOI); Stroke (1; JNU); Thirst (f; CRC); Tumor (1; JLH); VD (f; JLH); Virus (1; JNU); Wart (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; EFS); Worm (f; CRC; WOI).
Dosages (Apple) — Boil tart apple in 1 pint water for fever (FEL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Apple) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).“Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca L.) ++
Synonyms — Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., P. armeniaca var.
vulgaris Zabel.
Activities (Apricot) — Antidote (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Antithyroid (1; AKT); Anti- tumor (f; APA); Antitussive (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Demulcent (f; CRC); Emollient (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Pectoral (f; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Apricot) — Anemia (f; CRC); Asthma (f; APA; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC); Bronchosis (2; APA; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; CAN; JLH); Catarrh (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC); Congestion (f; APA); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; APA; CRC); Cough (f; APA; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Heart (f; CRC); Infertility (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Itch (f; APA); Laryngosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; APA); Sore (f; APA); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC; JLH); Thirst (f; CRC); Toothache (f; APA); Trichomoniasis (2; APA); Tumor (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (f; JLH); Vaginosis (2; APA); Vulvosis (2; APA); Worm (f; CRC).
Dosages (Apricot) — Do not use (APA). Not covered (PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Apricot) — Class 3 (AHP). Also known as bitter almond. One of the products apricot seed components break down into in the human body is highly toxic prussic acid. Fifty to 60 kernels of apricot seed can kill adults; 7–10 can be fatal in children. My CRC handbook says that a “double kernel is said to be enough to kill a man” (CRC). I think that is overkill. Headache and nausea occurred in some patients being treated for chronic bronchosis with a paste of apricot seed and sugar. Possible adverse interaction when taken with Astragalus, skullcap, or kudzu root (TMA, 1996). Kernels may cause contact dermatosis. Cyanogenetic glycosides in the seed can cause cyanide poisoning (CAN). Because of cyanide toxicity, apricots use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. Avoid in pregnancy; ingestion of cyanogenic substances may be teratogenic. Oral doses of 50 mg HCN (+~ 30 g kernels = 50–60 kernels with ca 2000 ppm HCN). More than 20 deaths have been reported from laetrile and apricot kernel ingestion (CAN). Symptoms of acute intoxication include convulsions, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspnea, headache, hypotension, nausea, paralysis, coma, and then death. Death may occur from 1 to 15 minutes after ingestion. Antidotes for cyanide poisoning include aminophenol, cobalt edetate, hydroxocobalamin, nitrite, and thiosulphate. Symptoms of chronic intoxication (from HCN, cyanogenic foods, or drugs such as laetrile) include ataxia, blindness, cretinism, goiter, hypertonia, increased blood thiocyanate, lesions of the optic nerve, mental retardation, and thyroid cancer. Demyelinating lesions and other neu- romyopathies may occur secondary to chronic cyanide exposure, including long-term laetrile therapy. Agranulocytosis has also been attributed to long-term laetrile therapy. Laetrile, spelled with capital L, signifies a synthetic patented in 1961 but never sold in the U.S. Spelled with a small l, laetrile is, for lay purposes, synonymous with amygdalin. After making this distinction, APA spells it with small l, except of course, at the beginning of a sentence, when they say, “Laetrile consists of 6 percent cyanide (prussic or hydrocyanic acid), a highly poisonous substance that can kill by depriving the brain of oxygen.” Then they unleash a hyperbolic error, I presume, “the laetrile content of apricot pits varies from as much as 8 percent in some apricot varieties to twenty times that amount in wild varieties.” Krebs marketed laetrile with a small l as vitamin B-17 (AHA).
Clinical (Apricot) — A retrospective analysis of laetrile in patients with cancer showed slight activity. A subsequent clinical trial concluded that laetrile was ineffective in cancer treatment. Claims for laetrile were based on three different theories: (1) Claimed that cancerous cells contained copious beta-glucosidases, which release HCN from laetrile via hydrolysis. Normal

cells were reportedly unaffected because they contained low concentrations of beta-glucosidases and high concentrations of rhodanese, which converts HCN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Later, however, it was shown that both cancerous and normal cells contain only trace amounts of beta- glucosidases, and similar amounts of rhodanese. Also, it was thought that amygdalin was not absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract (CAN); (2) Proposed that after ingestion, amygdalin was hydrolyzed to mandelonitrile, transported intact to the liver and converted to a beta-glucu- ronide complex, which was then carried to the cancerous cells, hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidases to release mandelonitrile, and then HCN. This was believed an untenable theory; (3) Called laetrile vitamin B-17, and with that, cancer is a result of B-17-deficiency. It postulated that chronic administration of laetrile would prevent cancer. No evidence was adduced to substantiate this hypothesis. Furthermore, it was even claimed that patients taking laetrile reduced their life expectancy, both through of lack of proper medical care and chronic cyanide poisoning. In order to reduce potential risks to the general public, amygdalin was made a prescription-only medicine in 1984 (CAN).

ARAROBA (Andira araroba Aguan) +
Activities (Araroba) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Alterative (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Bitter (f; PHR); Detergent (f; CRC); Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Poison (f; CRC); Taenifuge (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Araroba) — Acne (f; GMH); Alopecia (f; CRC; EFS); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Cramp (f; EFS); Dermatosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Eczema (f; CRC; GMH); Fungus (f; CRC; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; GMH); Herpes (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; GMH); Mycosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pityriasis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; CRC; GMH); Tapeworm (f; CRC); Trichophytosis (1; CRC); Tylosis (f; GMH); Worm (f; CRC).
Dosages (Araroba) — One-half grain (GMH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Araroba) — Not in AHP; APA; KOM. Caution: easily absorbed dermally and potentially nephrotoxic (EFS); 200 mg internally can induce diarrhea, nausea, and nephrosis. Powder is a respiratory irritant (CRC); sawdust muco- and occulo- irritant (CRC). Severely irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. As little as 100 mg administered externally can lead to diarrhea, nephritis, and vomiting (PH2).

ARJUNA (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) +
Synonym — Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC.
Activities (Arjuna) — Analgesic (2; KEB); Antiaggregant (1; KEB); Antidote (f; KAP); Antiis- chemic (2; HDN; KEB); Antispasmodic (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (1; HHB; KAP; SKJ); Bradycardic (1; HH2; PH2); Cardioprotective (1; IHB; KAB; KEB); Deobstruent (f; KAP; SKJ); Diuretic (1; HHB; HDN; KAB; KAP; KEB); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hemostat (1; KAB; PH2; WOI); Hepatoprotective (1; KEB); Hypertensive (1; KEB); Hypotensive (1; HHB; KAP; KEB; PH2); Laxative (f; HHB); Litholytic (f; KAP); Positive Inotropic (1; HH2; PH2); Prostaglandigenic (1; HDN); Sedative (1; PH2); Tonic (f; HHB; KAB; SKJ).
Indications (Arjuna) — Anemia (f; KAB; PH2); Angina (1; KAP; KEB); Aphtha (f; SKJ); Arrhythmia (1; KEB); Asthma (f; PH2); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (1; KAB; KAP; PH2; WOI); Blister (1; WOI); Blood Clot (1; KEB); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Bruise (f; KAB; WOI); Callus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH; KAB; PH2); Cardiopathy (1; KAB; KEB; PH2); Chancre
(f; KAB); Childbirth (f; KAB; PH2); Cholera (f; SKJ); Cirrhosis (2; KEB; PH2); CVI (1; PH2); Cramp (1; PH2); Diabetes (f; HH2; PH2); Dropsy (f; KAP); Dysentery (f; KAB; PH2; SKJ);

Dysuria (f; KAB; SKJ); Endocardosis (f; KAP); Fatigue (f; KAB; PH2); Fever (f; KAB; SKJ); Fracture (f; HH2; KAP; WOI); Gleet (f; KAB); Headache (f; SKJ); Hepatosis (f; HH2; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; HHB; KAP; KEB; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; KEB); High Triglyceride (1; KEB); Hyperhydrosis (f; PH2); Hypertonia (1; PH2); Insomnia (1; PH2); Ischemia (2; HDN; KEB); Leprosy (f; SKJ); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Liver (1; KEB); Low Blood Pressure (1; KEB); Nervousness (1; PH2); Otosis (f; HHB; KAB; SKJ); Pain (2; KEB); Pericardosis (f; KAP); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; IHB; KAB; KAP); Sting (f; KAP); Stomatosis (f; SKJ); Stone (f; KAP); Strangury (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f; HH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; HHB; HDN; KAB; KAP; KEB); Wound (f; SKJ).
Dosages (Arjuna) — 1–3 g bark (KAP); 3.88 g powdered bark (PH2); 1 g dry bark/day or 2–6 ml extract (1:2) (KEB); 14–28 ml decoction (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Arjuna) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). One case of acute myocardial infarction tentatively associated with use of arjuna (KEB).

ARNICA (Arnica montana L.) + (external); X (internal)
Activities (Arnica) — Allergenic (1; MAB; PHR); Analeptic (1; BIS; PH2); Analgesic (2; APA; CRC; KOM; MAB; PH2; WAM); Antiaggregant (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; CAN; MAB); Anti- complementary (1; WO3); Antiedemic (1; CAN; MAB; SHT); Antiinflammatory (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; WAM); Antineuralgic (2; BIS; KOM); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antirheumatic (1; BIS); Anti- septic (2; BIS; KOM; PH2); Anti-TNF (1; WO3); Antitumor (1; MAB); Blood Thinner (1; MAB); Candidicide (1; MAB); Cardiotonic (1; BIS; CAN; PHR); Cardiotoxic (f; BGB); Cerebrotonic (f; BGB); Choleretic (1; APA; BGB); CNS-Stimulant (f; APA; CRC); Counterirritant (1; APA; CAN); Dermatitigenic (1; MAB); Diuretic (1; APA; MAB); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; CRC); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hypocholesterolemic (f; CRC); Immunostimulant (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Irritant (1; MAB); Nervine (f; CRC); Phagocytotic (1; WO3); Phospholipase-Inhibitor (1; MAB); Positive Inotropic (1; BGB; PH2; SHT); Resolvent (f; CRC); Respirastimulant (1; BGB; PH2; SHT); Sedative (f; CRC); Sternutator (f; CRC); Stimulant (F; MAB); Tonic (f; CRC); Uterotonic (1; BGB; PH2; SHT); Vulnerary (f; CRC; PNC).
Indications (Arnica) — Abrasion (f; APA); Abscess (f; BGB); Acne (f; APA; CRC); Alopecia (f; CRC); Alopecia neurotica (f; CAN; MAB; PH2); Amenorrhea (1; BGB; SHT); Anemia (f; BGB); Angina (f; PH2); Apoplexy (f; CRC); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (2; BIS; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT); Backache (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; CAN; MAB); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; CRC; PH2); Boil (f; APA; PIP); Brain (1; CRC; BGB); Bronchosis (2; CRC; PHR; PH2);
Bruise (1; BGB; CAN; WAM); Bug Bite (f; PIP); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; MAB); Carbuncle (f; CRC); Cardiac Insufficiency (f; BGB; PHR); Chilblains (f; CAN; MAB); [Cold (2; PHR)?]; Contusion (2; KOM; PIP); [Cough (2; PHR; PH2)?]; CVI (1; MAB); Dandruff (f;
MAB); Decubitis (f; CRC); Depression (f; BGB); Dermatosis (2; CRC; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; BGB); Dislocation (2; KOM); Dyspnea (f; BGB); Edema (2; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC; JLH); Fatigue (f; PHR; PH2); [Fever (2; CRC; PHR)?]; Fracture (f; MAB); Fungus (1; CRC; MAB); Furunculosis (2; BIS; KOM; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; JLH); Gingivosis (f; APA); Hematoma (2; BIS; KOM; MAB; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; APA); High Cholesterol (f; CRC); Immunodepression (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Infection (2; CRC; KOM; PH2; WAM); Inflammation (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; WAM); Insomnia (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; BGB); Myalgia (2; KOM; MAB; SHT); Mycosis (1; CRC); Myocardosis (f; PH2); Myosis (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgic (2; BIS; KOM); Pain (2; APA; CRC; KOM; MAB; PH2; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Phlebitis (2; BIS; KOM; MAB); Pneumonia (f; BGB); Psoriasis (f; APA);

Rash (f; CRC); Rheumatism (2; BIS; KOM; PH2; PIP); Seborrhea (f; APA); Sore (f; BGB); Sore Throat (f; APA); Sports Injury (1; WAM); Sprain (2; BGB; CAN; PH2); Stomatosis (2; BIS; KOM; PH2); Swelling (2; APA; CAN; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT); Thrombophlebitis (2; PIP); Tumor (1; CRC; MAB); Typhoid (f; BGB); Uterosis (f; PH2); Varicosis (f; MAB); Water Retention (1; APA; MAB); Wound (2; BGB; CRC; PHR); Yeast (1; MAB).
Dosages (Arnica) — Do not take internally (APA); 2 g herb fl (1 tsp = ~0.5 g)/100 ml water (APA; BIS); 2 g herb/100 ml water (KOM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Arnica) — Class 2d Externally; not for use on broken skin; Class 2b Internally (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications of hypersensitivity and adverse effects of local reactions. Contraindications of hypersensitivity to sesquiterpene lactones and adverse effects of allergic reactions also reported. The tincture should not be applied in undiluted form (AEH). Irritant and allergic reactions from topical applications of arnica preparations. CAN caution that sesquiterpene lactones (SL), aromatic compounds widely distributed in certain plant families, with highest concentrations generally found in leaves and flowers, may cause dermatosis and GI tract irritation. Sheep and cattle poisonings due to SL-containing species have been reported. Cases of allergic contact dermatosis in humans have also been reported (AHED1). “Arnica is poisonous if taken internally. It is irritant to mucous membranes and ingestion may result in fatal gastroenterosis, muscle paralysis (voluntary and cardiac), increase or decrease in pulse rate, palpitation of the heart, shortness of breath, and may even result in death” (CAN). It contains cardiotonic principles and an adrenaline-like pressor substance (CAN). Vomiting, rapid pulse, redness of the face, stinging pains, heart and respiratory dysfunction, cerebral symptoms, rigor, severe diarrhea, abdominal pains, and bloody expectoration result from abuse of the flower tincture or decoction as an abortifacient possibly fatal. Children should not use internally or on open wounds (WAM). Because of the oxytocic sesquiterpene lactones, to be avoided when pregnant (BIS). Internal use not recommended anymore. Risk:benefit ratio probably not good. One fatal case resulted from ingestion of 70 g arnica tincture (SHT).

ARRACH (Chenopodium vulvaria L.) ++
Activities (Arrach) — Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Depurative (f; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; EFS).
Indications (Arrach) — Amenorrhea (f; EFS); Cramp (f; HHB; PH2; EFS); Dysmenorrhea (f; EFS); Enterosis (f; HHB); Hysteria (f; HHB); Pain (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; EFS; HHB); Worm (f; EFS).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Arrach) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

ARROW-POISON (Strophanthus sarmentosus DC.) X
PH2 and EFS entries below generic (i.e., mostly for S. kombe Oliv. & S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.).
Activities (Arrow-Poison) — Antiseptic (f; HDN); Anxiolytic (f; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; PH2); Digitalic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (f; HDN); Negative Chronotropic (1; HDN); Negative Dromotropic (1; HDN); Pediculicide (f; HDN); Positive Bathmotropic (1; HDN); Positive Inotropic (1; HDN); Tonic (f; HDN).

Indications (Arrow-Poison) — Anxiety (f; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; HH2; PH2); Arthrosis (f; HDN); Bite (f; HDN); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Constipation (f; HDN); Diarrhea (f; HDN); Dystony (f; HH2); Fracture (f; HDN); Gas (f; HDN); Gastrosis (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Hypertony (f; HH2); Leprosy (f; HDN); Lice (1; HDN); Neurodystonia (f; PH2); Pain (f; HDN); Rheumatism (f; HDN); Scabies (f; HDN); Snakebite (f; HDN); Sore (f; HDN); VD (f; HDN); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; HDN).
Dosages (Arrow-Poison) — Don’t take except with physician guidance! (JAD). Cymarin 0.6–0.9 mg ivn man/day, 2.3–2.5 mg orl man (HDN); Ouabain 0.25–0.65 mg ivn man/day, 12–48 mg/day orl man (HDN); K-Strophanthoside 0.2–1.2 mg ivn man/day, to 7.5 mg/day orl man; Toxic Dose 143 mg/man (HDN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Arrow-Poison) — Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Side effects may include cardiac arrhythmia, headache, ophthalmia (disturbance of color vision), queasiness, stupor, and vomiting. May enhance effects and side effects with calcium salts, glucocorticoids, laxatives, quinidine, and saluretics (PH2).

ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinacea L.) +++
Activities (Arrowroot) — Alexeteric (f; CRC); Antibilious (1; PHR); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Choler- etic (1; PH2); Collyrium (f; JFM); Demulcent (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; CRC); Hypo- cholesterolemic (1; PHR; PH2); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Arrowroot) — Asthenia (f; DAV); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; DAV); Colitis (f; CRC); Convalescence (f; CRC); Cough (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; DAV; PH2); Dysuria (f; FEL); Enterosis (f; PHR; PH2); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; DAV; FEL); Gangrene (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; PHR; PH2); Hoarseness (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Pulmonosis (f; FEL); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Sprain (f; DAV); Sting (f; CRC); Sunburn (f; CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); Urethrosis (f; CRC; DAV); Wound (f; CRC).
Dosages (Arrowroot) — 2–3 drachms boiled in 1 pint milk or water (FEL); 15 g starch dissolved in 250 cc sweet water for dysentery (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Arrowroot) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Canadian law disallows as nonmedicinal ingredient for oral products (AHP).

ARTICHOKE (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) +++
Synonym — Cynara scolymus L.
Activities (Artichoke) — Antiaggregant (1; MAB); Antiatherosclerotic (1; BGB); Antiemetic (1; BGB; MAB); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; MAB); Antispasmodic (1; BGB; SHT); Antitumor (1; APA); Aperitif (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; APA); Bitter (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Carmi- native (2; BGB); Cholagogue (1; SHT); Cholekinetic (1; SHT); Choleretic (2; CAN; KOM; PH2; SHT); Deodorant (f; MAB); Depurative (f; MAB); Digestive (f; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; HHB; MAB); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; BGB; CAN; MAB; SHT); Hepatotonic (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Hypocholesterolemic (2; BGB; CAN; MAB); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Hypolipidemic (1;

CAN); Laxative (1; MAB); Lipolytic (1; BGB; MAB; PH2; SHT); Nephrotonic (1; MAB); Tonic (f; PHR); Uricosuric (1; MAB).
Indications (Artichoke) — Albuminuria (f; HHB); Anemia (f; APA); Anorexia (2; MAB; PHR; PH2); Arsenic-Poisoning (1; MAB); Arthrosis (1; APA; MAB); Ascites (1; MAB); Atherosclerosis (1; APA; BGB; HHB; MAB); Bloating (f; APA); Body Odor (f; MAB); Cancer (1; APA); Cardiopathy (1; BGB; CAN; MAB); Catarrh (f; HHB); Cholecystosis (2; PHR; PH2); Cholestasis (1; MAB); Constipation (1; MAB); Cramp (1; BGB; SHT); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Diabetes (1; APA; WOI); Dropsy (f; MAB; WOI); Dyspepsia (2; KOM; PH2); Edema (f; MAB); Flatulence (2; APA; BGB; MAB); Frigidity (f; APA); Gallbladder (2; BGB; PHR; SHT); Gallstone (f; APA; MAB; PHR; PH2); Gas (2; BGB); Gout (1; MAB); Hepatosis (2; CAN; PHR; PH2; SHT); High Cholesterol (2; BGB; CAN; MAB); High Triglyceride (1; APA; CAN; MAB); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Impotence (f; APA); Inflammation (1; APA); Itch (f; MAB); Jaundice (1; APA; HHB; MAB); Nausea (1; APA; MAB); Nephrosclerosis (f; MAB); Obesity (1; CAN); Oliguria (f; MAB); Pain (1; APA); Renosis (1; MAB); Rheumatism (1; MAB; WOI); Snakebite (f; APA); Stone (f; MAB; PH2); Thick Blood (1; MAB); Tumor (1; APA); Uremia (f; MAB); Vomiting (1; APA; BGB; MAB); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; HHB; MAB).
Dosages (Artichoke) — Food farmacy; 2–3 (100 mg) capsule StX for 15 mg each caffeoylquinic acids (APA); 1–4 g leaf 3 /day (CAN); 1.5–9 g dry leaf/day (MAB); 1–4 g root 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 g stem 3 /day (CAN); 3–8 ml fluid extract (1:2) (MAB); 500 mg dry extract (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Artichoke) — Not covered (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications of hypersensitivity to artichoke and other Asteraceae; biliary obstruction or gallstones (AEH; KOM). None expected (MAB). Sesquiterpene lactones are allergenic and may cause dermatosis (CAN).

ASAFETIDA, DEVIL’S DUNG (Ferula assa-foetida L.) ++
Labeled Ferula foetida in AHP, KAP, and PH2.
Activities (Asafetida) — Alexeritic (f; DAA); Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antiag- gregant (1; CAN; CRC; DAA; PNC); Antiseptic (f; PHR; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; CAN; CRC); Antitumor (1; APA; PH2); Aperient (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; APA); Carminative (1; APA; CAN; CRC; RIN); CNS-Stimulant (1; WOI); Deobstruent (f; DAA); Deodorant (f; DAA); Digestive (f; APA; DAA); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC); Enterostimulant (1; WOI); Expec- torant (1; APA; CAN; CRC; RIN); Fungicide (f; APA); Hypotensive (1; CAN; CRC; PNC); Laxative (f; CRC; DAA); Mutagenic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; CRC); Respirastimulant (1; WOI); Sedative (f; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; DAA); Stomachic (f; CRC; DAA); Uterotonic (f; AHP); Vermifuge (f; CRC; DAA).
Indications (Asafetida) — Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Asthma (1; APA; CRC; WOI); Bronchosis (1; APA; CAN; WOI); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (1; APA; PH2); Cancer, abdomen (1; APA); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cholera (f; CRC; SKJ; WOI); Colic (f; APA; CAN; CRC); Cold (f; TAD); Colitis (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Constipation (f; PH2); Convulsion (f; CRC); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; PNC); Cramp (f; CAN; CRC; SKJ); Croup (f; CRC);
Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Enterosis (f; APA; CRC; PH2); Epilepsy (f; APA; CRC; PH2; WOI); Felon (f; JLH); Flatulence (1; APA; PNC; WOI); Fracture (f; CRC); Frigidity (f; APA); Fungus (f; APA); Gas (1; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB; RIN); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Hemiplegia (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH; PH2); High

Blood Pressure (1; CAN; CRC; PNC; DAA); Hyperlipidemia (f; CAN); Hypoacidity (f; PH2); Hypoglycemia (f; APA); Hysteria (f; APA; CAN; WOI); IBS (2; CAN); Impotence (f; APA); Indigestion (1; APA; CAN); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Insanity (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; PHR; PH2); Laryngismus (f; CAN); Mucososis (1; APA; CAN); Mycosis (f; APA); Nervousness (f; PHR; PH2); Neurasthenia (f; CRC; DAA); Neurosis (1; APA); Osteosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Parasite (f; PH2); Pertussis (f; CAN; CRC; PH2; WOI); Pneumonia (f; SKJ); Polyp (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Rinderpest (f; CRC); Sarcoma (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC; PH2); Stomachache (1; APA; CRC); Thrombosis (1; CAN; PNC); Tumor (1; APA; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (f; CRC; DAA).
Dosages (Asafetida) — 0.3–1 g asafetida resin 3 /day (APA; CAN; HHB; PNC); 2–4 ml asafetida tincture (CAN, PNC); 20 drops tincture (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Asafetida) — Class 2b, 2d. Contraindicated for infant colic. Emmenagogue, uterotonic (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Bitter acrid taste and disagreeable garlic-like odor, due mostly to its volatile oil. Odor imparted through excretions and eructations. Medicinal use may result in swollen lips, gastric burning, belching, flatulence, diarrhea, burning during urination, headache, dizziness, and convulsion (AEH; PHR; PH2). The gum of related species is an irritant to the skin and stomach, and causes dermatosis (CAN). Sulfur compounds in the oil may protect against fat-induced hyperlipidemia. Two double-blind studies report asafetida useful for irritable bowel syndrome (just below 5% significance level in one, near 1% in the other) (CAN). Because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle and to be an abortifacient, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. It oxidizes fetal hemoglobin but not adult hemoglobin. Coumarins may interfere with coagulation therapy and may cause chromosomal damage (CAN). 50–100 mg resin reported to cause convulsions in nervous people (AHP). Do not give to children; may cause methemo- globinemia (APA).

ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) +
Synonym — Physalis somnifera L.
Activities (Ashwagandha) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; KAB; SUW; WBB; ZUL); Adaptogen (1; JAD; KEB; ZUL); Alterative (f; KAB; SUW); Amebicide (1; CRC; WOI); Anabolic (1; KEB); Analgesic (1; CRC; KAB); Antiaging (1; KEB; MAB; PM8:125); Antianemic (1; MAB); Antiar- thritic (1; CRC; WOI); Antibacterial (1; CRC; MAB; WOI); Antiedemic (f; ZUL); Antiendotoxin (1; MAB); Antiepileptic (1; MAB); Antifertility (1; ZUL); Antiherpetic (1; MAB); Antiinflamma- tory (1; VVG; ZUL; PM8:125); Antimitotic (1; CRC); Antioxidant (1; PM8:125); Antiproliferative (1; MAB); Antipyretic (1; KEB; ZUL); Antisarcomic (1; KEB); Antiseptic (1; MAB; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; KEB; WOI); Antistress (1; APA; ZUL; PM8:125); Antitumor (1; CRC; MAB; ZUL); Antiulcer (1; MAB; ZUL); Antiviral (1; MAB; WBB; WOI); Aphrodisiac (1; JAD; KAB; KEB; SUW; ZUL); Bradycardic (1; KEB; WOI); Cerebrotonic (f; PM8:125); Chemo- preventive (1; KEB); CNS-Depressant (1; WOI); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Cytotoxic (1; MAB); Deobstruent (f; KAB; SUW); Diuretic (1; APA; CRC; KAB; SUW); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emmena- gogue (f; CRC; KAB); Fungicide (1; CRC; MAB; ZUL); GABA-nergic (1; MAB); Hemopoietic (1; KEB); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; ZUL); Hypnotic (1; CRC; KAB; SUW; VVG; WBB); Hypotensive (1; MAB; WOI); Immunodepressant (1; KEB; ZUL; PM8:125); Immunomodulator (f; PM8:125); Immunostimulant (1; KEB; PM8:125; ZUL); Insecticide (f; WBB); Interferonogenic (f; SHB); Lactagogue (f; ZUL); Memorigenic (1; ZUL); Narcotic (1; CRC; KAB; SUW); Nervine (1; KEB); Pain (1; CRC; KAB); Pediculicide (f; CRC; KAB); Phagocytotic (1; MAB); Poison (f;

CRC); Proteolytic (1; CRC); Respirastimulant (1; KEB; WOI); Sedative (1; CRC; MAB; ZUL); Staminagenic (1; MAB); Tonic (1; CRC; KEB); Tranquilizer (1; CRC; MBB; ZUL); Vermifuge (1; KAB; WOI).
Indications (Ashwagandha) — Adenopathy (f; CRC; KAB); Addiction (1; MAB); Aging (1; KEB; MAB); Alcoholism (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; MAB); Ameba (1; CRC; WOI); Amenorrhea (f; KAB; ZUL); Anemia (1; APA; KEB; MAB); Anorexia (f; KAB); Anthrax (f; CRC; KAB; WBB);
Arthrosis (1; CRC; KAB; KEB; WOI); Asthma (1; CRC; KAB; WOI); Backache (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; CRC; MAB; WOI); Boil (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; KAB); Cancer (1; KAB; KEB;
MAB); Cancer, lung (1; KEB); Carbuncle (f; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Childbirth (f; KAB); Chill (f; CRC; KAB; WBB); Cholecystosis (f; WBB); Cold (f; CRC; KAB; WBB); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Convulsion (f; ZUL); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (1; CRC; JAD; KEB; WOI); Cystosis (f; CRC); Debility (1; CRC; KAB; KEB; MAB; SUW); Decubitis (f; CRC; KAB); Dermatosis (f; KAB; WBB; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; CRC; ZUL); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; KAB); Emaciation (f; KAB; KEB; SUW); Emphysema (f; CRC); Epilepsy (1; MAB); Eruption (f; WBB); Erysipelas (f; CRC; KAB); Fertility (1; ZUL); Fever (1; CRC; KAB; KEB; SUW; WBB; ZUL); Frigidity (1; JAD; KEB; ZUL); Fungus (1; CRC; KAB; MAB; ZUL); Furuncle (f; CRC); Gangrene (f; KAB; WBB); Gray Hair (1; MAB); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; WBB; ZUL); Hepatosis (f; APA; ZUL); Herpes (1; MAB); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CRC; MAB; WOI); High Cholesterol (1; KEB); Immunodepression (1; JAD; KEB; PM8:125; ZUL); Impotence (1; JAD; KEB; ZUL); Infection (1; CRC; KAB; MAB; ZUL); Infertility (f; KAB); Inflammation (1; CRC; KAB; MAB; PM8:125; VVG; ZUL); Insomnia (1; CRC; JAD; KAB; MAB; ZUL); Leukocytosis
(1; MAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukopenia (1; MAB); Lice (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; CRC; KAB; WOI); Marasmus (f; CRC; KAB; WOI); Milk Deficiency (f; ZUL); Miscarriage (f; WBB); Mor- phinism (1; MAB); MS (f; AKT); Mycosis (f; CRC; KAB; MAB; ZUL); Nausea (f; APA; WBB; ZUL); Nervousness (1; CRC; MAB; MBB; ZUL); Neurasthenia (1; KEB; MAB); Neurosis (f; MBB); Neutropenia (1; MAB); Pain (1; CRC; KAB); Parasite (f; WBB); Pediculosis (f; KAB); Proctosis (f; CRC; KAB; WBB; ZUL); Psoriasis (f; CRC; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; WBB); Rheuma- tism (1; KEB; SUW; WOI; ZUL); Ringworm (1; CRC; KAB; WBB; WOI); Sarcoma (1; KEB);
Scabies (f; CRC; SUW); Senility (f; CRC; SUW; PM8:125); Smallpox (f; CRC; WBB); Sore (f; APA; KAB; SUW; WBB; ZUL); Stress (1; KEB; MBB; ZUL; PM8:125); Swelling (1; APA; CRC; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Syphilis (1; CRC; KAB; WOI; WBB); Tuberculosis (f; APA; CRC; KAB; SUW); Tumor (1; APA; CRC; FNF; MAB; ZUL); Typhoid (f; CRC; WBB); Ulcer (1; KEB; MAB;
ZUL); Uterosis (f; CRC); VD (f; KAB); Virus (1; MAB; WBB; WOI); Water Retention (1; APA; CRC; KAB; SUW); Worm (1; KAB; WOI); Wound (f; CRC; VVG); Yeast (1; CRC).
Dosages (Ashwagandha) — 150–300 mg StX (APA); 2–3 g powdered root, 3 /day (APA); capsule StX at 2–5 mg with anolides (APA); 3–6 g dry root/day (MAB); 6–12 ml/day fluid extract (1:2) (KEB); 1 (300 mg) tablet 2 /day (NH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ashwagandha) — Class 2b, 2d; may poten- tiate barbiturates (AHP). Berries may cause severe gastrointestinal pain, should not be eaten (TMA, 1996). While many herbalists praise this, even attributing ginseng like magic to it, I think of it as a poorly known nightshade relative with a few toxic medicinal compounds. Strange that it did not make it into the Herbal PDR or Commission E, negatively or positively (JAD; KOM).
Extracts (Ashwagandha) — The complex of alkaloids was only twice as active at bradycardic, hypotensive, and respirastimulant activities as the total root extract indicating that there are other active components with synergistic or additive activities (MAB). LDlo (Extracts) >1100 mg/kg ipr mouse (MAB); LD50 (Extracts) = 1260 mg/kg ipr mouse (MAB); LD100 (Extracts) = >1100 mg/kg ipr mouse (MAB) ( = ) Pretreatment with root extract at 100 mg/kg (orl mouse) was comparable to diazepam (1 mg/kg) in experimental epilepsy (MAB).

ASIAN MEADOW-RUE (Thalictrum foliolosum DC.) +
Activities (Asian Meadow-Rue) — Antipyretic (f; KAP; SUW); Aperient (f; KAB; SUW; WOI); Bitter (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Collyrium (f; KAB); Deobstruent (f; KAP); Diuretic (f; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Laxative (f; KAB; SUW); Tonic (f; KAB; KAP; SUW).
Indications (Asian Meadow-Rue) — Atony (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; KAP); Corneosis (f; KAP); Coryza (f; KAP); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diarrhea (f; KAB); Dyspepsia (f; KAB; SUW); Fever (f; KAB; KAP; SUW); Gas (f; KAP); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Jaundice (f; KAP); Malaria (f; KAB; WOI); Onychosis (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB; SUW); Toothache (f; KAB; KAP); Water Retention (f; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI).
Dosages (Asian Meadow-Rue) — 14–28 ml tea (KAP); 1–2 ml root tincture (KAP); 0.5–1 g powder root (KAP). After 6 months storage, berberine was reduced to 1/4, and magnoflorine to traces (WOI).

ASIATIC DOGWOOD, JAPANESE CORNEL
(Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.) ++
Activities (Asiatic Dogwood) — Antiallergic (1; DAA); Antibacterial (1; DAA); Astringent (1; DAA; PH2); Diuretic (1; DAA; PH2); Hypotensive (1; DAA; PH2); Leukocytogenic (1; PH2); Tonic (f; DAA).
Indications (Asiatic Dogwood) — Allergy (1; DAA); Arthrosis (f; DAA; PH2); Backache (f; DAA; PH2); Bacteria (1; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Diabetes (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Hepatosis (f; DAA; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; PH2); Hyperhydrosis (f; PH2); Impotence (f; DAA; PH2); Lumbago (f; DAA; PH2); Malaria (f; DAA); Menorrhagia (f; DAA); Metrorrhagia (f; DAA); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Night Sweats (f; DAA; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Polyuria (f; DAA); Sciatica (f; PH2); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; DAA); Stone (f; DAA); Tinnitus (f; DAA; PH2); Vertigo (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; DAA; PH2).
Dosages (Asiatic Dogwood) — 3–12 g fruit (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Asiatic Dogwood) — Class 2d. Contraindi- cated in those with difficult or painful urination (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

ASOKA (Saraca indica L.) +
Synonym — Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde.
Activities (Asoka) — Abortifacient (1; WOI); Androgenic (1; WOI); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Anticarcinomic (1; WOI); Antisarcomic (1; WOI); Astringent (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Bitter (f; KAB); Demulcent (f; KAB); Depurative (f; KAB); Emollient (f; KAB); Myorelaxant (1; WOI); Myostimulant (1; WOI); Uterosedative (f; KAP); Uterotonic (1; WOI); Vermifuge (f; KAB).
Indications (Asoka) — Bacteria (1; WOI); Biliousness (f; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Bleeding (f; KAB; KAP); Cancer (1; KAB; WOI); Carcinoma (1; WOI); Colic (f; KAB; WOI); Complexion (f; KAB); Diabetes (f; WOI); Dysentery (f; KAB; KAP; SKJ); Dysmenorrhea (f; SKJ; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; KAB; WOI); Dysuria (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; KAB); Fatigue (f; KAB); Fibroid (f; WOI); Fracture (f; KAB); Gastrosis (f; WOI); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; KAB; WOI); Leukorrhea (f; SKJ); Menorrhagia (1; DEP; KAB; KAP; SUW); Oxytocic (f; WOI); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sting (f; KAB; SUW); Stomachache (f; WOI); Syphilis (f; WOI); Thirst (f; KAB); Uterosis (f; KAB; SUW); VD (f; WOI); Worm (f; KAB).
Dosages (Asoka) — 1–3 g powdered bark (KAP); 28–112 ml bark decoction (KAP).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Asoka) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Contains an androgenic ketosterol. Bark uteroactive, stimulating endometrium and ovarian tissue (KAP). Bark contains a powerful oxytocic phenolic glycoside P2. Alcoholic bark extracts antibac- terial. Aqueous extract active against carcinoma and sarcoma.

ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis L.) ++
Synonym — A. longifolius Fisch. ex Steud.
Activities (Asparagus) — Antiaging (1; JNU); Antibacterial (1; APA; WO2); Anticancer (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; JNU); Antileukemic (1; APA; BGB); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antirheumatic (1; APA; PED; PNC); Antiviral (f; APA); Bitter (f; PED); Cardiosedative (1; WO2); Cardiotonic (1; PNC); Contraceptive (1; WO2; WO3); Demulcent (1; WO2); Depurative (f; PED); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Diuretic (1; APA; KOM; PH2); DNA-Sparing (1; JNU); Hepato- protective (1; JNU); Hypotensive (f; APA; BGB); Immunostimulant (1; BGB; JNU); Laxative (1; BGB; PED; PNC); Litholytic (2; KOM); Nematicide (1; PNC); Sedative (1; PNC); Spermi- cide (1; PH2).
Indications (Asparagus) — Acne (f; APA; BGB); Anemia (f; APA); Anorexia (f; WO2); Arthro- sis (1; APA); Asthma (f; PH2); Bacteria (1; APA; WO2); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Cancer (1; APA); Cancer, mouth (1; JNU); Cancer, pharynx (1; JNU); Cardiopathy (1; BGB; LAF; JNU; PH2; PNC; WO2); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Constipation (1; BGB; PED; PH2; PNC); Cough (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; APA); Diarrhea (f; WO3); Dropsy (f; PH2; WO2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dysuria (f; PED); Fertility (1; WO2); Gout (1; PH2; WO2); Gravel (2; PHR); HIV (f; APA); Hemoptysis (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; APA; BGB; LAF); Immunodepression (1; BGB; JNU); Inflammation (1; APA; JNU; PH2); Insomnia (1; PNC); Jaundice (f; WO2); Kidney Stone (2; APA; PH2); Leukemia (1; APA; BGB); Nematode (1; PNC); Nervousness (1; PNC); Neurosis (f; PED; PNC); Pain (f; APA); Parasite (1; PED); Rheumatism (1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC); Schistosomiasis (1; WO2); Sore (f; APA); Sore Throat (1; APA; JNU); Stomatosis (1; JNU); Stone (2; KOM; PH2); Stroke (1; JNU); Toothache (f; APA); Tuberculosis (1; WO2); UTI (2; KOM; PH2); Virus (f; APA); Water Retention (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Worm (1; PNC);
Xerostomia (f; PH2).
Dosages (Asparagus) — Food farmacy (JAD); 1 tsp powdered seed in juice (APA); 45–60 g rhizome (KOM); 1 tbsp fresh root (PED); 1.5 g dry root (PED); 1.5 g:7 g alcohol, 8 ml water (PED). “Daily dosage is 45 to 80 g (PH2); a typical single dose is 800 mg” (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Asparagus) — Class 2d. Contraindicated in inflammatory kidney disorders (although Commission E contraindicates in irrigation therapy when edema is caused by impaired kidney or heart function, this is not of concern in oral therapy) (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications of inflammatory and renal diseases and adverse effects of allergic skin reactions (very rarely). Ironically, the diuretic shoots, which we eat, are not approved for therapeutic use (KOM). Allergic reactions occur very rarely (AEH). Workers canning asparagus may get “asparagus scabies” (PHR). Interactions with other drugs unknown (KOM).
Extracts (Asparagus) — Asparagusic acid nematicidal. As the richest source of glutathione (at least as cited in JNU), asparagus could be credited with many of the activities of glutathione, a major antioxidant that also detoxifies carcinogens and pollutants, maintains healthy liver, boosts the immune system, aids cell replication, repairs damaged DNA, and reduces inflammation.

AUTUMN CROCUS, COLCHICUM, MEADOW-SAFFRON
(Colchicum autumnale L.) X

WOI entries apply to Colchicum luteum Baker
Activities (Autumn Crocus) — Alterative (f; CRC; WOI); Antichemotactic (2; KOM); Antiin- flammatory (2; KOM; PH2; WOI); Antimitotic (2; KOM; PH2); Antirheumatic (1; PNC); Anti- tumor (1; CRC); Aperient (f; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f; WOI); Carminative (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Laxative (2; CRC; JAD; WOI); Poison (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC).
Indications (Autumn Crocus) — Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (1; HHB); Asthma (f; PH2); Bright’s Disease (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC); Cancer, skin (1; PH2); Cholera (f; CRC); Cirrhosis (f; PH2); Colic (f; CRC); Condyloma (f; PH2); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; CRC); Gas (f; WOI); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (2; CRC; KOM; PH2; WOI); Hepatosis (f; PH2; WOI); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (2; KOM; PH2; WOI); Insomnia (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Mediterranean Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Morbus Behet (f; PH2); Necrosis (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Pain (2; PNC; WOI); Palsy (f; CRC); Pleurosis (1; HHB); Polyp (f; JLH); Prostatosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; WOI); Tendinitis (f; PH2); Tumor (1; CRC); Typhus (f; CRC); Vaginosis (f; PH2); Vasculosis (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC).
Dosages (Autumn Crocus) — 1 mg colchicine initially and 0.5–1.5 mg every 1–2 hrs until relief (KOM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Autumn Crocus) — Not covered (AHP). Contraindicated in patients with pregnancy, debility, cardiac, kidney, or GI problems. Side effects include agranulocytosis, alopecia, aplastic anemia, diarrhea, enterosis, leukopenia, myopathy, nausea, skin alterations, and vomiting. No known interactions with other drugs. Do not use again for 3 days for gout (KOM). Colchicine may cause fetal abnormalities. Fatal doses as low as 7 mg (PNC).

AVENS, BENNET’S ROOT (Geum urbanum L.)++

Activities (Avens) — Antidiarrheal (f; CAN); Antihemorrhagic (1; CAN; FNF); Antipyretic (f; CAN; PNC); Antiseptic (1; EFS; FNF); Astringent (1; CAN; PHR; PNC); Digestive (f; EFS); Hypotensive (1; CAN); Stomachic (f; EFS; PNC); Styptic (1; PNC); Tonic (f; EFS; PNC).
Indications (Avens) — Ague (f; WOI); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Anemia (f; MAD); Anorexia (f; PH2); Asthma (f; CEB); Atony (f; MAD); Bite (f; CEB); Bleeding (1; CAN; FNF; MAD); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH; MAD); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Caries (f; WOI); Catarrh (f; CAN; WOI); Chill (f; WOI); Cholera (f; MAD); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Climacteric (f; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Colitis (f; CAN); Congestion (f; MAD); Cystosis (f; PH2); Debility (f; CEB; MAD; WOI); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (1; CAN; PHR; PH2; PNC); Dysentery (f; WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; PHR; PH2); Encephalosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Fever (f; CAN; PH2; PNC; WOI); Fistula (f; MAD); Frostbite (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Gingi- vosis (f; PH2); Halitosis (f; WOI); Hemorrhoid (1; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); Incontinence (f; MAD); Indigestion (f; PHR); Infection (1; EFS; FNF); Inflammation (f; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; MAD; PNC; WOI); Malaria (f; CAN; MAD); Metrorrhagia (1; CAN; MAD); Mucososis (f; PH2); Myalgia (f; PH2); Nausea (f; MAD); Neuralgia (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Rachosis (f; MAD); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; JLH; MAD); Sore Throat (1; PNC; WOI); Stom- achache (f; MAD); Typhus (f; MAD); Ulcerative Colitis (1; CAN); Urethrosis (f; MAD); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Uterosis (1; CAN; MAD); VD (f; MAD); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Avens) — 1 g herb (in tea) 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 ml liquid herb extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) (CAN); 10–15 drops tincture 2–3 /day (MAD); 0.5–1 tsp in hot water, several /day (PH2); 1–4 ml liquid root extract (PNC).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Avens) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Due to its reputed affect to the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Also advisable to avoid excess use of tannin (CAN).

AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) +++
(The +++ applies only to the fruits; leaves and seeds are much less safe.)
Activities (Avocado) — Abortifacient (f; DAD; DAV; JFM); Antiaging (1; JNU); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antifertility (f; DAD); Antiinflammatory (1; DAV; X11193428); Antiseptic (1; DAD; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f; DAD; DAV; JFM; JNU); Astringent (f; DAD; JFM); Carminative (f; DAD); Con- traceptive (f; DAV); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; X11193428); Deobstruent (f; AAB); Diuretic (f; DAD; DAV; JFM); Emmenagogue (2; DAV; JFM; TRA); Emollient (1; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; JFM); Hematonic (f; JFM); Hepatoprotective (1; X11368579); Hypertensive (f; WOI); Hypocholester- olemic (1; JNU); Hypotensive (f; JFM); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; JNU); Lactifuge (1; TRA); Lax- ative (f; DAD); Litholytic (f; DAV); Parasiticide (f; DAD); Piscicide (f; DAD); Poison (f; DAD); Rodenticide (f; DAD); Rubefacient (f; DAD); Stomachic (f; DAV); Uricosuric (f; DAV); Uterotonic (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; DAD).
Indications (Avocado) — Alopecia (f; DAV); Alzheimer’s (1; X11193428); Ameba (f; DAV); Amenorrhea (f; JFM; TRA); Anemia (f; DAV; JFM); Arthrosis (1; X11069724); Atherosclerosis (1; JNU); Bacteria (1; WOI); Bleeding (f; DAD); Bruise (f; DAD); Calculus (f; DAV); Cancer (1; JLH; JNU; X11193428); Cancer, labial (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; DAD; JFM); Cold (f; AAB; JFM); Cough (f; AAB; DAD; JFM); Dandruff (f; DAD; DAV); Dermatosis (1; DAD; PH2); Diabetes (f; DAD; DAV); Diarrhea (f; AAB; JFM); Dysentery (f; DAV; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; AAB; DAD); Dyspepsia (f; AAB); Enterosis (f; AAB); Escherichia (1; WOI); Fertility (f; DAV); Fever (f; AAB; DAD; JFM); Frigidity (f; JFM); Gas (f; DAD; JFM); Gout (f; DAV; JFM); Headache (f; AAB; JFM); Hematoma (f; DAD); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (1; DAD; DAV; JFM; X11368579); High Blood Pressure (f; AAB; DAD; JFM); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); High Triglyceride (1; JNU); Ichthyosis (1; PHR; PH2); Impotence (f; JFM); Infection (1; WOI); Inflammation (1; DAV; X11193428); Low Blood Pressure (f; WOI); Malaria (f; DAD); Metrorrhagia (f; DAD); Mucososis (f; JFM); Neuralgia (f; DAD); Parasite (f; DAD); Poor Milk Supply (1; TRA); Pulmonosis (f; DAD); Pyorrhea (f; DAD); Rheumatism (f; AAB; DAD; JFM); Scabies (f; DAD); Snakebite (f; DAV); Sore Throat (f; DAD); Sprain (f; AAB; DAD); Stone (f; DAV); Toothache (f; DAD); Water Retention (f; DAD; DAV; JFM); Whitlow (f; JFM); Worm (f; DAD; JFM); Wound (f; DAD).
Dosages (Avocado) — Fruit pulp (and only fruit) food farmacy (JAD). For emmenagogue activity; take 120–240 ml every 6–8 hours of the aqueous decoction (20 g fruit/liter) (TRA). For empacho (intestinal obstruction), grind 1 seed; boil in 2 cups water; drink 1 cup hot 2 /day (AAB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Avocado) — Not covered (AHP; APA; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Leaves contain dopamine and the leaf oil contains methyl chavicol. Ingestion of leaves, bark, or both has caused mastitis in cattle, horses, rabbits, and goats, and large doses have been fatal to goats. Ingestion of the leaves has proved fatal to rabbits. Avocado leaves in a pool have killed fish. Unripe avocados said to be toxic; canaries have died after ingesting ripe fruit. Two resins derived from the skin of the fruit are toxic to guinea pigs by subcutaneous and peritoneal injection. Ground seeds mixed with cornmeal or cheese have been used to poison rodents (DAD). LD50 water extracts of leaves = >8828 mg/kg ipr rat (TRA); LD50 water extracts of fruits = >12,500 mg/kg orl rat (TRA); LD50 water extracts of leaves = >12,500 mg/kg orl rat (TRA).

AZTEC MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) ++
Activities (Aztec Marigold) — Analgesic (f; DAV); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Bat Repellant (f; AAB); Carminative (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; AAB); Diuretic (f; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; WOI); Laxative (1; JFM; WOI); Nematicide (1; WOI); Stimulant (f; AAB; JFM); Vermifuge (1; JFM; WOI).
Indications (Aztec Marigold) — Abscess (f; AAB); Asthma (f; IED); Bacteria (1; WOI); Boil (f; WOI); Bronchosis (f; WOI); Carbuncle (f; WOI); Cold (f; AAB; IED; WOI); Colic (f; AAB; IED); Corn (2; ABS); Constipation (1; JFM); Diarrhea (f; AAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; JFM); Eczema (f; DEM); Epilepsy (f; IED); Fever (f; AAB; DAV); Flu (f; AAB; IED); Gas (f; AAB; WOI); Gastrosis (f; AAB); Hangover (f; IED); Headache (f; AAB); Hepatosis (f; JFM); Malaise (f; AAB; IED); Myalgia (f; WOI); Nephrosis (f; WOI); Nerves (f; IED); Ophthalmia (f; DAV; WOI); Otosis (f; WOI); Pain (f; AAB; DAV; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Respirosis (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; WOI); Sore (f; AAB; IED); Stomachache (f; JFM); Tetanus (f; JFM); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; WOI); VD (f; JFM); Water Retention (f; WOI); Worm (1; JFM; WOI).

B
BABY’S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata L.) +
Activities (Baby’s Breath) — Antiseptic (1; PHR); Cytotoxic (2; KOM); Depurative (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (1; PHR); Expectorant (1; EFS; PHR); Insecticide (1; PHR); Mucoirritant (2; KOM); Sternutator (f; EFS).
Indications (Baby’s Breath) — Bronchosis (2; PHR); Catarrh (2; KOM); Cough (2; PHR); Dermatosis (f; PHR); Eczema (f; PHR); Fever (f; EFS); Infection (1; PHR); Mucososis (1; EFS; PHR); Respirosis (2; KOM); Water Retention (1; EFS; PHR).
Dosages (Baby’s Breath) — The dosage mentioned by Blumenthal et al., 30–150 mg dry root or 3–15 mg saponin, is very different than that of Gruenwald, 1.5 g/day (KOM; PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Baby’s Breath) — Commission E reports no contraindications, adverse effects, or interactions except for gastric irritation (AEH). Blumenthal et al. reports that it irritates the mucous membranes. Unlike Blumenthal et al., Gruenwald et al. treats the more dangerous Gypsophila under the slightly less dangerous Saponaria, both well- endowed with saponins.

BAEL, BENGAL QUINCE (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) ++
Synonym — Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons, Crateva marmelos L.
Activities (Bael) — Abortifacient (f; LMP); Alterative (f; MPI); Amebicide (1; WO2); Antiallergic (1; WO3); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antidote (f; DEP); Antiedemic (1; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Antipyretic (f; DEP; SKJ); Antiseptic (f; SKJ); Antispasmodic (f; MPI); Antiviral (1; WO2); Astringent (f; DEP; SKJ; WO2); Cardiodepressant (1; LMP); Cardiotonic (1; WO2); Cerebrotonic (f; WO2); Demulcent (f; MPI); Digestive (f; SKJ; SUW; WO2); Diuretic (1; DEP; LMP); Expec- torant (f; DEP); Fungicide (1; WO2); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Laxative (1; DEP; LMP; SKJ); Parasiticide (1; WO2); Piscicide (1; SUW; WO2); Protisticide (1; WO2); Respirastimulant (1; WO2); Schisonticide (1; WO2); Sterilant (f; LMP); Stomachic (f; SKJ; SUW; WO2); Sympatho- mimetic (1; WO2); Vermifuge (1; WO2).
Indications (Bael) — Allergy (1; WO3); Ameba (1; WO2); Ankylostomiasis (1; MPI); Aphtha (f; LMP); Asthma (1; WO2); Bacteria (1; WO2); Beriberi (f; WO2); Bronchosis (f; MPI); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; SKJ); Catarrh (f; DEP); Colitis (1; WO3); Conjunctivosis (f; LMP; WO2); Constipation (1; DEP; LMP; PH2; SKJ); Convulsion (f; SKJ); Cramp (f; MPI); Dermatosis (f; LMP); Diabetes (1; LMP; SKJ; WO2); Diarrhea (f; DEP; PH2; WO2); Dropsy (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; DEP; SKJ); Dyspepsia (f; DEP); Edema (1; WO2); Enterosis (f; DEP; JLH); Escherichia (1; WO2); Fever (f; DEP; MPI; SKJ; SUW); Fungus (1; WO2); Gastrosis (f; SKJ); Giardia (1; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; SKJ); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); IBS (f; WO3); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; SKJ; WO2); Inflammation (1; LMP; WO3); Jaundice (f; WO3); Malaria (f; DEP; SUW; WO2); Mucososis (f; DEP); Mycosis (1; WO2);

49

Ophthalmia (f; LMP; WO2); Palpitation (f; LMP; WO2); Parasite (1; WO2); Polyp (f; JLH); Prickly Heat (f; LMP); Proctosis (f; LMP); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; DEP); Sore (f; LMP; WO2); Stomachache (f; SKJ); Swelling (1; WO3); VD (f; SKJ); Virus (1; WO2); Vomiting (f; LMP); Water Retention (1; DEP; LMP); Worm (1; WO2); Wound (f; LMP; WO2).
Dosages (Bael) — 2–12 g powdered fruit (KAP); 12–20 ml infusion (KAP); 28–56 ml decoction (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bael) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Tannin may constipate or cause dyspepsia (PH2).

BAICAL SKULLCAP (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) ++
Activities (Baical Skullcap) — Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; KEB); Analgesic (1; COX; FAY); Antiaggregant (1; KEB); Antiallergic (1; FAY; KEB); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiar- thritic (1; COX; LAF); Antibacterial (1; KEB); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Antiepileptic (1; KEB); Antihistaminic (1; AKT); Antiinflammatory (1; AKT; COX; FNF); Antioxidant (1; KEB); Antipyretic (1; AKT; FAY); Antiradicular (1; KEB); Antiseptic (1; AKT; FAY; KEB); Antispas- modic (1; LAF); Antiviral (1; KEB); Aperitif (f; FAY); Astringent (1; FAY); Bitter (1; AKT; KEB); Cholagogue (f; LAF); Choleretic (f; FAY); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Cytotoxic (1; KEB); Diuretic (1; KEB); Fungicide (1; FAY; LAF); Hematonic (1; AKT); Hemostat (1; LAF); Hypotensive (2; AKT; FAY; KEB); Immunostimulant (1; AKT); Lipolytic (1; KEB); Nephroprotective (1; AKT); Neuroprotective (1; KEB); Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor (1; KEB); Phospholipase-Inhibitor (1; AKT); Sedative (f; KEB).
Indications (Baical Skullcap) — Acne (1; KEB); Aging (1; KEB); Allergy (1; AKT; FAY; KEB); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anorexia (f; FAY); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF; LAF); Asthma (1; KEB); Atherosclerosis (1; AKT; KEB); Autoimmune Disease (1; KEB); Bacteria (1; KEB); Bleeding (1; LAF); Bronchosis (2; KEB); Burn (f; LAF); Cancer (1; COX; FNF); Cataract (1; KEB); Chemotherapy (1; AKT); Cholecystosis (2; KEB); Cold (2; FAY; KEB); Conjunctivosis (f; FAY); Cough (1; FAY; LAF); Cramp (1; LAF); Diabetes (1; KEB); Diarrhea (1; AKT; LAF); Dysentery (2; AKT; KEB); Eczema (1; KEB); Enterosis (f; AKT; LAF); Epilepsy (1; KEB); Epistaxis (f; FAY); Fever (1; AKT; FAY); Flu (1; AKT; FAY; LAF); Fungus (1; FAY; LAF);
Gastrosis (f; AKT); Gingivosis (1; KEB); Headache (f; FAY); Hepatosis (2; AKT; FAY; KEB); High Blood Pressure (2; AKT; FAY; KEB); HIV (1; KEB); Immunodepression (1; AKT); Infection (1; AKT; FAY; KEB; LAF); Inflammation (1; AKT; COX; FNF; KEB); Insomnia (f; FAY; KEB);
Jaundice (1; LAF); Leukemia (1; KEB); Mycosis (1; FAY; LAF); Nephrosis (1; KEB); Nervous- ness (f; KEB); Obesity (1; KEB); Pain (1; COX; FAY); Periodontosis (1; KEB); Pneumonia (f; AKT); Pregnancy (1; KEB); Pulmonosis (f; AKT); Respirosis (1; FAY); Rhinosis (1; KEB); Scarlet Fever (2; FAY; KEB); Sore (1; KEB; LAF); Staphylococcus (1; FAY); Swelling (f; FAY); Thirst (f; AKT); Tonsilosis (1; FAY); Urticaria (1; KEB); Virus (1; FAY; KEB); Water Retention (1; KEB); Wound (1; KEB; LAF).
Dosages (Baical Skullcap) — 3–10 g/day (AKT); 3–9 g root/day (FAY); 2–6 g dry root/day or 4–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (KEB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Baical Skullcap) — Class 1 (AHP). Rating 4 (APA). Not indexed by Commission E (KOM); may be additive with other antico- agulants, like warfarin.
Extracts (Baical Skullcap) — Decoction LD50 >10,000 mg/kg orl rabbit; LD50 baicalin 3081 mg/kg ivn mouse. Decoction sedative at 10,000 mg/kg orally in rabbits; tincture sedative at 2000 mg/kg intravenously in rabbits (LAF). My only quantified sources of the COX-2 inhibitor, baicalein (COX).

BAI ZHU, ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ++
Perry treats all three of the species covered here as one from a medicinal point of view for some indications: A. japonica, lancea, and macrocephala. I entered those indications for all three. Perhaps they should be aggregated, perhaps not. HH3 treated all three separately, but for reasons that escape me, PH2, left out macrocephala, perhaps the better known of the trio.
Activities (Bai Zhu) — Anhidrotic (f; LMP); Antiaggregant (1; HH3; LAF); Anticancer (1; HH3); Anticholinergic (1; X11263255); Antiinflammatory (1; LAF); Antioxidant (1; X8870957); Cardio- active (1; HH3); Diuretic (1; HH3; LAF); Fungicide (1; DAA); Hepatoprotective (1; LAF); Hypoglycemic (1; HH3; LAF); Immunostimulant (1; HH3; LAF); Laxative (f; LMP); Leukocyto- genic (1; HH3); Phagocytotic (1; HH3; LAF); Sedative (f; DAA; LMP); Stomachic (f; DAA); Tonic (f; LAF); Uterorelaxant (1; X11263255).
Indications (Bai Zhu) — Anemia (f; DAA); Anorexia (f; HH3); Bronchosis (f; DAA); Cancer (1; HH3; LAF); Cancer, breast (f; DAA); Cancer, cervix (f; DAA); Cancer, stomach (f; DAA); Cancer, uterus (f; DAA); Cervisosis (f; DAA); Chemotherapy (f; LAF); Childbirth (f; DAA; LAF; LMP); Chill (f; DAA); Constipation (f; LAF; LMP); Cough (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; DAA; LAF); Dyspepsia (f; DAA; LAF); Dysuria (f; DAA); Eczema (f; DAA; LMP); Edema (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; DAA); Fungus (1; DAA); Gas (f; LAF); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Hyperglycemia (1; HH3; LAF); Immunode- pression (1; HH3; LAF); Infection (1; DAA); Inflammation (1; LAF); Insomnia (f; DAA; LMP); Jaundice (f; DAA); Leukopenia (1; HH3; LAF); Liver Spot (f; LAF); Mastosis (f; DAA); Mycosis (1; DAA); Nausea (f; DAA); Nervousness (f; DAA; LMP); Night Sweats (f; DAA); Radiation (f; LAF); Rheumatism (f; DAA); Splenosis (f; DAA; LAF); Uterosis (f; DAA); Vertigo (f; DAA); Virus (1; DAA); Water Retention (1; HH3; LAF); Wrinkle (f; LAF); Yeast (1; DAA).
Dosages (Bai Zhu) — 6–12 g (HH3).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bai Zhu) — Class 1 (AHP). LD50 (Decoc- tion) 13,300 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH3).

BALLOON FLOWER (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC) ++

Synonym — Campanula glauca Thunb., C. grandiflora Jacq., P. glaucus (Thunb.) Nakai

Activities (Balloon Flower) — Analgesic (1; FAY); Antiasthmatic (1; FAY); Antibacterial (1; FAY; PH2); Anticholinergic (1; DAA); Antihistaminic (1; DAA); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA; FAY; PH2; WHO; X7655427); Antipyretic (1; DAA; FAY); Antitumor (1; FAY); Antitussive (1; FAY; HH2; PH2; WHO); Antiulcer (1; PH2; WHO); Astringent (1; DAA; FAY; WOI); Carminative (1; DAA; FAY; WOI); CNS-Depressant (1; DAA; WHO); Expectorant (1; DAA; FAY; HH2; PH2; WHO);
Hemolytic (1; DAA; WHO; WOI); Hemostat (f; FAY); Hypocholesterolemic (1; WHO; X11091095); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA; FAY; X11091095); Hypolipidemic (1; WHO; X11091095); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAY); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; WHO; X11091095); Immunostimulant (1; ABS; X11407308); Mucogenic (1; WHO); Pancreatonic (1; X9342945); Secretagogue (f; DAA; FAY); Sedative (1; DAA; FAY; HH2; PH2; WOI); Sialagogue (1; WHO); TNF-genic (1; X11407308); Tonic (f; WHO); Tranquilizer (1; FAY); Vasodilator (1; FAY); Vermifuge (f; DAA).
Indications (Balloon Flower) — Abscess (1; DAA; FAY; WHO); Appendicitis (f; WOI); Arthrosis (1; WHO); Asthma (1; DAA; FAY; WHO); Bacteria (1; FAY; PH2); Bleeding (f; FAY); Blood Clot (1; WHO); Bronchosis (1; DAA; FAY; PH2; WOI); Cancer (1; DAA; FAY); Carbuncle (1; FAY); Cardiopathy (1; FAY; X11091095); Cholera (f; DAA); Cold (1; DAA; WHO); Cough (1; DAA; FAY; WHO); Dermatosis (f; FAY); Diabetes (1; FAY; X11091095); Diarrhea (1; DAA; FAY); Dry Mouth (1; WHO); Dysentery (f; DAA; FAY); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; FAY); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (1; DAA; FAY); Flu (f; DAA); Furuncle (1; FAY); Gas (1; DAA; FAY; WOI);
Gastrosis (f; FAY); Gingivosis (f; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAY; WHO); High Cho- lesterol (1; FAY; WHO; X11091095); High Triglycerides (1; WHO; X11091095); Hoarseness (f; FAY); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA; FAY; X11091095); Immunodepression (1; ABS; X11407308); Inflammation (1; DAA; FAY; PH2; WHO; X7655427); Insomnia (1; DAA; FAY; HH2; PH2; WHO;
WOI); Laryngosis (f; DAA); Nausea (f; DAA); Nervousness (1; DAA; FAY; HH2; PH2; WOI); Neurosis (f; DAA); Obesity (1; WHO; X11091095); Pain (1; DAA; FAY); Pertussis (1; WHO); Pharyngosis (1; WHO); Pleurisy (f; FAY); Pneumonia (1; DAA; WHO); Puerperium (1; FAY); Pulmonosis (1; DAA; FAY; WHO); Respirosis (1; FAY; PH2; WHO); Sore (f; DAA); Sore Throat (1; DAA; FAY; PH2; WHO); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis (1; WHO; X7655427); Stress (1; FAY); Syndrome-X (1; X11091095); Tonsilosis (1; DAA; PH2; WHO; X7655427); Tumor (1; FAY); Ulcer (1; PH2; WHO); Virus (f; WHO); Worm (f; DAA).
Dosages (Balloon Flower) — 2–9 g (WHO); 3–9 g (FAY); 0.5 g powdered root per dose, to 6 g/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Balloon Flower) — Class 2d. Contraindicated in hemoptysis and tuberculosis; administer only with caution to patients with peptic ulcer. Canadian law disallows balloon flower as nonmedicinal ingredient in oral use products (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Depresses CNS; may be synergistic with other sedatives and CNS depressants. Since the herb is hemolytic, should be used orally and not injected (WHO). Believed incompatible with Bletilla hyacintha and Gentiana scabra (WHO). Decoction Median LD = 24,000 mg/kg orl mouse; MLD platycodin 420 mg/kg orl mouse, 800 mg/kg orl rat,
22.3 mg/kg ipr mouse, 14.1 mg/kg ipr rat (WHO).

BALMONY, TURTLEHEAD (Chelone glabra L.) +++
Activities (Balmony) — Antibilious (f; EFS); Antidepressant (f; PNC); Antiemetic (f; PNC); Antiherpetic (f; CEB); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Aperitif (f; DEM; FAD); Bitter (f; HHB); Cholagogue (f; PNC); Contraceptive (f; CEB; FAD); Laxative (f; EFS; FAD; HHB; PNC); Tonic (f; EFS; HHB); Vermifuge (f; DEM; EFS).
Indications (Balmony) — Anorexia (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Constipation (f; EFS; FAD; PNC); Debility (f; CEB); Dermatosis (f; CEB; HHB); Depression (f; PNC); Dyspepsia (f; CEB; FAD; PH2); Fever (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Gall (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; CEB; FAD);

Hepatosis (f; CEB; FAD; HHB; PH2); Herpes (f; CEB; FAD); Inflammation (f; CEB; FAD; JLH); Jaundice (f; CEB; FAD); Mastosis (f; FAD); Nausea (f; PNC); Rheumatism (f; CEB); Sore (f; CEB; FAD); Ulcer (f; FAD); Virus (f; CEB); Vomiting (f; PNC); Worm (f; CEB; DEM; EFS; FAD; PH2); Yellow Fever (f; CEB).
Dosages (Balmony) — 1 drachm leaf 3 /day (CEB); 0.5–1 g powdered herb (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Balmony) — Class 1 (AHP). Food Plant (DEM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BALSAM FIR (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) ++
Synonym — A. balsamea f. nana (J. Nelson) Beissner, A. balsamea var. phanerolepis Fernald,
Pinus balsamea L.
Activities (Balsam Fir) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Allergenic (1; FAD); Antiseptic (1; DEM; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; FAD); Laxative (f; DEM); Mucoirritant (1; FAD); Panacea (f; DEM).
Indications (Balsam Fir) — Arthrosis (f; DEM); Asthma (f; FAD; MIC); Bite (f; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; FAD); Burn (f; DEM; FAD); Cancer (f; DEM; JLH); Chest (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM; FAD; MIC); Colic (f; MIC); Congestion (f; MIC); Con- junctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; DEM; FAD); Dentistry (f; FAD); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Enuresis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; MIC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Heart (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; FAD); Itch (f; DEM); Infection (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Scabies (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM; FAD; MIC); Sore Throat (f; DEM; MIC); Sprain (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM; MIC); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; MIC); VD (f; DEM); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; FAD); Wound (f; DEM; FAD).

BALSAM OF PERU
(Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms) ++
Synonym — Myrospermum pereirae Royle, Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch, Toluifera perei- rae (Royle) Baill.
Activities (Balsam of Peru) — Acaricide (2; KOM; PIP); Antibacterial (2; KOM; PIP); Antipyretic (f; DAV); Antiseptic (2; KOM; PIP; PNC); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Cicatrizant (1; 60P); Deodorant (f; CRC; IED; JFM); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; JFM); Expectorant (f; CRC; JFM; PNC); Fungicide (f; JFM); Hemostat (f; JFM); Parasiticide (2; CRC; JFM; PIP); Pectoral (f; EFS); Pediculicide (2; CRC; PIP); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; EFS; PNC);Vermifuge (f; JFM); Vulnerary (f; CRC; 60P).
Indications (Balsam of Peru) — Abscess (f; 60P); Alveolitis (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Asthma (f; CRC; DAV; JFM); Bacteria (2; KOM; PIP); Bedsore (2; KOM; PHR; PIP);
Bleeding (f; CRC; IED; JFM; PH2); Blenorrhea (f; MAD); Bronchosis (2; DAV; JFM; PHR; PH2); Bruise (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Burn (2; KOM; PHR; PH2 PIP); Cancer (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; MAD); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Caries (f; MAD); Catarrh (f; CRC; DAV; PNC); Chilblain (f; CRC; MAD; PIP); Childbirth (f; CRC; IED; PH2); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Cough (2; JFM; PHR; PH2);
Decubitis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; CRC; JFM); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PNC); Dry Socket (f; CRC);

Dysentery (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Eczema (f; PH2; PNC); Erythema (f; MAD); Fever (2; DAV; MAD; PHR); Frostbite (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Fungus (f; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; CRC; PH2); Hemorrhoid (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP);
Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; JFM; KOM; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (2; PH2); Itch (f; CRC; JFM; PH2; PNC); Laryngosis (f; CRC; JFM); Leukorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Lice (1; CRC; PIP); Metrorrhagia (f; JFM; PH2); Mucososis (f; MAD; PH2); Mycosis (f; JFM); Osteomyelosis (f; CRC; JFM); Paralysis (f; MAD); Parasite (2; CRC; JFM; PIP); Pediculosis (2; CRC; PIP); Pharyngosis (2; PHR; PH2); Proctosis (f; CRC); Puerperium (f; JFM); Pulmonosis (f; DAV); Rash (f; PNC); Respirosis (f; MAD; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; JFM; PH2; 60P); Scabies (2; CRC; KOM; PH2); Sore (2; JFM; PH2; PIP); Sprain (f; DAV); Staphylococcus (1; 60P); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Swelling (f; JLH); Tetanus (f; MAD); Toothache (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); Ticks (2; KOM; PIP); Tuberculosis (1; CRC; DAV); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Ulcus cruris (2; KOM); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; CRC; PH2); VD (1; JFM; 60P); Water Retention (f; JFM); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (f; JFM); Wound (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; 60P).
Dosages (Balsam of Peru) — 0.2–2 g/day (MAD). Galenics with 5–20% balsam, no more than 10% if to be applied over a large area (PIP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Balsam of Peru) — Allergic skin reactions (KOM; PIP). Commission E reports contraindications: allergic disposition; adverse effects: allergic skin reactions. Application on large surfaces maximum 10%. Not to be used for more than 1 week (AEH).

BALSAM OF TOLU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms) ++
Activities (Balsam of Tolu) — Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; FNF; PH2; PNC); Expectorant (1; PHR; PH2; PNC); Fungicide (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; PNC).
Indications (Balsam of Tolu) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Bronchosis (2; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Catarrh (2; KOM; PIP); Cough (2; PHR; PH2; PNC); Fungus (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; PH2; PNC); Inflammation (1; PH2); Mucososis (1; PH2); Mycosis (f; PH2); Respirosis (1; PH2); Swelling (f; JLH); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Balsam of Tolu) — 0.6 g balsam (KOM; PIP); 0.5 g balsam (PHR); 2–8 ml Tolu Syrup (PNC); 2–4 ml Tolu Tincture (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Balsam of Tolu) — None reported (KOM; PIP). Allergic reactions not reported but possible (PHR).

BANANA, PLANTAIN (Musa x paradisiaca L.) ++
Synonym — M. dacca Horan., M. rosacea Jacq., M. x paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (L.) Kuntze,
M. x paradisiaca var. dacca (Horan.) Baker ex K. Schum., M. x sapientum L.
Activities (Banana) — Antacid (f; IED); Antiaggregant (1; JNU; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA; WOI); Antibilious (f; IED); Antidote (1; HAD; TRA); Antidote, arsenic (f; IED); Antidote, opium (f; IED); Antihistaminic (1; MPI); Antioxidant (1; TRA); Antiscorbutic (f; IED); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antistress (1; ZUL); Antiulcer (1; HH2; MPI; PH2); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Astringent (1; TRA); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Depurative (1; TRA; WOI); Detoxicant (1; TRA); Diuretic (1; AAB; MPI; TRA); Ecbolic (f; UPW); Emmenagogue (f; UPW); Expectorant (1; TRA); Fungicide (1; HHB; WOI); Hallucinogen (1; HHB); Hemopoietic (1; MPI); Hemostat (f; IED; UPW); Hypertensive (1; UPW); Hypocholesterolemic (f; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; HHB; MPI); Hypotensive (1; MPI); Immunodepressant (f; ZUL); Immunostimulant (f; ZUL); Memori-

genic (f; ZUL); Narcotic (1; PH2); Prebiotic (1; JNU); Tonic (1; JFM; TRA); Vasoconstrictor (1; UPW; WOI); Vermifuge (f; JFM; PH2); Vulnerary (f; KAB).
Indications (Banana) — Abscess (1; AAB); Acid Stomach (f; JFM); Amenorrhea (f; UPW); Anasarca (f; MPI); Anemia (1; JFM; MPI); Anorexia (f; KAB); Atherosclerosis (1; JNU); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma (f; JFM; UPW); Bacteria (1; AAB; TRA; WOI); Biliousness (f; IED); Bite (f; JFM; MPI; PH2); Bleeding (1; IED; TRA; UPW); Blister (1; AAB); Bronchosis (f; DAV; KAB); Bronchocoele (f; PH2); Burn (1; TRA; UPW); Cancer (f; JFM; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; JNU); Cancer, nose (f; JLH; UPW); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; JNU; MPI; UPW; WOI); Celiac (1; WOI); Chest Ache (f; JFM); Childbirth (1; AAB; MPI); Cholera (f; KAB); Colic (f; KAB); Colitis (1; WOI); Constipation (f; WOI); Corn (f; JLH); Debility (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; HHB; IED; PH2; WOI); Diarrhea (1; MPI; PH2; TRA; WOI); Dropsy (f; MPI); Dysentery (f; IED; JFM; MPI; WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; IED; UPW); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; MPI; PH2); Edema (f; MPI); Enterosis (f; MPI; PH2); Epilepsy (f; MPI); Fever (f; DAV; IED; JFM); Fungus (1; HHB; WOI); Gastrosis (f; AAB; MPI; PH2);
Gingivosis (1; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; JFM; KAB); Gout (f; DAV; PH2; WOI); Headache (f; JFM); Heartburn (f; IED; KAB); Hematuria (f; MPI); Hemiplegia (f; MPI); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; JFM; JNU; MPI; PH2; WOI); High Cholesterol (1; PH2); Hyperglycemia (1; HHB; MPI); Hysteria (f; MPI); Immunodepression (f; ZUL); Impotence (f; UPW); Infection (1; HHB; TRA; WOI); Inflammation (1; TRA; UPW); Itch (f; DAV; PH2); Jaundice (f; JFM); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukoderma (1; TRA); Leishmaniasis (f; DAV); Low Blood Pressure (1; UPW); Malaise (f; UPW); Malaria (f; IED); Marasmus (f; JFM); Menorrhagia (f; KAB); Migraine (f; JFM; UPW); Morning Sickness (f; UPW); Mycosis (1; HHB; UPW; WOI); Nephrosis (f; PH2; WOI); Neurosis (f; UPW); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Osteoporosis (1; JNU); Otosis (f; DAV; KAB; UPW); Pain (f; JFM; MPI; PH2); Pertussis (f; SKJ); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (1; JFM); Rheumatism (1; TRA; UPW); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (f; UPW); Scabies (f; PH2); Shingles (f; JFM); Smallpox (f; MPI); Snakebite (f; JFM; PH2); Sore (f; JFM; JLH); Sore Throat (f; JFM); Sprue (1; WOI); Sting (f; JFM; KAB); Stomachache (f; UPW); Strangury (f; KAB); Stress (1; ZUL); Stroke (1; JNU); Swelling (f; MPI); Thirst (f; KAB; PH2); Toothache (f; UPW); Tuberculosis (1; AAB; DAV; KAB); Ulcer (1; AAB; HH2; MPI; PH2); Uremia (f; MPI; WOI); Urticaria (f; DAV); Uterosis (f; KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB); VD (f; JFM); Vomiting (f; MPI); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; AAB; MPI; TRA); Worm (1; JFM; MPI; PH2).
Dosages (Banana) — 100–200 g leaf/1000 ml water for topical inflammation (TRA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Banana) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Amines may trigger migraine. High incidence of myocardial fibrosis in tropics may result from chronic ingestion (PH2). Stem juice, but not fruits, reportedly ecbolic and emmenagogue (UPW).
Extracts (Banana) — Sitoindosides I–IV (10–30 ppm) have antiulcer activity (HH2). Sugars in the fruits tend to increase Gram-positive or acidic groups and decrease Gram-negative organisms (WOI). The loss of the  from g in the herbal PDR might sell a lot of bananas. If you can believe the herbal PDR (2000) of Gruenwald et al., plantain fruits (p. 597) contain 28 million ppm serotonin, on a fresh weight basis; perhaps 10 times more on a dry weight basis, 7 million ppm tyramine, on a fresh weight basis; perhaps 10 times more on a dry weight basis; 8 million ppm dopamine, on a fresh weight basis; perhaps 10 times more on a dry weight basis, and only 2 million ppm norad- renaline, on a fresh weight basis; perhaps 10 times more on a dry weight basis. That would more than rationalize his suggestions that plantain is used to prepare a narcotic drink. No, we have no bananas. Gruenwald probably had g/g rather than g/g in mind. At any rate, I’ll not cite these figures in my database. This happens to me so often; I have an italicized g/g in an abstract and the e-mail drops the  and then I have g/g instead of g/g.

BANEBERRY (Actaea spicata L.) X
Synonym — A. spicata var. nigra L.
Activities (Baneberry) — Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; WO2); Cytotoxic (f; WO2); Deliriant (1; HHB); Emetic (f; PH2; WO2); Expectorant (f; WO2); Laxative (f; PH2); Neurosedative (f; SKJ); Parasiticide (1; WO2); Poison (1; WO2); Stomachic (f; WO2).
Indications (Baneberry) — Arthrosis (f; PH2); Asthma (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; PH2); Cancer (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, thigh (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; WO2); Chorea (f; WO2); Cramp (f; WO2); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Headache (f; WO2); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Lumbago (f; WO2); Neuralgia (f; WO2); Ovary (f; WO2); Parasite (1; WO2); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Scrofula (f; WO2); Uterosis (f; WO2).
Dosages (Baneberry) — I discourage its use by anyone except skilled herbal practitioners.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Baneberry) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Poisonous, possibly fatal (WO2), inter- nally causing colic, delirium, dizziness, dyspnea, enteritis, gastritis, nausea, and vomiting (HHB; WO2).

BAN XIA (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) +
Synonym — Arisaema cochinchinense Blume, Arum dracontium Lour., A. ternatum Thunb., P. cochinchinense (Blume) W. Wight, P. wawrae Engl.
Activities (Ban Xia) — Abortifacient (1; X8251058); Analgesic (1; DAA); Anesthetic (f; LMP); Anticomplementary (1; X7735195); Antidepressant (1; X11025166); Antiemetic (1; DAA; HHB); Antiinflammatory (f; AKT); Antitussive (f; DAA); Cholinergic (1; X8068197); Diaphoretic (f; LMP); Diuretic (f; LMP); Expectorant (f; AKT; DAA; HHB); Gastrotonic (1; X8348334); Hemostat (1; DAA; X9810270); Immunomodulator (1; X7735195); Propecic (f; DAA); Sedative (1; DAA); Tonic (f; LMP).
Indications (Ban Xia) — Abscess (f; LMP); Alopecia (f; DAA); Arthrosis (f; DAA); Bleeding (1; DAA; X9810270); Blister (f; LMP); Bronchosis (f; DAA); Cancer (1; DAA; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; DAA); Cancer, stomach (f; DAA; JLH); Chest (f; DAA); Cough (f; DAA); Depression (1; X11025166); Dermatosis (f; LMP); Diarrhea (f; AKT); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Fever (f; LMP); Flu (f; DAA); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Goiter (f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Headache (f; LMP); Hepatosis (f; LMP); Hiccup (f; DAA); Hyperemesis (f; LMP); Inflammation (1; AKT; LMP); Insomnia (1; DAA); Jaundice (f; DAA); Leukemia (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Lichen (f; LMP); Malaria (f; DAA); Mastosis (f; DAA); Nausea (1; AKT; DAA); Nephrosis (f; LMP); Nervousness (1; DAA); Pain (1; DAA; LMP); Pancreatosis (f; LMP); Pharyngosis (f; DAA); Psoriasis (f; LMP); Pulmonosis (f; AKT); Respirosis (f; AKT); Rheu- matism (f; DAA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Sore (f; LMP); Splenosis (f; LMP); Vomiting (1; AKT; DAA; HHB); Water Retention (f; LMP).
Dosages (Ban Xia) — 2–6 g/day powdered processed root (AKT).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ban Xia) — Class 2b, 2d; contraindicated in all cases of bleeding or blood disorders (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). Must be processed prior to use, cooking with ginger, vinegar, and/or alum (AKT). Not for long-term use, nor in pregnancy (AKT).

BARBASCO (Dioscorea composita Hemsl.) +
Synonym — D. terpinapensis Uline ex R. Knuth.
Activities (Barbasco) — Antiestrogenic (f; CRC); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Piscicide (1; CRC).
Indications (Barbasco) — Addison’s Disease (f; CRC); Allergy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Bursitis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Impotence (f; CRC); Infertility (f; CRC); Menopause (f; CRC); PMS (f; CRC); Prostatosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatic Fever (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Sciatica (f; CRC); Testicular Deficiency (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Barbasco) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). “Tubers are bitter and toxic. Steroidal drugs may produce serious side effects in the long run” (CRC). Diosgenin is converted by chemical means and elaborate processing to provide the final products that relieve arthrosis, asthma, and eczema, and to regulate metabolism and control fertility.

BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris L.) +
Synonym — B. jacquinii hort. ex K. Koch, B. sanguinea hort. ex K. Koch, B. vulgaris f. atropur- purea Regel, B. vulgaris var. pupurea Bertin ex Jacques & Herincq.
Activities (Barberry) — Alterative (f; CRC); Amebicide (1; APA; PNC); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; MAB); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiamnesic (1; MAB); Antiarrhythmic (1; LAF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; APA; FAD); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Anticariogenic (1; MAB); Anticholinesterase (1; PNC); Anticonvulsant (1; APA; PNC); Antiemetic (1; MAB); Antifibrillatory (1; APA; LAF); Antihelicobacter (1; X9781854); Antihemorrhagic (1; PNC); Antiin- flammatory (1; APA; PNC); Antiitch (f; FAD); Antimitotic (1; MAB); Antineoplastic (1; PNC); Antiperistaltic (1; FNF); Antipyretic (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Antiscorbutic (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; APA; CRC; FAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; MAB; PED); Antitrypanosomic (1; PNC); Antitubercular (1; PNC); Antiulcer (1; X9781854); Aperitif (f; FAD; PH2); Astringent (1; APA; FAD); Bitter (f; HHB; PED); Cholagogue (1; CRC; HH2; PHR); Choleretic (1; CRC; FAD; HH2; MAB; PH2); Collyrium (1; MAB); Depurative (f; CRC; FAD; FEL; MAB); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Diuretic (1; CRC; FAD; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; CRC; EFS; FAD); Fungicide (1; APA; PED; PNC);

Hematigenic (FEL; PH2); Hepatotonic (f; MAD); Hypotensive (1; APA; HH2; PED; PH2; PNC); Immunostimulant (1; APA; LAF; PED; PH2); Laxative (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Leucocytogenic (1; PNC); Mydriatic (1; MAB); Negative Inotropic (1; PH2); Parasiticide (1; APA); Peristaltic (1; PHR; PH2); Positive Inotropic (1; PH2); Sedative (1; APA; PNC); Tonic (f; CRC; PED); Tranquilizer (1; PED); Uterotonic (1; APA; DEM; HH2; PNC); Vasoconstrictor (f; FAD).
Indications (Barberry) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Ameba (1; APA; MAB; PNC); Amnesia (1; MAB); Anorexia (f; CRC; FAD; HHB; MAD; PED; PHR; PH2); Aphtha (f; FEL); Arrhythmia (1; LAB; LAF; MAB); Arthrosis (1; COX; FAD; FNF; HH2; MAB; MAD; PH2); Backache (f;
MAD); Bacteria (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Biliousness (f; CRC; MAB); Bladder Stone (f; HHB); Bleeding (1; CRC; FAD; MAD; PED; PNC); Bronchosis (1; CRC; PED); Calculus (f; CRC; FEL); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; JLH; MAB); Cancer, colon (1; COX; FNF); Cancer, liver (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; COX; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; MAB); Caries (1; MAB); Catarrh (f; CRC); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Cholecystosis (f; CRC; KOM; MAB; MAD; PH2); Cholera (1; APA; FEL; MAB; MAD;
PNC); Cold (f; PH2); Colic (f; CRC); Congestion (f; APA); Conjunctivosis (1; APA); Constipation (1; APA; CRC; FAD; MAB; PH2); Convulsion (1; APA; PNC); Cough (1; CRC; FAD); Cramp
(1; KOM; MAB; PED; PH2); Cystosis (f; MAD); Debility (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diabetes (1; MAB); Diarrhea (1; CRC; FAD; FEL; MAD; PH2; PNC); Dysentery (1; FEL; MAB; PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; CRC; FEL; MAD); Enterosis (1; KOM; MAB); Eye Problem (1; MAB); Fever (1; APA; CRC; FAD; FEL; MAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Fistula (f; CRC); Flu (1; LAF); Flux (f; CRC); Fungus (1; APA; PED;
PNC); Gall Bladder (1; FAD; MAB; PHR); Gallstone (f; CRC; MAB; MAD); Gastrosis (1; KOM; MAB; MAD; PH2); Giardia (1; MAB); Gingivosis (F; DEM); Gout (f; CRC; HH2; MAD;
PHR; PH2); Gravel (f; CRC); Halitosis (f; CRC); Headache (f; MAD); Heartburn (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Helicobacter (1; X9781854); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (1; CRC; FAD; HH2; MAB; PH2); Herpes (f; APA; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; CRC; HH2;
PED; PH2; PNC); Hypertyraminemia (1; MAB); Immunodepression (1; APA; LAF; PED; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; FAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Inflammation (1; APA; COX; CRC; FNF; PNC); Insomnia (1; APA; PNC); Irritation (f; CRC); Itch (1; CRC; FAD; MAB);
Jaundice (1; APA; CRC; DEM; FAD; FEL; PH2); Kidney Stone (f; HHB; MAD); Knee Pain (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (1; APA; PNC); Leishmaniasis (1; MAB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Leprosy (f; MAD); Leucocytogenic (1; PNC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Lumbago (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Malaria (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Metrorrhagia (f; CRC; MAD); Morphinism (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Mucososis (f; CRC); Mycosis (1; APA; MAB; PED; PNC); Nausea (1; MAB); Negative Inotropic (1; HH2; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; FEL; KOM; MAD; PH2); Nervousness (1; APA; PED; PNC);
Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; MAD); NIDDM (1; MAB); Odontosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; APA); Opiate Withdrawal (f; PHR); Oxaluria (f; CRC); Parasite (1; APA); Phthisis (f; MAD); Plague (f; APA); Polyp (f; CRC); Positive Inotropic (1; HH2; PH2); Protozoa (f; CRC); Pul- monosis (f; HHB); Pyelosis (f; MAD); Renal Colic (f; CRC); Retinosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (1; COX; CRC; FAD; MAD); Ringworm (f; CRC); Sacral Pain (f; CRC); Salmonella (1; CRC; HDR); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; HH2; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; HDR); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Streptococcus (1; CRC; HDR); Scab (f; CRC); Sciatica (f; APA; FAD); Scrofula (f; CRC; PHR); Side Pain (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; APA; DEM); Splenosis (f; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2); Spermatic Cords (f; CRC); Spleen (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; APA; CRC); Stone (f; HHB); Stress (1; PED); Trachoma (1; MAB); Trichomoniasis (1; MAB); Tuberculosis (1; ABS; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhus (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC; X9781854); Urethrosis (f; MAD); Uterrhagia (f; APA); Uterosis (f; CRC; KOM); UTI (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Vaginismus (f; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA); Vomiting (1; MAB); Water Retention (1; CRC; FAD; PHR; PH2); Worm (1; MAB); Wound (1; APA); Yeast (1; APA; PED).

Dosages (Barberry) — 2–4 g tincture (MAD); 1.5–3 tsp tincture 3 /day (APA); 2–3 g fl extract (MAD); 20–40 drops 1:10 bark tincture (PHR; PH2); 2–4 ml liquid bark (PNC); 1–2 tbsp fresh bark/day (PED); 2 g bark/250 ml water (PHR; PH2); 1.5–3 g dry bark/day (PED); 0.5–1 g powdered bark (PNC); 1 tsp (= 2.1 g) root bark in hot tea (MAD); 0.5 tsp powdered root bark/cup/1 /day; 2 g dry root:10 ml alcohol:10 ml water (PED); 2 tsp (5 g) berries in cold tea (MAD); 1–2 tsp fruit/150 ml water (PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Barberry) — Class 2b (AHP). Unapproved (KOM). (Several species mentioned. Should this be included since it is written up as the alkaloid berberine?) Possibly hepatotoxic. Oral administration appeared to cause nausea, emesis, diarrhea, renal irritation, and nephrosis in unanesthetized dogs. Canadians do not allow berberine contain- ing bark, even in alcoholic beverages. Commission E reports no risks are known for the fruit, but other parts contain the alkaloid berberine (AEH). One source says high doses are dangerous, but Commission E says that berberine at 500 mg (equiv. to >8 g root bark with 6.1% alkaloid) is well tolerated (KOM). But high dosages (of berberine) may generate serious dyspnea and spasms, ending in lethal primary paralysis of the respiratory system (25 mg/kg in cats and dogs). Such doses may also cause hemorrhagic nephrosis (KOM). Death from berberine has been reported (MAB). I suspect the herbal PDR erred in saying of the root bark, “Dosages over 4 mg will bring about light stupor, nosebleeds, vomiting, diarrhea, and kidney irritation.” It also said, “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages” (PH2), and gave 2 g as root bark dosage (Gruenwald, 2000). Though no toxicity problems have been observed so far, avoid preparations during pregnancy due to uterotonic activity (PNC). Contraindicated for pregnant women due to its stimulant effect on the uterus. Berberine is reportedly mutagenic in yeast cells and Ames test (intercalation into the DNA) (PH2). Upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, or faintness may occur. Convulsions, drastic lowering of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiration may be caused by large doses of barberry. In cases of heart disease or chronic respiratory conditions, consult health care practitioner before using (TMA, 1996). If Barney is right in saying that “goldenseal should not be taken for long periods of time,” I suspect that the same would be true for those herbs containing similar compounds, such as barberry, goldthread, oregon grape, and yellowroot. Therefore, I lowered their safety ratings to 1+ (Barney, 1996).
Extracts (Barberry) — Berbamine strongly active against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus viridans. Berbamine increases white blood cell and platelet counts in animals; used in China for “essential hypoten- sion” (PNC) and leukopenia following chemotherapy and/or radiation. Palmatine anticholinest- erase, hypotensive, and uterostimulant. Jatrorrhizine antifungal, hypotensive, and sedative. Mag- noflorine and oxyacanthine also hypotensive. Alkaloids with many additional activities. A good source of the COX-2 inhibitor, berberine (COX; FNF). Berberine showed bactericide property superior to chloramphenicol (APA).

BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) +++
Activities (Barley) — Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antilactagogue (f; BIB); Antipyretic (f; BIB); Demul- cent (f; BIB; EFS); Digestive (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB); Emollient (f; BIB; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Stomachic (f; BIB).
Indications (Barley) — Acrochordon (f; BIB); Bladder (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Burn (f; BIB); Debility (f; DEP); Cancer (f; BIB); Catarrh (f; BIB; EFS); Chest (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Cholera (f; BIB); Colitis (f; PH2); Cough (f; BIB); Debility (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; SKJ); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; BIB); Fig (f; BIB); Gastrosis (f; PH2); IBD (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; BIB); Measles (f; BIB); Phthisis (f; BIB); Puerperium (f; BIB);

Scirrhus (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB); Tumor (f; BIB); Urogenitosis (f; BIB); Wart (f; BIB); Water Retention (f; BIB).
Dosages (Barley) — Food farmacy. 450 mg (PH2). J. I quote here a food farmacy recipe that I have seen only in the Bible, “Take thou unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentils, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof…And thou shalt eat it as barley cakes…” (Ezekiel 4:9, 12).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Barley) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

BASIL, SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.) ++

Synonym — O. basilicum var. glabratum Benth., O. basilicum var. majus Benth.
Activities (Basil) — Alexeteric (f; CRC; WOI); Analgesic (1; CRC; PNC; TRA); Antacid (1; TRA); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; APA; PNC; TRA); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Anticoagulase (f; WOI); Anticomplementary(1; TRA); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF; TRA); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiplaque (1; APA); Antipyretic (f; CRC; IED; WOI); Antiseptic (1; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; TRA); Antitumor (1; APA); Antiulcer (1; APA; TRA); Aperitif (f; PHR; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; IED; JFM); Aromatic (f; PNC); Bradycardic (1; TRA); Candidicide (1; AAB); Carcino- genic (1; CRC; KOM; TRA); Carminative (1; APA; PNC; TRA); COX-2- Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Cyanogenic (f; CRC; WOI); Demulcent (f; CRC; DEP); Deodorant (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; AAB; CRC; DEP); Digestive (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TRA); Diuretic (f; CRC; DEP; KOM; PHR; PH2);
Emmenagogue (f; AAB; APA); Enterotonic (f; JFM); Expectorant (f; CRC; WOI); Fullness (f; PH2); Fungicide (1; AAB; TRA); Gastrotonic (f; JFM); Glutathionigenic (1; TRA); Hemostat (f; PH2); Hepatocarcinogenic (1; PNC); Insecticide (1; CRC; TRA); Insectifuge (1; CRC; JFM);

Lactagogue (f; CRC; HHB); Larvicide (1; TRA); Laxative (f; CRC; HHB); Narcotic (1; CRC; TRA); Parasiticide (1; APA); Pectoral (f; CRC; WOI); Sedative (f; CRC); Sternutator (f; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC; IED; JFM); Stomachic (1; CRC; TRA); Tonic (f; JFM); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Vermicide (1; AAB); Vermifuge (1; CRC; JFM; PNC; WOI).
Indications (Basil) — Acne (1; APA; PNC); Acrochordon (f; JLH); Aging (1; APA); Alcoholism (f; APA; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; APA; PH2); Anasarca (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Aphtha (f; JFM); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; IED); Bacteria (1; APA; PNC; TRA; WOI); Bleeding (f; PH2); Boredom (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1; TRA); Bruise (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (1; COX; FNF); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Candida (1; AAB); Cardiopathy (f; APA); Cataract (f; AAB); Catarrh (f; CRC; IED); Childbirth (1; AAB; CRC; DEP; PH2); Chill (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (f; APA; HHB; PHR); Colic (f; CRC); Collapse (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; IED); Constipation (f; APA; CRC; DEP; HHB); Contusion (f; PHR); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; IED); Cramp (1; APA; CRC; TRA); Croup (f; CRC); Deafness (f; CRC; JFM); Delirium (f; CRC); Depression (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (1; PH2; TRA); Diarrhea (f; CRC; DEP); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC; DEP); Dysmenorrhea (1; AAB; APA; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA; KOM); Dysuria (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; DEP; JFM); Epilepsy (f; CRC; IED); Fever (f; AAB; CRC; DEP; IED; JFM; PH2; WOI); Flu (f; CRC; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; CRC; TRA); Gas (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PNC; TRA); Gastrosis (f; APA; JFM; TRA); Gingivosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; DEP); Gout (f; CRC; WOI); Gravel (f; CRC); Halitosis (f; CRC; WOI); Hangover (f; IED); Headache (f; CRC; IED); Hemiplegia (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; DEP; WOI); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; IED); Hysteria (f; CRC); Infection (1; AAB; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA); Inflammation (1; COX; FNF; TRA); Insanity (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Itch (f; APA; PH2); Malaria (f; DEP; PH2); Migraine (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; AAB; CRC; TRA); Nausea (1; APA; TRA); Nephrosis (f; APA; CRC; DEP; PH2;
PNC); Nervousness (1; CRC; TRA); Neurosis (f; APA; CRC); Odontosis (1; APA); Otosis (2; AAB; CRC; DEP; PH2; TRA); Pain (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC; TRA); Paralysis (f; CRC);
Parasite (1; AAB; APA); Pertussis (f; CRC); Pharyngosis (f; APA); Plaque (1; APA); Polyp (f; CRC); Puerperium (f; APA); Respirosis (1; TRA); Rheumatism (1; COX; IED; PHR; PH2); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; APA; CRC; DEP); Salmonella (1; WOI); Seborrhea (1; TRA); Sinusosis (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; APA; CRC); Sore (1; AAB; CRC); Sore Throat (f; APA; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Sting (f; CRC); Stomachache (1; AAB); Stomatosis (f; JFM); Swelling (f; APA); Toothache (f; CRC); Tumor (1; APA; CRC); Ulcer (1; APA; TRA); Urogenitosis (f; HHB); UTI (f; HHB); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; IED); Wart (f; APA; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; DEP; KOM; PHR; PH2); Worm (1; AAB; CRC; JFM; PNC; WOI); Wound (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Yeast (1; AAB).
Dosages (Basil) — 1–2 tsp herb/cup water 2–3 /day; 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to 3 /day (APA); 5 g leaf/200 cc water for gas (JFM); 20 g leaf/300 cc water for aphtha (JFM); 15 g fresh plant/l water, one cup before retiring (TRA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Basil) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Not recommended for infants or over a long period (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper thera- peutic dosages” (PH2) But one should forgo use of basil oil, however, until “the final determinations of the drug’s carcinogenic potential” (PH2). Commission E reports the herb contains up to 0.5% of EO, which contains up to 85% of estragole. Estragole is mutagenic following metabolic activa- tion, and there is evidence from animal experiments that it may be carcinogenic. The herb and EO should not be used during pregnancy and lactation or for prolonged periods. There is no objection to the use of the herb as an admixture in levels up to 5% (AEH).

Extracts (Basil) — LD50 hydromethanolic extract = >2000 mg/kg (TRA); LD50 powdered herb
>6000 (TRA). Fair source of COX-2 Inhibiting oleanolic acid at ~0.1% (COX; FNF). As a source of eugenol, perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), and cinnamon (to 3.8%), and allspice (to 3.6% eugenol).

BASTARD CEDAR (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) ++
Activities (Bastard Cedar) — Analeptic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA); Antidote, Comocladia (f; JFM); Antiherpetic (1; TRA); Antiprostaglandin (1; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antiviral (1; TRA); Aperitif (f; JFM); Astringent (1; JFM); Bronchodilator (1; TRA); CNS-Stim- ulant (1; TRA); Cytotoxic (1; TRA); Depurative (f; JFM); Diaphoretic (f; DAV; JFM); Diuretic (1; JFM; TRA); Emollient (f; DAV); Hemostat (f; DAV); Pectoral (f; DAV); Respirastimulant (1; TRA); Stomachic (f; JFM); Uterotonic (1; AAB).
Indications (Bastard Cedar) — Alopecia (f; JFM); Anorexia (f; JFM); Asthma (f; JFM); Bacteria (1; AAB; TRA); Bleeding (f; DAV); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Cancer (1; AAB); Childbirth (f; AAB); Cold (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; AAB; JFM); Diarrhea (f; AAB); Dislocation (f; JFM); Dysentery (f; AAB; JFM); Elephantiasis (f; JFM); Fever (f; DAV; JFM); Flu (f; TRA); Gonorrhea (f; JFM); Heatstroke (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; JFM); Herpes (1; TRA); Infection (1; AAB); Leprosy (f; DAV); Malaria (f; JFM); Nephrosis (f; JFM); Parasite (f; JFM); Pneumonia (f; JFM); Proctosis (f; JFM); Prostatosis (f; AAB); Pulmonosis (f; DAV); Rash (f; AAB); Shigella (1; TRA); Sore (f; AAB; JFM); Sore Throat (f; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; TRA); Syphilis (f; JFM); VD (f; JFM); Virus (1; TRA); Water Retention (1; LFM; TRA).
Extracts (Bastard Cedar) — Leaves contain 21,700 ppm caffeine (TRA). Nontoxic; LD50 =
>25,000 mg/kg orl rat; LD50 = 5975 mg/kg ipr rat.

BAYBERRY (Morella cerifera (L.) Small) +
Synonym — Myrica cerifera L., Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx., Myrica pumila (Michx.) Small.
Taxonomists may rarely have trouble distinguishing M. cerifera, M. gale, and M. pensylvanica, so I suspect herbalists and collectors may mix them on occasion. Rafinesque, an eccentric MD, circa 1839, said that all species were equivalent from the medicinal point of view (CEB).
Activities (Bayberry) — Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; DEM; FNF); Antibacterial (1; PED); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antipyretic (1; APA; CAN); Astringent (1; FAD; PED; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (f; APA); Cardiotonic (f; CRC; JFM); Choleretic (1; APA); Circulostimulant (f; CAN); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (1; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (f; CEB); Emetic (f; APA; FAD; FEL; CAN; PH2); Errhine (f; CEB); Expectorant (f; APA; CEB); Insecticide (f; CEB); Insectifuge (1; CEB); Laxative (1; CRC; PED); Mineral corticoid (1; APA); Narcotic (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Protisticide (1; APA); Sialagogue (1; CEB; PED); Spermicide (1; APA); Sternutator (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CEB; CRC; FEL; PED; PHR; PH2; PNC); Stomachic (f; CEB; CRC); Tonic (f; APA); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (Bayberry) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Alopecia (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Backache (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; PED); Bite (f; CEB); Bleeding (f; CEB); Boil (f; CEB; CRC); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Canker (f; CRC); Carbuncle (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; FAD; FEL; MAD); Chill (f; FAD); Cholera (f; CEB; CRC); Cold (f; CAN; FAD; PHR;
PH2); Colic (f; CEB); Colitis (f; APA; CAN); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (1; CRC;

PED); Cough (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Cramp (f; FEL); Dermatosis (f; PED; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; CAN; CRC; FEL); Dry Mouth (1; PED); Dysentery (f; CRC; FAD; JFM); Dysmen-
orrhea (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CRC; FAD; MAD; PHR; PH2); Fistula (f; FEL); Flu (f; APA); Gallstone (f; MAD);
Gastrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Gingivosis (1; APA; FEL); Goiter (f; CRC); Gravel (f; MAD); Headache (f; CEB; CRC; DEM; MAD); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hematoptysis (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (1; APA); Hepatosis (1; APA; CRC; MAD); Hysteria (f; CEB); Infection (1; PED); Inflammation (1; APA; DEM); Itch (f; CEB; FAD); Jaundice (f; CRC; FAD; JFM; MAD); Lethargy (f; APA; PED); Leukorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; FAD; FEL; MAD); Metrorrhagia (f; CEB; CRC); Mucososis (f; APA; CAN; MAD); Pain (1; DEM; FNF); Palsy (f; CEB); Parasite (1; APA); Pharyngosis (f; CRC; MAD); Polyp (f; CRC; JLH; PED); Poor Circulation (f; CAN); Pyorrhea (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC; FEL); Scrofula (f; CRC; FAD; FEL; PED); Sore (f; CRC; FEL; PHR); Sore Throat (1; APA; CAN;
CRC; FEL); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (1; CRC; FEL; MAD; PED); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; CEB); Tonsilosis (f; DEM); Toothache (f; CEB); Typhoid (f; CRC; FEL); Ulcer (f; APA; CRC; PH2); Uterosis (f; CEB; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA); Varicosis (f; APA; CRC); Water Retention (f; CEB); Worm (f; DEM).
Dosages (Bayberry) — APA cautions: do not take (APA). 0.6–2 g powdered bark by infusion or decoction, 3 /day (CAN); 20–30 grains powdered bark (FEL); 1–4 g powdered bark (PNC); 1.5–3 g dry bark(PED); 2 g dry bark:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 1–3 tbsp fresh bark (PED); 2–4 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 0.6–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 fl oz leaf or bark (FEL); 405–475 mg capsules (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayberry) — Class 1 (AHP). None known (PHR). Not covered (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Bayberry is carcinogenic to rats (CAN). “Canadian regulations do not allow bayberry as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995). Large doses may cause mineralcorticoid side effects (high blood pressure, sodium retention, water retention). Use of this herb can deplete potassium in the body, leading to high blood pressure and edema. Should not be used by persons with high blood pressure, edema, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal conditions, and/or sodium/potassium imbalance without first consulting a doctor. With reported carcinogenic and mineral corticoid activity, bayberry should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Contains myricitrin, an antibiotic that promotes sweating, which can reduce fever. Stimulates the flow of bile. Used to alleviate fever and diarrhea. May cause nausea and vomiting in large doses. Bayberry contains a high proportion of tannins and should not be used if there is a history of cancer. (Note, it is tannins that are also being promoted for cancer prevention in teas; make up our minds.) Some laboratory studies have shown tannins may promote cancer (TMA, 1996). Tannins and phenols from bark reported carcinogenic in rats when injected; but phenol and tannins orally have reported “anti-tumor promoting activity” (PNC). Wax irritating, reportedly carcinogenic (FAD). Triterpenes sapogenins may have purgative stim- ulus (PED); flavonoids antibacterial (PED). Myricadiol with mineral corticoid activity; myricitrin bactericidal, choleretic, protisticidal, and spermicidal (CAN; PNC).

BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++

Activities (Bayleaf) — Abortifacient (f; SPI); Allergenic (1; CRC; PH2); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA; CRC); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antirheumatic (f; PHR); Antiseptic (1; HHB; CRC; PH2); Antiviral (1; APA); Aperitif (1; APA; CRC); Bitter (f; HHB); Carminative (1; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM); Cholagogue (f; PNC); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; PNC; SPI); Digestive (f; JFM); Diuretic (f; CRC; HHB); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM); Fungicide (1; APA; CRC); Gastrotonic (f; CRC; JFM); Hepatotonic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; APA); Insectifuge (1; PH2); Molluscicide (f; PH2); Narcotic (1; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Parasiticide (1; HHB); Rubefacient (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC; PNC); Stomachic (f; CRC; PNC); Tonic (f; SPI).
Indications (Bayleaf) — Amenorrhea (f; CRC; SPI); Anorexia (1; APA; CRC); Arthrosis (f; APA); Bacteria (1; APA; CRC; HHB); Bruise (f; APA); Bug Bite (f; APA); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, face (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; SPI); Colic (f; APA; CRC; SPI); Condyloma (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC); Dandruff (f; APA); Deafness (f; JFM); Debility (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; APA; SPI); Dyspepsia (1; APA; JFM); Earache (f; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; PNC; SPI); Fibroid (f; CRC; JLH); Fungus (1; APA; CRC); Gas (1; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM;
SPI); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); Hysteria (f; CRC; SPI); Impostume (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CRC; SPI); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Mange (f; JFM); Migraine (1; FNF; HAD); Mycosis (1; APA; CRC; SPI); Nervousness (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; APA; CRC); Parasite (1; HHB; SPI); Polyp (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; SPI); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; APA; JFM); Spasm (f; CRC); Sprain (f; APA; CRC; WOI); Staphylococcus (1; SPI); Ulcer (f; JFM); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; APA); Water Retention (f; CRC; HHB); Wen (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA).

Dosages (Bayleaf) — 1–2 tsp leaf/cup water to 3 /day (APA); 1–2 drops EO added to brandy, honey, or tea (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayleaf) — Class 1 (AHP). None known at proper dosage (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (No dosage given, however) (PH2). Leaf and berry oil may cause severe lesions of the skin. Contact dermatosis from handling leaves or EO reported. Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting from excessive doses of the EO may occur. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), are aromatic com- pounds widely distributed in certain plant families, with highest concentrations generally found in leaves and flowers. Sheep and cattle poisonings due to SL-containing species have been reported. Cases of allergic contact dermatosis in humans have also been reported (AEH). There have been a few unfortunate fatalities to people perforating their intestines with fragmented laurel leaves. Always remove them from your spaghetti and stew (JAD; TAD). Artemorin, costunolide, costuslactone, deacetlylaurenobiolide, laurenobiolide, reynosin, santamarin, and verlorin are 8 alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones documented to be the chief cause of allergy (contact dermatosis) in Laurus (TAD). With compounds like parthenolide and santam- arin, this shares many of the antimigraine compounds of feverfew.

BAYRUM TREE (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore.) +++

PHR entries are equivocal and probably apply to P. dioica (allspice), although Gruenwald (2000) labeled it P. racemosa. Since they both have the same chemicals and activities, I don’t consider this a serious error.
Activities (Bayrum Tree) — Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; PHR); Antifumitory (f; JFM); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Carminative (f; CRC; JFM); Digestive (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Rubefacient (f; PHR); Stimulant (f; CRC; JFM); Stomachic (f; CRC).
Indications (Bayrum Tree) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (1; FNF; JFM); Bite (f; CRC); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Chest Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Cold (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; CRC; JFM); Edema (f; CRC); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; JFM); Flu (f; CRC; JFM); Gas (f; CRC; JFM); Grippe (1; FNF; JFM); Headache (f; CRC); Incontinence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC); Lethargy (f; JFM); Myalgia (1; FNF; JFM); Nausea (f; CRC); Nicotinism (f; JFM); Pain (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; PHR); Pleurisy (f; CRC; JFM); Pneumonia (f; CRC; JFM); Rheumatism (1; FNF; JFM); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Smoking (f; CRC; JFM); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Stroke (f; CRC; JFM); Toothache (1; CRC; FNF; JFM); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC).

Dosages (Bayrum Tree) — Leaf held in the mouth to help quit smoking (JFM); 4 seeds in 1 cup of water as stimulant (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayrum Tree) — Not covered (AHP).“Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Some people react to eugenol (PH2).

BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.) +

Synonym — Arbutus uva-ursi L.
Activities (Bearberry) — Algicide (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; APA; FAD; PIP; PH2); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antihepatosis (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN; SHT); Antiseptic (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WAM); Antitussive (1; MAB); Antityrosinase (1; PHR); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Astringent (1; APA; PIP; PH2; WAM); Bitter (f; PED); Candidicide (1; BGB); Cytotoxic (1; CAN); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Emetic (1; APA); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Fungicide (1; BGB); Hemostat (1; BGB; FAD); Intoxicant (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Litholytic (1; CRC; FNF; PH2); Molluscicide (1; CAN); Narcotic (f; DEM); Nephroprotective (1; MAB); Phospholipase-A2-Inhibitor (1; MAB); Tonic (f; DEM); Urinary Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2; SKY; WAM); Vulnerary (f; DEM).
Indications (Bearberry) — Acne (f; DEM); Backache (1; CRC; DEM); Bacteria (1; APA; FAD; PIP; PH2); Bleeding (1; BGB; CRC; FAD); Blennorrhea (1; CRC); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Burn (f; DEM); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; BGB); Canker (f; DEM);
Catarrh (f; CAN; MAB); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (1; MAB); Cold (f; DEM); Conjunc- tivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM); Cough (1; MAB); Cystosis (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Dandruff (f; DEM); Dermatosis (1; WAM); Diabetes (f; CRC; MAB); Diarrhea (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Dropsy (f; BGB); Dysentery (f; CRC; MAB); Dysmenorrhea (1; CRC); Dysuria (1; CAN; CRC; MAB); Enuresis (f; MAB; PED; WAM); Fever (1; CRC); Fracture (f; DEM); Fungus (1; BGB); Gallstone (1; CRC); Gingivosis (f; DEM); Gleet (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; FAD; MAB); Gout (1; CRC); Hematuria (f; BGB; MAB); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC; WAM); Hepatosis (1; CAN; CRC); Hyperpigmentation (f; MAB); Incontinence (1; CRC); Infection (1; APA; BGB; FAD; PIP); Inflam- mation (1; APA; BGB; CAN; MAB; PH2; SHT); Itch (1; WAM); Kidney Stone (1; APA; CRC;
X7860196); Leukorrhea (1; MAB); Lithuria (f; CAN); Menorrhagia (1; CRC; MAB); Miscarriage (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; BGB); Nephrosis (1; APA; FAD; MAB; PED); Obesity (f; APA); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Pain (1; DEM); Pancreatosis (1; CRC); Pneumonia (1; BGB); Pros- tatosis (1; MAB; PED); Pyelitis (1; CAN; CRC; PNC); Pyelonephrosis (1; MAB); Rheumatism (1; CRC); Splenosis (1; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM); Stone (1; CRC; FAD; FNF; PH2; SHT); Strangury

(f; MAB); Streptococcus (1; FNF); Swelling (1; CAN; MAB); Thirst (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; CRC); Urethrosis (2; APA; KOM; PNC); Uterosis (f; BGB); UTI (2; APA; PHR; PH2; SHT); Water retention (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); VD (1; MAB); Yeast (1; BGB; FNF).
Dosages (Bearberry) — 10 g leaf (= 400–700 mg arbutin), take only a few days (APA); 10 g dry leaf in 1 quart cold water (SF); 12 g dry leaf/day (= 400–840 mg arbutin) (MAB); 3–6 g dry leaf (PED); 4.5 g dry leaf/22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1.5–4 g leaf, or in tea, 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 tbsp fresh leaf (PED); 3 g herb/150 ml water 1–4 /day (PIP); 1.5–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 ml concentrated BPC infusion (CAN); 15–30 ml BPC fresh infusion (CAN); 5 ml tincture 3 /day (SKY); 10–17 ml tincture (1:5); 4–8 ml fluid extract (1:2); 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 2–4 ml concentrated leaf infusion (PNC); 1–3 (500 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH); 250–500 mg StX (20% arbutin) (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bearberry) — Class 2b, 2d. Contraindicated in kidney disorders, irritated digestive conditions, acidic urine; not for prolonged used (AHP; AEH; WAM). Hepatosis, nausea, nephrosis, stomachache, vomiting. Use no more than 1 week, unless otherwise directed by physician. Not recommended for children, lactating, pregnant, or nephritic patients (AHP; PH2; SKY). Canadians discourage bearberry as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use (Michols, 1995). Do not take other urine acidifiers, which could lessen antisepsis (KOM). One gram of the cytotoxic hydroquinone, equivalent to 6–20 g plant material, totally extracted (I presume) has caused collapse, convulsions, cyanosis, delirium, nausea, shortness of breath, tinnitus, and vomiting. Five grams has proved fatal. Because of high tannin content, prolonged use of uva- ursi may cause chronic liver impairment. Since large doses are reportedly oxytocic, and in view of hydroquinone’s toxicity, “the use of uva-ursi during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided,” but in the last paragraph on page 259, the hydroquinone concentrations “provided by ingestion of therapeutic doses of uva-ursi are not thought to represent a risk to human health” (CAN).
Extracts (Bearberry) — Aqueous and methanol extracts molluscicidal at 50 ppm. Antiseptic (bactericidal) activity of arbutin, at least on urinary-tract bacteria, depends on beta-glucosidase activity of the microbe, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus being highest, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Shigella, and Staphylococcus apparently intermediate, with Escherichia being lowest. Arbutin is absorbed from the GI tract virtually unchanged. During renal excretion, it is hydrolyzed to the active principle, hydroquinone, which exerts an antiseptic and astringent action on the urinary mucous membranes. The crude extract is reportedly more effective than isolated arbutin, due to other chemicals that may also yield hydroquinone. Gallic acid in the crude extract may prevent beta-glucosidase cleavage of arbutin in the GI tract before absorption, thereby delivering more hydroquinone in renal excretion (CAN). Methanol extract (50%) inhibits tyro- sinase. This could also inhibit the formation of melanin from DOPA (KOM). LD50 2% hydro- quinone = 320–550 mg/kg orl (MAB); Arbutin = codeine as antitussive and stronger than the non-narcotic dropropizine (MAB).

BEAUTY BERRY (Callicarpa americana L.) +
Activities (Beauty Berry) — Algicide (1; JAF48:3008); Cyanobactericide (1; JAF48:3008); Depurative (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; DEM); Fungicide (1; JAF48:3008); Herbicide (1; JAF48:3008).
Indications (Beauty Berry) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Colic (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM; JLH); Dizziness (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; FAD); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Fungus (1; JAF48:3008); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Infection (1; JAF48:3008); Itch (f; DEM); Malaria (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; JAF48:3008); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; DEM).

BEE BALM (Monarda didyma L.) +++

Activities (Bee Balm) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; PHR); Antispasmodic (f; PHR); Carminative (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Digestive (f; PHR); Diuretic (f; DEM; PHR); Vermi- fuge (f; FAD).
Indications (Bee Balm) — Cardiopathy (f; FAD); Cold (f; FAD); Colic (f; DEM; FAD); Cramp (f; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR); Dyspepsia (f; PHR); Fever (f; FAD; PHR); Gas (f; DEM; FAD; PHR); Headache (f; DEM; FAD); Hysteria (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; DEM; FAD); Measles (f; FAD); Nosebleed (f; DEM; FAD); Stomachache (f; DEM; FAD); Water Retention (f; DEM; PHR); Worm (f; FAD).
Dosages (Bee Balm) — 2–6 g in tea (JAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bee Balm) — None reported (PHR). Class 2b; emmenagogue/uterotonic (AHP). AHP assigns this caveat indiscriminately to M. clinipodia,
M. didyma, M. fistulosa, M. pectinata, and M. punctata. The PHR notes antipyretic, antispas- modic, carminative, digestive, and diuretic effects, and use for dyspepsia, dysmenorrhea, and flatulence (PHR).

BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) ++
Activities (Beet) — Anorectic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; KAB); Antioxidant (1; WO2); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antitumor (1; WO2); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Cardio- tonic (f; WO2); Carminative (f; KAB); Diaphoretic (f; SKJ); Diuretic (1; KAB; WO2); Emmena- gogue (1; KAB; WO2); Estrogenic (1; WO2); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hepatoprotective (1; PH2); Myotonic (1; WO2); Tonic (f; KAB).
Indications (Beet) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anemia (f; HHB); Bacteria (1; WO2); Bruise (f; SKJ); Burn (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; HHB; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (f; JLH); Cancer, genital (f; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; JLH); Cancer, head (f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; JLH); Cancer, leg (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JNU); Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH);

Cough (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; WO2); Esophagosis (f; JLH); Fever (f; SKJ); Gas (f; KAB); Gastrosis (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Hunger (f; KAB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; JNU; PH2; WO2); Inflammation (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; HHB); Pain (f; HHB; KAB); Parasite (f; JNU); Salmonella (1; WO2); Splenosis (f; JLH); Tumor (1; WO2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; KAB; WO2).
Dosages (Beet) — Food farmacy (JAD); 10 g powdered root after meals for 14 days, reducing to 5 g/day for 3 months (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Beet) — “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses might cause hypocalcemia, kidney dam- age, and oxalate-toxicity (PH2).

BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna L.) XXX

Activities (Belladonna) — Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF); Anesthetic (1; LAF); Antiasthmatic (f; CRC); Anticholinergic (1; KOM; PH2); Antidote (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS); Antisecretagogue (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Antisialagogue (1; APA); Cardioactive (1; KOM); CNS-Depressant (1; APA); CNS-Stimulant (1; APA); Collyrium (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS); Hallucinogen (1; PH2); Hypertensive (f; PNC); Laxative (f; CRC); Liniment (f; CRC); Mydriatic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Myorelaxant (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Narcotic (1; PNC); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); Parasympatholytic (1; KOM; PH2); Positive Chronotropic (1; KOM; PH2); Positive Dromo- tropic (1; KOM; PH2); Secretolytic (1; PNC); Sedative (1; APA; CRC; PNC).
Indications (Belladonna) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Allergy (1; APA; CRC; LAF); Arrhythmia (2; PHR); Asthma (1; CRC; FNF; LAF; PH2); Biliary Spasm (2; KOM); Bladder Stone (f; CRC); Brachycardia (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC; PH2); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, cheek (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, hand (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; JLH); Cancer, lymph (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; CRC; JLH); Cardiac Insufficiency (2; PHR); Cardiac Palpitation (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (2; PH2); Cold (f; APA; LAF; PNC); Colic (2; CRC; KOM; LAF; PH2); Colitis (1; APA); Constipation (1; APA; CRC); Convulsion (f; CRC); Corn (f; JLH); Cramp

(1; APA; CRC; PNC); Dermatosis (f; APA); Diarrhea (1; APA); Enterosis (2; KOM; PH2); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; EFS; PNC); Gastric Ulcer (f; CRC); Gastrosis (2; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2); Gout (f; APA; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; LAF); Hepatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Hyperacidity (1; APA); Hyperhydrosis (f; PH2); Hyperkinesis (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; JLH; PH2); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Kidney Stone (f; CRC); Low Blood Pressure (f; PNC); Mastosis (f; CRC); Meningosis (f; PH2); Motion Sickness (1; LAF); Muscle (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; PH2); Nervousness (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Neuralgia (1; APA; CRC; LAF); Neurosis (2; APA; PHR); Night Sweats (f; CRC); Pain (2; CRC; FNF; LAF; KOM); Pancreatosis (f; CRC); Parkinson’s (1; APA; CRC; LAF); Parturition (1; FNF; PNC); Pertussis (f; CRC; LAF); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (1; APA; CRC; LAF); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC); Sciatica (1; APA; CRC; LAF); Scirrhus (f; CRC; JLH); Seasickness (1; APA); Spasm (f; CRC); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); Tonsilosis (f; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; APA); Urethrosis (f; CRC); Virus (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; EFS); Wen (f; JLH).
Dosages (Belladonna) — Do not take (APA). Average single dose (0.05–0.1 g powdered leaf) (KOM; PH2); maximum single dose (0.2 g powdered leaf equivalent to 0.6 mg total alkaloids) (KOM); maximum daily dose (0.6 g powdered leaf equivalent to 1.8 mg total alkaloids) (KOM); 15–60 mg dry leaf extract (PNC); 0.5–2 ml herb tincture (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Belladonna) — Class 3 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interaction of belladonna alkaloids (AEH). Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). Contraindicated: acute edema of the lungs, mechanical stenoses of GI tract, megacolon, narrow angle glaucoma, prostate adenoma, tachycardic arrhythmias; Side Effects: accommodation disturbances, cramps, decreased perspiration, dry mouth, dry skin, dysuria, flushing, hallucinations, hyperthermia (KOM; PH2); Drug Interactions: increasing anticholinergic activities of tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine and quinidine (KOM). Commission E contrasts (Belladonna): It’s rather disconcerting that two major books, reviewed in JAMA (1999), and claiming to represent Commission E, come out with widely different recommendations. Blumenthal et al. 1998, much better reviewed, approve belladonna leaf for spasms and colic-like pain in the areas of the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts. Is that the same Commission E that Fleming et al. purports to report too? Fleming et al. contrastingly cite approval of the leaf for arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency (NYHA I and II), liver and gallbladder complaints, and nervous heart complaints. Should the allopathic physician believe Blumenthal et al. (1998) or Fleming et al. (1998)?

BELLERIC (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) +
Synonym — Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn.
Activities (Belleric) — Antibacterial (1; WOI); Anti-HIV (1; HH2); Antipyretic (f; HHB; KAB; SUW); Astringent (f; HH2; IHB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Bitter (f; SUW); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB; SKJ); Choleretic (1; HHB; HH2); Demulcent (f; KAB; WOI); Diuretic (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; KAP); Hypotensive (1; HH2); Laxative (f; IHB; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Narcotic (f; HHB; IHB; KAB; SUW; WOI); Protease-Inhibitor (1; HH2); Tonic (f; HHB; KAP); Vermifuge (f; KAB).
Indications (Belleric) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anemia (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB; SKJ); Bacteria (1; FNF; WOI); Biliousness (f; KAB; SUW); Bite (f; HH2; KAB); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cholera (1; FNF; SKJ); Cold (1; FNF; SKJ); Constipation (f; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Cornea (f; KAB); Cough (1; FNF; KAP; SKJ); Cramp (f; SKJ);
Cystosis (f; KAB); Dermatosis (f; HH2; WOI); Diarrhea (1; FNF; HHB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Dropsy (f; IHB; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Dyspepsia (1; FNF; HHB; SUW; WOI); Dysuria (f; SKJ); Eczema (f; HH2); Enterosis (1; FNF; HHB; KAB); Fever (f; HHB; HH2; KAB; SUW; WOI);
Gastrosis (1; FNF; HHB; KAP; SKJ); Headache (f; SUW); Heatstroke (f; SKJ); Hemorrhoid (1;

FNF; IHB; HHB; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Hepatosis (f; HHB; JLH; KAP; SKJ); High Blood
Pressure (1; HH2); HIV (1; HH2); Hoarseness (f; KAP); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; KAB); Itch (f; SKJ); Leprosy (1; FNF; HH2; SUW; WOI); Lethargy (f; SKJ); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (1; FNF; KAB; KAP; WOI); Pain (f; SKJ); Rheumatism (f; KAB; KAP; SKJ; WOI); Rhinosis (f; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB; SKJ); Sore (f; HH2; JLH); Sore Throat (f; HH2); Strangury (f; KAB); Water Retention (f; HHB; HH2; WOI); Worm (f; KAB).
Dosages (Belleric) — 1–3 g (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Belleric) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PHR). Ethanolic extract LD50 = 4250 mg/kg orl mouse (HH2). All the FNF 1’s are for the high tannin content of the Terminalia.

BENZOIN (Styrax benzoin Dryander.) ++

While the PH2 covers three species of the genus Styrax and one of the genus Liquidambar, few people can identify the resins of these trees, the product of commerce. Recent authorities maintain that the “incense” used in the service of the Tabernacle was a mixture, in definite proportions of frankincense, galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua), onycha (Styrax benzoin), and stacte (Styrax officinalis), and the use of any incense not composed of these four ingredients in the proper proportions was strictly forbidden (BIB).
Activities (Benzoin) — Anesthetic (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Anticancer (1; FNF); Anti- inflammatory (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antiseptic (1; CRC; DEP); Antispasmodic (1; FNF); Antiviral (1; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; LMP); Carminative (f; BIB; CRC; WOI); Deodorant (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Expectorant (1; CRC; PH2); Fungicide (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (1; FNF); Larvicide (1; IHB); Laxative (1; FNF); Narcotic (1; FNF); Nematicide (1; FNF); Sedative (1; CRC; FNF; LMP); Stimulant (f; CRC; DEP; LMP); Vermifuge (1; FNF); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Benzoin) — Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthma (f; DEP); Bacteria (1; FNF); Bronchosis (f; BIB; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; LMP); Catarrh (f; CRC; PH2);

Childbirth (f; LMP); Circumcision (f; CRC); Cold Sore (f; CRC; JFM); Colic (f; CRC); Con- stipation (1; FNF); Corn (f; JLH); Coryza (f; IHB); Cough (1; CRC); Cramp (1; FNF); Cystosis (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f; IHB; LMP); Enterosis (f; LMP); Fever (f; IHB); Fungus (1; FNF); Gas (f; BIB; CRC; WOI); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (1; FNF); Heart (f; LMP); Hemorrhoid (f; LMP); Herpes (f; CRC); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Infection (1; CRC; FNF); Inflammation (1; FNF); Insomnia (1; CRC; FNF; LMP); Itch (f; IHB); Laryngosis (f; BIB; CRC; IHB); Mastosis (f; CRC; IHB); Mucososis (f; DEP); Mycosis (1; FNF); Nervousness (1; CRC; FNF; LMP); Nipple (f; IHB); Otosis (1; FNF); Pain (1; FNF; LMP; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; IHB); Phthisis (f; DEP); Polio (1; FNF); Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; IHB; LMP); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (f; CRC; IHB); Shingle (f; CRC); Sickle Cell Anemia (1; FNF); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; PH2); Stroke (f; LMP; PH2); Syncope (f; LMP; PH2); Ulcer (1; FNF); Virus (1; FNF); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (1; FNF); Wound (f; CRC); Yeast (1; FNF).
Dosages (Benzoin) — For topical Friar’s or Turlington’s Balsam (each 100 ml contains an alcohol extract from 10 g benzoin, 8 g storax, 4 g balsam of Tolu and 2 g aloe); for cold sores, cracked skin, and indolent ulcers (BIB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Benzoin) — Class 1 (AHP). Not Covered (PHR).

BETEL PALM (Areca catechu L.) X

Activities (Betel Palm) — Abortifacient (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antidote, abrin (f; CRC); Antifertility (1; WO2); Antiimplantation (1; WO2); Antioxidant (1; X10616967); Antiradic- ular (1; X10616967); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Astringent (f; CRC); Bradycardic (1; PHR); Broncho- stimulant (1; PHR); Candidistat (1; WO2); Carcinogenic (1; PHR); Cardiac (f; CRC); Cholinergic (1; WO2); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); CNS-Stimulant (1; PHR); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Deobstruent (f; WO2); Diaphoretic (1; WO2); Digestive (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Euphoriant (1; PHR); Gastrostimulant (1; PHR); MAOI (1; WO2); Mitotic (f; CRC); Muscarinic (1; PHR); Mydriatic (1; WO2); Narcotic (f; CRC); Oxytocic (1; WO2); Parasympathetic (1; PHR); Sedative (1; WO2); Sialagogue (1; PHR); Spasmogenic (1; PHR); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tremorigenic (1; PHR); Vasoconstrictor (1; WO2); Vermifuge (1; CRC; PHR).
Indications (Betel Palm) — Anorexia (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; WO2); Beriberi (f; CRC); Bleeding (1; CRC); Bronchosis (1; CRC; WO2); Cholera (f; WO2); Colic (f; PHR); Cough (f; WO2);

Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diphtheria (1; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC; WO2); Dysuria (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Fever (1; WO2); Gas (1; WO2); Gingivosis (f; PHR); Glaucoma (f; CRC); Halitosis (f; CRC; WO2); Heatstroke (f; CRC); Hepatosis (2; WO2); Inflammation (1; CRC); Insomnia (1; WO2); Laryngosis (1; CRC); Lumbago (f; WO2); Malaria (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pharyngosis (1; CRC); Sore (f; WO2); Sore Throat (1; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Worm (1; CRC; PHR); Yeast (1; WO2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Betel Palm) — 8–10 g fatally toxic (antidote atropine 2 mg scu) (CRC; HHB; PHR).

BETEL PEPPER (Piper betle L.) ++
Regrettably, the herbal PDR calls this betel nut. Piper betle is betel leaf, chewed with the betel nut (a palm).
Activities (Betel Pepper) — Amebicide (1; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CRC; WOI); Antilactagogue (f; CRC; DEP; MPI); Antioxidant (1; CRC; PHR; WOI); Antiperistaltic (f; CRC; WOI); Antiseptic (1; CRC; MPI; PHR; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; WOI); Aperitif (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; MPI); Astringent (f; DEP); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Carminative (1; CRC; DEP; PHR; WOI); Cerebrotonic (f; CRC); CNS-Depressant (1; CRC; PH2); CNS- Stimulant (1; CRC); Collyrium (f; CRC); Contraceptive (f; CRC; DEP; MPI); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; WBB); Euphoric (1; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Fungicide (1; CRC); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hepatotonic (f; CRC); Immunomodulator (1; PH2); Intoxicant (f; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC; DEP); Litholytic (f; WBB); Masticatory (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Parasiticide (1; CRC); Sedative (1; PH2); Sialagogue (f; CRC; DEP; PHR); Sterilant (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; CRC; DEP; PHR); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Vermifuge (1; CRC; PHR); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Betel Pepper) — Adenopathy (f; CRC; MPI); Alcoholism (f; PH2); Ameba (1; CRC; WOI); Anorexia (f; CRC); Asthma (f; CRC; PH2); Bacteria (1; CRC; WOI); Bleeding (f; CRC); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC; MPI; PH2); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Catarrh (f; CRC; MPI; WBB; WOI); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cirrhosis (f; JLH); Colic (f; CRC); Congestion (f; CRC; MPI); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP); Constipation (f; CRC; DEP); Cough (f; CRC; DEP; PHR; PH2; WBB); Cramp (1; CRC; WOI); Debility (f; DEP); Diphtheria (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; MPI; PH2); Dyspnea (f; DEP; MPI); Edema (f; CRC); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; MPI); Escherichia (1; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Fungus (1; CRC); Gas (1; CRC; DEP; PHR; WOI); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Gravel (f; WBB); Halitosis (f; CRC; DEP); Headache (f; DEP); Hemeralopia (f; DEP); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JLH); Impotence (f; PH2); Infection (1; CRC; WBB); Inflammation (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Insanity (f; CRC; MPI); Insomnia (1; PH2); Laryngosis (f; CRC; MPI); Leprosy (f; PH2); Malaria (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; CRC; DEP); Mucososis (f; CRC); Mycosis (1; CRC; WOI); Nervousness (1; PH2); Nyctalopia (f; MPI); Odon- tosis (f; CRC; WBB); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; MPI); Otosis (f; CRC; PH2); Ozena (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC; DEP); Parasite (1; CRC); Phthisis (f; CRC; MPI); Pulmonosis (f; WOI); Respirosis (f; MPI); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PH2); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Salmonella (1; CRC; WOI); Satyriasis (f; CRC; DEP); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Shigella (1; CRC; WOI); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC; DEP); Sore Throat (f; CRC; DEP; MPI); Stone (f; WBB); Streptococcus (1; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syncope (f; PH2); Syphilis (f; CRC; MPI); Thirst (f; PH2); Toothache (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (1; CRC; MPI; WOI); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; WBB); Worm (1; CRC; PHR); Wound (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Betel Pepper) — Not covered (AHP). None reported (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BETHROOT (Trillium erectum L.) +
Most early authors treated the species as interchangeable medicinally, so this account is rather generic.
Activities (Bethroot) — Antiseptic (f; GMH); Antispasmodic (f; HHB); Astringent (1; FAD; PHR; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; FAD); Emetic (f; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (1; PHR; PH2; PNC); Hemostat (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Irritant (1; PHR; PH2); Lacrimatory (f; CEB); Sialagogue (f; CEB); Tonic (f; GMH); Uterotonic (f; MAD).
Indications (Bethroot) — Acne (f; DEM); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Anthrax (f; FEL); Asthma (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Backache (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; DEM; FAD; FNF; GMH; PHR; PH2; PNC); Bronchosis (f; FEL); Cancer (f; DEM; JLH); Carbuncle (f; CEB); Catarrh (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; GMH); Climacteric (f; MAD); Colitis (f; FAD); Cough (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Cramp (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; FAD; GMH); Diarrhea (1; FAD; GMH; PHR); Dysentery (f; GMH; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; FAD; PH2); Dyspnea (f; FAD; FEL); Entero- sis (f; FAD); Epistaxis (f; FEL); Fever (f; CEB); Gangrene (f; GMH); Glandular Tumor (f; JLH); Hematoma (f; PHR; PH2); Hematuria (f; PNC); Hemoptysis (f; FEL); Hemorrhoid (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); Hysteria (f; CEB); Impotence (f; FAD); Inflammation (f; DEM; FAD); Leukorrhea (f; CEB; FEL; PNC); Menopause (f; DEM; FAD); Menorrhagia (f; PNC); Mucososis (f; FEL; PHR; PNC); Neurosis (f; MAD); Night Sweats (f; CEB); Odontosis (f; MAD); Pain (f; PHR); Parturition (f; FAD); Proctosis (f; PH2); Prolapse (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; FAD); Respirosis (f; FEL); Scrofula (f; HHB); Sore (f; DEM; PHR; PH2); Sting (f; FEL); Sunburn (f; DEM); Syncope (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; FEL); Tumor (f; FAD); Uterosis (f; FEL); Varicosis (f; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Bethroot) — 2–4 g root (HHB; PH2); 0.5–1 g powdered root (PNC); 4–8 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bethroot) — Class 2b (AHP). As an emme- nagogue/uterotonic, should not be used by pregnant mothers (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). In high doses emetic, emmenagogue, even promoting labor (PHR).

BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) +++

Activities (Bilberry) — Antiaggregant (1; APA; BGB; MAB; PED; PH2); Anticapillary Fragility (2; BGB; MAB; PED; PH2); Antiedemic (1; BGB; HH2; MAB; PH2); Antiexudative (1; HH2;

PH2); Antiherpetic (f; HH2); Antiinflammatory (1; MAB; PED); Antiischemic (1; MAB; PH2); Antioxidant (1; FNF; SKY); Antiplaque (1; HH2); Antipyretic (1; PNC); Antiretinohemorrhagic (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; APA; FNF; MAD); Antispasmodic (1; PED); Antiulcer (1; APA; MAB; PH2); Antiviral (1; APA; HH2); Astringent (1; APA; MAB; PH2; PNC); Bitter (1; PED); Circulo- stimulant (1; SKY); Collagen-Protectant (1; PED; PH2); Diuretic (1; PNC); Fungicide (1; HH2); Immunostimulant (1; MAB); Lipolytic (1; PH2); Myorelaxant (f; APA); Phagocytotic (1; MAB); Vasodilator (1; PNC); Vasoprotective (1; BGB; MAB; PH2); Vulnerary (1; PH2).
Indications (Bilberry) — Angina (1; APA; BGB); Anorexia (f; MAD); Aphtha (f; MAD); Arthrosis (1; PED; PHR; PH2); Atherosclerosis (2; APA; SKY); Bleeding (f; MAD; PH2); Bruise (1; PED); Burn (f; PH2); Capillary Fragility (2; BGB; MAB; PED; PH2); Cardiopathy (1; BGB; MAB); Cataract (1; APA; SKY); Catarrh (f; MAD); Circulosis (1; SKY); Colitis (1; BGB; MAD); Conjunctivosis (1; PH2); Constipation (3; APA); Cramp (1; PED); CVI (2; APA; MAB); Cystosis (f; MAD); Debility (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; HH2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diabetes (1; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diabetic Hypoglycemia (1; TMA); Diabetic Retinopathy (2; MAB; SKY); Diarrhea (3; APA; KOM; MAD; MAM; PH2; SHT); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysentery (1; MAB; MAD);
Dysmenorrhea (2; APA; MAB); Dyspepsia (1; APA; MAB); Eczema (f; MAD); Edema (1; PH2); Encephalosis (1; APA); Enterosis (1; MAD; MAM; PHR; PH2); Epistaxis (2; MAB); Esophagosis (1; MAB); Fever (1; PNC); Flu (1; HH2); Fungus (1; HH2); Gallstone (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (1; APA; MAD); Glaucoma (2; APA; MAB; PED); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Gout (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Hemeralopia (2; MAB); Hemorrhoid (2; BGB; HH2; MAB; PH2); Hepatosis (1; APA); Herpes (f; HH2); High Cholesterol (1; APA); Hyperglycemia (f; APA); Hyperlipidemia (1; PH2); Immunodepression (1; MAB); Impaired Vision (especially at night) (1; PED); Infection (1; HH2; MAB); Inflammation (1; APA; MAB; PED; PH2); Ischemia (1; MAB); Laryngosis (f; MAD); Leukoplakia (f; MAD); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Maculosis (1; SKY); Mucososis (2; KOM; MAB; PH2; PIP); Mycosis (1; HH2); Myopia (2; FNF; MAB); Nephrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Nyctalopia (2; MAB; PED; PH2); Odontosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (1; PH2); Pain (1; MAB); Paraesthesia (1; MAB); Periodontosis (1; PED); Peritonosis (f; MAD); Pharyn- gosis (2; MAB; PHR; PH2; PIP); Plaque (1; HH2; MAD); Psoriasis (f; MAD); Raynaud’s (1; MAB; PED); Respirosis (f; HH2); Retinosis (2; BGB; MAB); Sore (f; PH2); Sore Throat (2; KOM; PIP; PH2); Stomatosis (2; MAB; MAD; PHR; PH2; PIP); Swelling (1; BGB; HH2; MAB; PH2); Thick Blood (1; APA; BGB; PED); Typhus (f; MAD); Ulcer (1; APA; MAB; PH2);
Urethrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Varicosis (1; MAB; PED; SKY); Virus (1; APA; HH2); Vomiting (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; PNC); Wound (1; MAB).
Dosages (Bilberry) — 1–2 tbsp crushed fruit/cup water; or 3 tbsp (ca 30 g) dried berries (APA); 20–60 g dry fruit (KOM); 12–24 g dry fruit (PED); 20–60 g dry fruit/day (SF); 1/2–1 cup fresh fruit (PED); 100–300 g fresh berry (SHT); 1–1.5 tsp fruit (= ~7–10.5 g) cold infusion (MAD); 2–8 ml liquid fruit extract (PNC); 3–6 ml/day fluid extract (1:1) (MAB); 1 g leaf/cup tea (HH2); tablets with 50–120 mg (= 20–50 g fruit) (MAB); 2 (470 mg) capsules (StX to contain at least 10 mg anthocyanosides (25% anthocyanosides)) 2 /day (NH); 240–480 mg StX/day (25% anthocyano- sides) (SF; SKY); 500 mg StX (25% anthocyanosides) (PED). Interpretations of Commission E approvals vary slightly: Blumenthal et al. (1998) approve 20–60 g fruit for nonspecific acute diarrhea and local therapy of mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of mouth and throat. Gruenwald et al. (1998) approve the fruits (not leaves) for diarrhea, pharyngosis, and stomatosis. Neither apparently approve for the indications for which I take bilberry, preventing further deterioration of the eyesight (e.g. maculitis, poor night vision, (nyctalopia)). Since bilberry is a healthy food pharmaceutical I’ll take the good old bilberry in spite of its disapproval by these scholastic tomes. It’s even richer in eye-preserving anthocyanosides than our native blueberries.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bilberry) — Fruits, Class 1; Leaf, Class 4 (AHP). Leaves can be poisonous consumed over a long period of time (TMA, 1996). Com-

mission E reports leaf not permitted for therapeutic use; higher doses or prolonged use can produce chronic poisoning; chronic administration of 1.5 g/kg/day is lethal in some animals (AEH). For fruits, none reported (PIP). “Bilberry does not interact with commonly prescribed drugs; no known contraindications in use during pregnancy or lactation; no known side effects with bilberry extracts” (SKY). Berries contain anthocyanosides, said to be helpful in treating eye problems, diarrhea, reducing arterial deposits, and lowering blood sugar in diabetics. Fresh berries may cause diarrhea.
Extracts (Bilberry) — Flavonoids antiaggregant, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, preserve capillaries and collagen (PED). Anthocyanosides inhibited barium-induced contraction of isolated thoracic vein and coronary artery smooth muscle, in vitro, possibly by vasodilatory pros- taglandin production (PNC). Chromium content (of the leaves) may underlie antidiabetic activity (PHR). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092). Bilberry extracts (equivalent to 9–72 mg/kg anthocyanins) sometimes exceeded carbenoxolone or cimetidine in antiulcer activity (MAB).

BIRCH (Betula spp.) ++
Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Synonym — Betula alba L., Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)
Some taxonomists know that the cop-out approach is to refer to the genus rather than all the poorly separable species of birch. PH2 listed pendula and pubescens, and APA, no more taxonomically adept, added B. lenta, B. pubsecens, B. verrucosa (=B. pendula). I’ve added all PH2 activity/indi- cation entries here.
Activities (Birch) — Analgesic (1; FAD); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD; SHT); Antimelanomic (1; APA); Antipyretic (1; PHR; PH2); Antiseptic (1; APA); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Astringent (1; PNC); Counterirritant (1; FAD); Depurative (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (2; APA; KOM; PIP; PH2); Parasiticide (1; PHR; PH2); Saluretic (1; PHR; PH2).
Indications (Birch) — Alopecia (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (1; APA); Bacteria (1; PH2); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (1; FAD); Cholecystosis (1; FAD); Cystosis (f; APA); Dandruff (f; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (1; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (1; PNC); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (1; APA); Fever (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Gout (1; APA; FAD; PH2); Gravel (2;
KOM; PIP; PH2); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (1; APA; FAD; SHT); Kidney Stone (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Melanoma (1; APA); Myalgia (1; FAD); Nephrosis (1; KOM; PH2); Neuralgia (1; APA; FAD); Pain (1; FAD); Parasite (1; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (f; APA; PH2); Pulmonosis (1; FAD); Rheumatism (2; FAD; KOM; PIP; PH2); Scabies (1; PH2); Scrofula (f; FAD); Sta- phylococcus (1; X10857921); Stomachache (f; FAD); Stone (SHT); Urethrosis (2; KOM); UTI (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Water Retention (2; APA; KOM; PIP; PH2); Worm (f; APA); Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (Birch) — 1–2 tbsp chopped leaf/cup water, several /day (APA); 2–3 g several /day (KOM; PIP); 12 g/day (SHT).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Birch) — Class 1 (AHP). Contraindications reported as edema due to cardiac or renal insufficiency (AEH). Not for use in edema in patients with cardiac or nephrotic problems. (PH2). None reported (PIP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Warning: EO toxic; easily absorbed through the skin (FAD).

BIRTHWORT (Aristolochia clematitis L.) X
Activities (Birthwort) — Antiherpetic (1; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS); Immunomodulator (1; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PH2); Nephrotoxic (1; PH2); Phagocytotic (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; EFS); Toxic (1; PH2); Vulnerary (f; EFS).
Indications (Birthwort) — Arthrosis (f; PH2); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; EFS; GMH); Colic (f; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PH2); Climacteric (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Herpes (1; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Malaria (f; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Otosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; PH2); Stomachache (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Birthwort) — Don’t take it.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Birthwort) — Class 2b, 3 (AHP). Contrain- dicated in pregnancy (PH2). Outlawed in U.S. because of aristolochic acid.

BISHOP’S WEED (Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck) +
Synonym — Daucus visnaga L.
Activities (Bishop’s Weed) — Antiatherosclerotic (1; WO3); Antipyretic (1; WO3); Antispasmodic (1; BIS; PHR; WO3; X7194092); Calcium Antagonist (1; WO3); Cardiotonic (1; PHR); Coronary Dilator (1; BIS); Diuretic (1; BIS); Hypoglycemic (f; X3613607); Inotropic (1; BIS; PHR); Litholytic (1; BIS); Myocardiotonic (1; PHR; SHT); Myocontractant (1; X9225605); Phototoxic (1; PHR); Vasodilator (1; WO2).
Indications (Bishop’s Weed) — Angina (1; PHR; SHT; WO2); Asthma (1; BIS; PHR); Athero- sclerosis (1; WO3); Bladder Stone (1; BIS); Bronchosis (1; BIS; WO2); Cardiopathy (1; BIS; PHR); Colic (f; BIS); Cramp (1; BIS; PHR; WO3; X7194092); Diabetes (f; X3613607); Dysmenorrhea (1; BIS); Enterosis (1; BIS; PH2); Fever (1; WO3); Gastrosis (1; BIS); Hyperglycemia (f; X3613607); Hypertonia (f; PH2); Kidney Stone (1; BIS); Pertussis (1; PHR); Psoriasis (1; BIS); Stone (1; BIS; WO2); Tachycardia (1; PHR); Vitiligo (1; BIS); Water Retention (1; BIS).
Dosages (Bishop’s Weed) — 20 mg pyrones, calculated as khellin (BIS); 0.5 g powdered fruit/cup water (1 tsp = 2.5 g) (BIS).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bishop’s Weed) — Not covered (AHP). Adverse effects may include dizziness, elevated hepatic transaminase, fatigue, insomnia, pseudoallergic reactions, reversible cholestatic jaundice, vertigo, and vomiting (PHR; SHT; WO2). Prolonged use or overdose may cause allergic symptoms, anorexia, constipation, elevated liver enzymes, headache, insomnia, nausea, queasiness, and vertigo (BIS; PHR). Phototoxic coumarins. Commission E approved Bishop’s Weed on March 13, 1986, but reversed itself as of April 15, 1994, condemning it because of excessive therapeutic risk and unproven efficacy (renal colic, spastic urinary tract disorders). “Ammi fruits may no longer be prescribed in Germany for this or any other indication” (SHT). Extracts and khellin and visnagin improve myocardial perfusion, increasing blood flow through the coronary vessels, making it useful for angina.

BISTORT (Polygonum bistorta L.) ++
Synonym — Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp.
Activities (Bistort) — Anipyretic (f; WOI); Antiseptic (f; WOI); Astringent (f; PNC); Diuretic (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; WOI); Hemostat (f; HHB; WOI).

Indications (Bistort) — Adenopathy (1; DAA; FNF); Ague (f; DAA); Amenorrhea (f; DAA); Bite (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; HHB; PH2; WOI); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, back (f; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; PH2); Catarrh (f; DAA; HHB); Cervisosis (f; DAA); Circulosis (f; DAA); Colitis (f; WOI); Congestion (f; DAA); Cramp (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB; PH2; WOI); Dysentery (f; DAA; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; DAA; PH2); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (f; WOI); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Leukorrhea (f; DAA; HHB); Lymphoma (1; DAA; FNF); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; DAA; PH2); Snakebite (f; PH2); Sore (f; HHB; JLH); Sore Throat (f; HHB; PH2); Stomatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Swelling (f; DAA); Tetanus (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; WOI); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Bistort) — 1–2 g (PNC); 50–60 g rhizome/liter water for 15–20 minutes (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bistort) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BITTER CANDYTUFT (Iberis amara L.) X
Synonym — Iberis coronaria D. Don.
Activities (Bitter Candytuft) — Antibacterial (1; HHB); Antiedemic (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; PH2); Diuretic (1; MAD); Emetic (1; MAD); Fun- gicide (1; PH2); Gastrostimulant (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Secretagogue (1; PH2); Toxic (1; PH2).
Indications (Bitter Candytuft) — Angina (f; MAD); Arrhythmia (f; PH2); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; HHB); Bronchosis (f; WOI); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Congestion (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; HHB; PH2); Edema (1; PH2); Endocardosis (f; MAD); Fungus (1; HHB; PH2); Gout (f; MAD; WOI); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Infection (1; HHB; PH2); Mycosis (1; PH2); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Neurosis (f; MAD); Palpitation (f; MAD); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Rheu- matism (f; MAD; WOI); Stenocardia (f; HHB); Swelling (1; PH2); Vertigo (f; MAD); Water Retention (1; MAD); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Bitter Candytuft) — Homeopathic doses only (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bitter Candytuft) — Not covered (AHP). Poisonings, not reported, could be caused by cucurbitacins and might exhibit colic, diarrhea, kidney irritation, and vomiting (PH2). No toxic cases documented (PH2).

BITTER MELON, BALSAM PEAR (Momordica charantia L.) +
Synonym — M. muricata Willd.
Activities (Bitter Melon) — Abortifacient (1; CRC; TRA; WOI); Androgenic (1; ABS); Antibac- terial (1; MPG; TRA); Anticataract (1; ZUL); Anticholinergic (1; ZUL); Antidiabetic (1; ZUL);
Antihistaminic (1; TRA); Antileukemic (1; MPG); Antimalarial (1; ZUL); Antimitotic (1; MPG); Antimutagenic (1; MPG); Antipyretic (f; CRC; MPG); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Antispasmodic (1; ZUL); Antispermagenic (1; MPG; TRA); Antitumor (1; MPG); Antiviral (1; MPG; SKY); Aperitif (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; KAB); Acaricide (1; TRA); Astringent (f; CRC; KAB); Candidicide (1; MPG; TRA); Carminative (f; CRC; WOI); Choleretic (f; MPG); Depurative (f; AAB; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Emetic (f; KAB); Emmenagogue (f; KAB; MPG); Guanylate-Cyclase-Inhibitor (1; SKY); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hypocholesterolemic (1; CRC); Hypoglycemic (2; MPG; SKY;

SYN; WOI); Hypotensive (1; CRC; MPG); Immunotoxic (1; TRA); Insecticide (1; CRC; MPG; TRA); Lactagogue (f; CRC); Laxative (1; CRC; KAB; MPG); Lipolytic (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Stomachic (f; KAB; WOI); Teratogenic (1; MPG); Tonic (f; KAB; WOI); Vermifuge (1; CRC; MPG; WOI); Vulnerary (f; KAB; RYM).
Indications (Bitter Melon) — Ameba (f; AAB); Anemia (f; AAB); Anorexia (f; CRC); Aphtha (f; KAB); Asthma (f; CRC; KAB); Bacteria (1; MPG; TRA); Bite (f; KAB; MPG); Biliousness (f; MPG); Bleeding (f; CRC); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Bruise (f; KAB); Burn (f; CRC); Calculus (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; MPG); Candida (1; CRC; MPG; TRA); Cataract (1; ZUL); Catarrh (f; CRC); Chilblain (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC; KAB); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (f; CRC; WOI); Colitis (f; CRC); Constipation (1; AAB; CRC; KAB; MPG); Cramp (1; ZUL); Delirium (f; KAB); Dermatosis (f; AAB; CRC; KAB); Diabetes (2; AAB; SKY; ZUL); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; AAB; CRC; KAB); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; SKJ); Escherichia (1; MPG); Fever (f; CRC; KAB; MPG; WOI); Furuncle (f; TRA); Gas (f; CRC; MPG; WOI); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; KAB); Gout (f; CRC; WOI); Halitosis (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; KAB; SKJ); Hepatosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CRC; MPG); HIV (1; SKY); High Cholesterol (1; CRC); Hyperglycemia (2; MPG; SKY; SYN; WOI); Infection (1; AAB; CRC); Itch (f; CRC; TRA); Jaundice (f; CRC; KAB;
SKJ); Amenorrhea (1; TRA); Leprosy (f; CRC; KAB; TRA); Leukemia (1; MPG); Malaria (1; CRC; SKJ; ZUL); Melancholy (f; CRC); Mycosis (f; MPG); Nyctalopia (f; KAB); Obesity (1; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Otosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; AAB); Parasite (f; AAB); Pediculosis (f; TRA); Plethora (f; KAB); Polyuria (1; CRC); Prolapse (f; KAB); Psoriasis (1; CRC; SKY); Rheumatism (f; CRC; KAB; WOI); Salmonella (1; MPG); Scabies (f; CRC; KAB); Scald (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f; KAB); Shigella (1; MPG); Sore (f; JLH; KAB); Sore Throat (f; AAB); Splenosis (f; CRC; KAB); Sprue (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; MPG); Stomachache (f; CRC); Stomatosis (f; AAB); Streptococcus (1; FNF); Syndrome-X (1; SYN); Syphilis (f; KAB); Ticks (1; TRA); Tumor (1; CRC; JLH; MPG); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urethrosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (f; KAB); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; MPG; SKY); Worm (1; CRC; KAB; MPG; TRA; WOI); Wound (f; CRC); Yeast (1; CRC; MPG; TRA).
Dosages (Bitter Melon) — 1 (500 mg) capsule 3 /day with 150 mg extract containing 2.5% bitter principles (NH); one small melon per day (SKY); 50 ml fresh juice/day (SKY); 5 ml tincture 2–3
/day (SKY); 2–5 g leaf/liter water (MPG).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bitter Melon) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). High doses may cause diarrhea and enteralgia (SKY); may potentiate hypoglycemic drugs (SKY); small children and patients with hypoglycemia should avoid (SKY). Seeds contain aborti- facient compounds. This one is too new, at least in the First World, to have entered any of the Commission E books I am consulting for my herbal desk reference. Even TRAMIL, the Caribbean Commission E I call Commission T, does not recommend this frequent edible weed due to some toxic compounds it contains.
Extracts (Bitter Melon) — At least three groups of hypoglycemic compounds (SKY). Alpha- and beta-momocharin inhibit HIV in vitro (SKY). Various extracts active in vitro against Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Escherichia coli, Neisseria spp., Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa, Salmonella, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus spp., LD50 of fruit; 3 g/kg (TRA; ZUL). Charantin, diosgenin, and beta-sitosterol uterotonic (ZUL); but decoction of fruits and green leaves, without root, at 25,000 mg/kg produced no deaths in rats. Alpha- trichosanthine and beta-momorchin in the seeds are abortifacient. Hydroethanolic fruit extracts,
1.75 g/dog orally for 20 days, lowered spermatogenesis. Aqueous extracts of leaves at 500 mg/kg orl rat was neither embryotoxic nor estrogenic. Leaf juice not topically allergic nor irritant (TRA).

BITTER MILKWORT (Polygala amara L.) ++
Activities (Bitter Milkwort) — Bitter (f; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS; HHB); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2); Lactagogue (f; HHB); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS).
Indications (Bitter Milkwort) — Bronchosis (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; HHB); Enterosis (f; HHB); Fever (f; EFS); Gastrosis (f; HHB); Respirosis (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; EFS); Water Retention (f; EFS).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bitter Milkwort) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BITTERSWEET (Solanum dulcamara L.) +

Activities (Bittersweet) — Alterative (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2); Anaphro- disiac (f; CRC); Anticholinergic (1; KOM; PH2); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (1; KOM); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antisarcomic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (2; KOM); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astringent (2; KOM); Cardiotonic (1; CRC; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; PH2); Depurative (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; FAD); Diuretic (f; CRC; DEP; FAD; MAD); Emetic (f; CRC); Expectorant (1; CRC; PH2); Hypnotic (f; CRC); Immunostimulant (f; PH2); Laxative (f; CRC); Mucoirritant (2; KOM); Narcotic (1; CRC; DEP; FAD); Pectoral (f; PH2); Phagocytotic (1; PH2); Poison (f; CRC); Resolvent (f; CRC); Secretagogue (f; KAB); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Bittersweet) — Abscess (f; PH2); Acne (2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Adenopathy (f; CRC); Allergy (f; CRC); Angina (f; CRC; MAD); Aphonia (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Asthma (f; CRC; PH2); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; CRC; PH2); Blepharosis (f; CRC); Boil (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; CRC; FAD); Bruise (f; PH2); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, face (1; FNF; JLH); Carbuncle (f; KAB); Catarrh (f;

CRC); Cold (f; MAD); Colic (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; KAB); Constipation (f; CRC); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; CRC; MAD); Dermatosis (1; CRC; FAD; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyscrasia (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyslactea (f; CRC); Dysmen- orrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dysuria (f; CRC); Eczema (2; CRC; KOM; PHR; PH2); Emaciation (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; DEM; PH2); Epistaxis (f; PH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Fever (f; CRC; DEM; FAD; KAB); Flu (f; MAD); Furuncle (2; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; DEM; PH2); Glossosis (f; CRC); Gout (f; FAD; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Herpes (1; HH2; PH2); Immunodepression (f; PH2); Impetigo (f; MAD); Incontinence (f; CRC); Infection (2; KOM); Inflammation (1; KOM; PH2); Insomnia (f; CRC); Itch (f; CRC; MAD); Jaundice (f; CRC; MAD); Leprosy (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Malaria (f; CRC); Meningosis (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC); Myelosis (f; CRC; MAD); Nausea (f; DEM; HH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Otosis (f; MAD); Pain (1; CRC; PH2); Paralysis (f; CRC); Pemphigus (f; CRC); Pertussis (f; CRC; FAD); Pityriasis (f; MAD); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; FAD; PH2); Scabies (f; MAD); Scarlatina (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC; MAD); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; CRC); Stammering (f; CRC); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; KAB); Tenesmus (f; CRC); Tonsilosis (f; CRC); Tumor (1; CRC; FAD); Typhoid (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urticaria (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; MAD); VD (f; KAB); Virus (1; HH2; PH2); Wart (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (f; CRC; DEP; FAD; MAD).
Dosages (Bittersweet) — 1–3 g stem/day (KOM); 0.5–2 g powdered stem several /day (MAD); 0.6–1.2 g extract/day (MAD); 1–2 g drug/250 ml water (PH2); 1–3 g/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bittersweet) — AHP doesn’t index any Solanum species. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Contraindicated in pregnant and nursing mothers (PH2). Will cause convulsions, paralysis, vertigo, vomiting, and weakened heart (FAD). One source reports excessive use of stalk prep- arations has been associated with serious poisoning (AEH). With low alkaloid content, stem preparations at doses below 25 g should not be toxic. In children, 10 green berries can cause diarrhea, dilated pupils, nausea, and vomiting. Lethal dosage is estimated to be 200 berries (PHR). Solasodine has a cortisone-like effect (PH2).

BITTERWOOD (Quassia amara L.) ++
Activities (Bitterwood) — Antianemic (f; HAD); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (f; FNF; HAD); Aperitif (1; PHR; PH2); Astringent (f; IED); Bitter (1; PHR); Choleretic (f; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD); Digestive (f; PHR; PH2); Insecticide (1; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Litholytic (f; HAD); Narcotic (1; CRC); Pediculicide (1; CRC); Secretagogue (1; PHR; PH2); Sialagogue (f; HAD); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Vermicide (1; PHR); Vermifuge (1; HAD; PHR).
Indications (Bitterwood) — Alcoholism (f; CRC; MAD); Anemia (f; HAD); Anorexia (1; PHR; PH2; MAD); Ascites (f; MAD); Bite (f; IED); Cancer (f; CRC); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Chole- cystosis (f; PH2); Cirrhosis (f; MAD); Constipation (1; CRC); Debility (f; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; MAD); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; IED); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (f; CRC; IED; MAD); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Halitosis (f; HAD); Hangover (f; HAD); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD); Intoxication (f; HAD); Jaundice (f; CRC; MAD); Leukemia (1; CRC); Lice (1; CRC; HHB); Malaria (f; CRC; IED); Nephrosis (f; HAD); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Pain (f; IED); Parasite (f; CRC); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; CRC; HAD); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; MAD); Sting (f; IED); Stomachache (f; HAD); Stone (f; HAD); Syphilis (f; MAD); Typhus (f; MAD); Worm (1; PHR; PH2).

Dosages (Bitterwood) — Quoting an old Merck recommendation, 1–2 g wood/day as decoction; average dose 0.5 g, 2–3 /day (AHP); 5 drops tincture 3 /day (MAD); 500 mg (HHB; PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bitterwood) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Contraindicated in pregnancy (PHR; PH2). Overdose is a gastroirritant, leading to nausea (AHP). Extended use may damage vision (PHR).

BLACK ALDER (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) ++
Synonym — A. barbata C. A. Mey., A. glutinosa subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Yalt., A. glutinosa
var. barbata (C. A. Mey.) Ledeb., Betula alnus var. glutinosa L., B. glutinosa (L.) Lam.
Activities (Black Alder) — Alterative (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Detergent (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Hemostat (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); Pulifuge (1; CRC); Tonic (f; PHR); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Black Alder) — Angina (f; CRC; HH2); Bleeding (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, duodenum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, pancreas (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, pylorus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Enterorrhagia (f; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; CRC; PH2); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Malaria (1; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Pediculosis (f; CRC); Pharyngosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Scabies (f; CRC); Sore Throat (1; PHR; PH2); Splenosis (f; CRC); Streptococcus (1; FNF; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Alder) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). None reported in PDR.“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Regrettably, PHR and still PH2 report hypericin, probably meaning hyperoside. Hyperoside is what was reported in my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (1985) and in Hager’s Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, ed.
2. So far, I have not yet found hypericin reliably reported outside the genus Hypericum, but hyperoside is widely reported.

BLACK ASH (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) + +
Activities (Black Ash) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Gastrotonic (f; DEM); Hepatotonic (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM).
Indications (Black Ash) — Constipation (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; DEM); Infertility (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Stricture (f; DEM).

BLACK BEAN, GREEN BEAN, etc. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) +++
The herbal PDR, which erroneously attributes the origin of the plant to India (it is native American), also says: “Chromium salts present in the drug (greenbean) may cause an antidiabetic effect.” Seeds of this species as black beans, brown beans, kidney beans, etc., may be as rich in the estrogenic isoflavone, genistein, as soybean. And the seeds are much lower in fat than soy seeds; so Jim Duke says that the health benefits of soy may very well carry over to kidney beans, etc., perhaps with even better health benefits. So, I give black bean the same scores I give soybean, better for cholesterol, etc., since the black bean has a much better fat:protein ratio than the soy bean.

Activities (Black Bean) — Antiaggregant (1; FNF); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; WBB); Anticancer (1; FNF); Antidepressant (1; FNF); Antidiabetic (1; PHR; PH2); Antileukemic (1; FNF); Antilymphomic (1; FNF); Antimelanomic (1; FNF); Antiprostatitic (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiviral (1; MPI); Apoptotic (1; FNF); Cardioprotective (1; FNF); Carminative (f; CRC; EFS); Chemopreventive (1; FNF); Depurative (f; CRC; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (2; PHR; KOM); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Emollient (f; CRC; SKJ); Estrogenic (1; FNF; JAD); Fungicide (1; CRC; DAA); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF; JAD); Hypoglycemic (1; DAA); Hypotensive (1; FNF); Lipolytic (1; FNF); Lipotropic (1; FNF); Mutagenic (f; MPI); Resolvent (f; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Black Bean) — Acne (f; CRC); Albuminuria (f; CRC); Alcoholism (1; FNF); Anemia (1; FNF); Anorexia (1; FNF); Anuria (2; KOM); Bacteria (1; WBB); Bladder Stone (2; PHR); BPH (1; FNF); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, blood (1; DAA; FNF); Cancer, breast; (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testicle (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; FNF); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (f; CRC); Cystosis (1; CRC; MAD; PHR); Depression (1; FNF); Dermatosis (f; FNF); Diabetes (1; CRC; DAA; FNF; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC; MAD); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysuria (1; PHR); Eczema (f; CRC); Edema (f; FNF); Endometriosis (1; FNF; TGP); Enterosis (1; FNF); ERT (1; FNF); Fever (f; CRC); Fibrosis (f; FNF); Fungus (1; CRC; DAA); Gas (f; CRC; EFS); Gastrosis (f; FNF); Glaucoma (1; FNF); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; CRC); Heart (f; CRC); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hepatosis (1; FNF); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; FNF); High Cholesterol (1; FNF; JAD); Hot Flashes (1; FNF); Hyperglycemia (1; DAA); Hyperlipoproteinemia (1; FNF); Infection (1; CRC; DAA; PHR; PH2; WBB); Itch (f; CRC); Kidney Stone (2; PHR); Leukemia (1; FNF); Lymphoma (1; FNF); Melanoma (1; FNF); Menopause (1; FNF; JAD); Mycosis (1; CRC; DAA); Nephrosis (f; CRC; DAA; FNF; PHR); Neurosis (f; FNF); Obesity (1; FNF); Osteoporosis (1; FNF; JAD); Pain (f; JLH); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Pleurosis (f; MAD); Retinosis (1; FNF); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DAD; MAD); Rickets (f; FNF); Sciatica (f; CRC; DAA); Scurvy (f; CRC); Sore (f; FNF; JLH); Steatosis (f; FNF); Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Syndrome-X (1; FNF; SYN); Tenesmus (f; CRC); Toxemia (f; FNF); Tuberculosis (f; FNF); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (f; JLH); UTI (2; PHR); Virus (1; MPI); Wart (f; CRC); Water Retention (2; KOM; MAD; PHR).
Dosages (Black Bean) — Drink the string bean pot likker as food farmacy, and eat the string beans (JAD); I often enjoy 100–200 g with diced raw onion; 0.5 cup seed (100 g) as food (JAD); 5–15 g herb (green pod)/day (KOM; PHR); pour hot water over 2.5 g dry powdered pods.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Bean) — Not covered by AHP. None known (KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). The Herbal PDR hints that poisonings due to over consumption of too many raw beans is not impossible, due to lectins, which are destroyed by cooking. Symptoms include diarrhea, gastroenterosis, and vomiting. Of course, overconsumption of dry bean seeds can also lead to GI distress such as flatus and dyspepsia.

BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) ++
Most European entries (EFS, HHB, MAD, PH2) accrue to R. fruticosus, the European blackberry. Most American entries (CEB, DEM, FAD, FEL) accrue to American species. I think raspberries and blackberries can be treated generically, when it comes to medicine, like bilberries and blueberries.
Activities (Blackberry) — Antibacterial (1; MAD); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antitumor (f; APA); Apoptotic (f; JNU); Astringent (1; APA; EFS PH2); Depurative (f; DEM; EFS); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; DEM;

EFS); Fungicide (f; MAD); Hemostat (1; APA); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Stimulant (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM; EFS).
Indications (Blackberry) — Angina (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; MAD); Bleeding (1; APA; DEM; FEL; FNF; MAD); Boil (1; DEM; FNF); Bronchosis (f; CEB; MAD);
Cancer (1; JLH; JNU); Catarrh (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; FEL); Cholera (f; FEL); Cold (f; DEM; MAD); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (1; CEB; DEM; FNF); Cough (f; CEB; DEM; MAD); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (2; APA; DEM; PHR; PH2); Dropsy (f; APA; MAD; PH2); Dysentery (1; DEM; FNF); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (1; APA; MAD; PH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; DEM; FEL; MAD); Fungus (1; MAD); Gastrosis (1; APA; DEM; PH2); Gleet (f; FEL); Glossosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gout (f; APA); Gravel (f; CEB); Headache (f; DEM); Hemate- mesis (1; DEM; FNF); Hemoptysis (f; CEB); Hemorrhoid (1; APA; CEB; DEM); High Cho- lesterol (1; JNU); Infection (1; DEM; FNF; MAD); Inflammation (1; APA; JLH); Leukorrhea (f; FEL; MAD); Lung Problem (f; DEM); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); Miscarriage (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; MAD); Nausea (f; FEL); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CEB; DEM); Pharyngosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; CEB); Proctosis (f; FEL); Prolapse (f; FEL); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Scab (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Sore (1; DEM; FNF); Sore Throat (2; APA; DEM); Stomatosis (2; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; APA); Tonsilosis (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (1; DEM; FNF; MAD); Tumor (f; APA); Uterosis (f; FEL); VD (f; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM; FEL); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; DEM; EFS); Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (Blackberry) — 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, up to 6 /day; 4 tsp (~4.4 g) leaf in hot tea; 1.5 g leaf/cup tea, 2–3 /day (PH2); 1–2 tsp powdered bark/cup water; up to 2 tsp tincture/day (APA); 1500 mg root tea up to 3 /day (APA); 20–30 grains powdered root bark (FEL); 2–4 ml liquid root extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blackberry) — Class 1 (AHP).
Extracts (Blackberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active sub- stances (X1332092).

BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) ++
Synonym — B. punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze, Ixia chinensis L.
Activities (Blackberry Lily) — Alexeteric (f; WO2); Antiallergic (1; WO3); Antiasthmatic (f; WO3); Antibacterial (1; FAY); Antidote, curare (f; FAY); Antiemetic (f; LMP); Antihista- minic (f; WO3); Antiinflammatory (f; WO3); Antioxidant (1; WO3); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antitussive (f; WO3); Antiviral (1; FAY); Aperient (f; WO2); Bitter (f; LMP; WO2); Carmi- native (f; LMP); Cholinergic (1; WO3); Deobstruent (f; LMP; WO2); Depurative (f; LMP; WO2); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Diuretic (f; LMP); Emmenagogue (f; LMP); Expectorant (f; DAA; FAY; WO3); Fungicide (1; FAY); Hypotensive (1; FAY); Laxative (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; DAA); Tonic (f; DAA).

Indications (Blackberry Lily) — Allergy (1; WO3); Asthma (1; DAA; LMP; WO3); Bacteria (1; FAY); Boil (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bruise (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Cancer, breast (f; DAA; FAY); Cancer, larynx (f; DAA); Childbirth (f; LMP); Constipation (f; DAA); Cough (f; FAY); Dermatosis (f; FAY); Dropsy (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; FAY); Dysuria (f; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Fungus (1; FAY); Gas (f; LMP); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Goiter (f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; DAA; LMP); Hepatosis (f; DAA; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Infection (1; FAY); Inflammation (f; WO3); Laryngosis (f; DAA; FAY); Lumbago (f; LMP); Malaria (f; DAA); Mastosis (f; DAA; FAY); Mycosis (1; FAY); Parotosis (f; FAY); Pulmonosis (f; DAA); Rheumatism (f; DAA); Sore Throat (f; FAY; WO3); Splenosis (f; DAA; FAY); Stomachache (f; DAA); Swelling (f; DAA; LMP); Tonsilosis (f; DAA; FAY; LMP); VD (f; DAA); Virus (1; FAY); Vomiting (f; LMP); Water Retention (f; LMP).
Dosages (Blackberry Lily) — 2.5–9 g root in decoction (FAY); root made into poultice (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blackberry Lily) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Contraindicated in pregnancy; contains toxic iridoids belamcandin and iridin. Root for use only under medical supervision.

BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.) X
Activities (Black Bryony) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; GMH); Emetic (1; GMH; PH2); Histaminic (1; PH2); Laxative (f; EFS; HHB); Propecic (f; HHB; PH2); Rubefacient (f; PH2); Toxic (1; GMH); Vulnerary (f; EFS).
Indications (Black Bryony) — Alopecia (f; HHB; PH2); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Asthma (f; GMH); Bruise (f; EFS; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Chilblain (f; GMH); Consti- pation (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Gravel (f; GMH); Induration (f; JLH); Paralysis (f; GMH); Phymata (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; GMH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Strain (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; GMH); Whitlow (f; JLH).
Dosages (Black Bryony) — Don’t take internally (JAD). Fruits steeped in gin for chilblain (GMH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Bryony) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). Oxalate needles on contact may trigger histaminic reactions; internally may irritate mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines (PH2). “Death in most painful form is the result of an overdose” (GMH).

BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.) +

Synonym — Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Activities (Black Cohosh) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC; PED); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antibacterial (f; APA); Antidotal (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (f; CRC; PNC); Antipyretic (1; PNC); Antirheumatic (1; MAB; PED); Antiserotonin (1; MAB); Antispasmodic (1; MAB; PED; PNC); Antitumor-Proliferation (1; MAB); Antitussive (f; CAN; CRC); Antiulcer (1; PNC); Aph- rodisiac (f; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC; DEM; PED); Bitter (1; HHB; PED); CNS-Depressant (1; PNC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; PED); Diuretic (f; APA; PED; PNC); Emmen- agogue (1; CRC; PED; PNC); Estrogenic (2; KOM; MAB; PED; PH2); Expectorant (f; APA; CRC; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Hypotensive (1; APA; MAB; PNC); Immunodepressant (1; MAB); Lactagogue (f; DEM); Mucolytic (f; APA); Narcotic (f; CRC); Peripheral Vasodilator (2; CAN; CRC; PNC); Sedative (1; FAD; CAN; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Luteinizing-Hormone Suppressant (2; APA; KOM); Tonic (f; CRC; DEM; HHB); Tranquilizer (f; APA); Uterocontractant (1; PED); Uterotonic (1; MAB).
Indications (Black Cohosh) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (1; CRC; MAB); Arthrosis (f; CAN; CRC; HHB); Asthma (f; MAB); Autoimmune Disease (1; MAB); Backache (f; DEM); Bacteria (f; APA); Bite (f; PH2); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD; PED; PH2); Cancer (1; JLH; MAB); Cancer, groin (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Chorea (f; CAN; CRC; FAD; HHB; MAB); Neurovegetative Ailment (2; HHB; KOM); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM); Cough (f; APA; CAN; DEM); Cramp (1; MAB; PED; PNC; SKY); Diabetes (1; APA;

PNC); Diarrhea (1; CRC; DEM; PED); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (2; APA; HHB; KOM; PH2; SKY); Dyspepsia (f; APA); ERT (2; KOM; MAB; PED); Fatigue (f; DEM); Fever (1; CRC;
FAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Gynecopathy (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; MAB; PNC); Hives (f; DEM); Hot Flash (1; APA); HRT (2; BGB); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Hysteria (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; CRC; PNC); Insomnia (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FAD; PNC); Itch (f; CRC); Lumbago (1; CRC; FAD; PH2); Malaise (f; BGB; CRC); Malaria (f; BGB; CRC); Mastosis (1; MAB); Measles (f; PH2); Menopause (2; BGB; MAB; PH2 SHT); Menorrhagia (1; CRC; MAB); Menstrual Problem (2; SKY); Metastasis (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; CAN); Nephrosis (f; BGB; CRC; DEM); Nervousness (1; APA; FAD; CAN; CRC); Neuralgia (f; MAB); Nervousness (1; APA; CRC); Otosis (f; HHB); Pain (f; BGB; DEM; HHB); Parturition (1; CRC; FAD); Pertussis (f; CRC; MAB; PNC); PMS (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Poor Milk Supply (f; DEM); Rheumatism (1; APA; BGB; CAN; HHB; MAB; PED; PH2); Sciatica (1; CAN); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; APA; CRC; FAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f; APA; BGB; CRC; PH2); Tinnitus (1; CAN; CRC; MAB);
Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor (1; MAB); Ulcer (1; PNC); Uterosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; APA; PED; PNC); Yellow Fever (f; CRC).
Dosages (Black Cohosh) — 40–200 mg/day (APA); 0.5 tsp powdered root/cup water, up to 1 cup/day (APA); 1 g powdered root 3 /day (HHB); 0.3–2 g powdered root (PNC); 0.5–1 g dry root 3–4 /day (MAB); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); 300–2000 mg dry root (SF); 2 g dry root:10 ml alcohol/10 mg water (PED); 1–3 tbsp fresh root (PED); 0.3–2 g rhizome 3 /day (CAN; SKY); 0.3–2 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 2–4 ml root tincture; 40 mg herb in 40–60% ethanol (SF); up to 1 tsp tincture/day (APA); 2–4 ml tincture (1:10 in 60% alcohol) (CAN); 3.5–7 ml tincture (1:5); 6–12 ml tincture (1:10) (MAB);
0.3–2.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 90% alcohol) (CAN); 1.5–3 ml fluid extract (1:2) (MAB); 1 (540 mg) capsule 3 /day (NH); 40 mg StX (1 mg deoxyacteine)/day (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Cohosh) — Class 2b, 2c (AHP). No contraindications/drug interactions noted (KOM). I got a challenging letter from German parties with an economic interest in cohosh, asking where I got the cautionary remarks from in my 1985 CRC book. They must really be irritated by what follows: Commission E reports occasional gastric complaints. Not to be used for more than 6 months (AEH). With prolonged use, may irritate the uterus, cause dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, joint pains, and lowered heart rate. Can contribute to abnormal blood clotting and liver problems. Can encourage breast tumors. Should not be used by anyone with any type of heart disease or by anyone advised not to take oral contraceptives. “Women taking estrogen therapy should consult a physician before using black cohosh” (SKY). Can cause premature labor. Because of insufficient data, use during pregnancy and lactation is not advised. Should be used only under medical supervision (TMA, 1996). High doses may cause diaphoresis, dizziness, nausea, reduced pulse rate, visual disturbances, and vomiting (CAN). Because of uterine estrogen receptor binding in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. What they say about black cohosh should be templated and said for every herb, “It has been recommended that black cohosh should only be used in therapeutic doses, and that high doses are potentially dangerous” (CAN). “Canadian regulations do not allow black cohosh as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995). Pedersen is not much kinder, “Such constituents as tannins, gallic acid, and pseudotannins, including isoferulic acid, and the salicylates, are irritants to the skin, lungs, and kidneys. The drastic action of the irritant principles in black cohosh are not lethal, but overdoses are characterized by nausea and headache” (PED). Schulz et al. (1998) are nicer to this herb, sold in Germany and America, than the Anglos quoted above. In five studies using doses equivalent to 40 mg/day crude herb, there are no case reports of toxic effects from the herb, and there appears to be no specific toxicity associated with any of its known constituents. Two of the five showed mild side effects (dizziness, GI distress, headache, and weight gain). No other contraindications are known. The duration of use should not exceed 3 months (SHT). Cohosh extract augmented the activity of tamoxiphen (MAB). Finally, let me quote Gruen- wald, editor-in-chief of the Herbal PDR, and coincidentally, also editor of the ABC Commission

E translation, because the two versions differ. “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. An intake of very high dosages of the drug (5 g) or an extract (12 g) leads to vomiting, headache, dizziness, limb pain, and lowered blood pressure.” He’s sanitizing or whitewashing if not ignoring the mild side effects reported in two of the five German studies cited above. He refers to the gastric side effects as adverse effects as distinct from side effects. I detect a whitewash of the cohosh, perhaps well deserved and scientifically accurate. Stay tuned.
Extracts (Black Cohosh) — Estrogenic and hypotensive effects reported (AHP). Resin hypotensive (1 mg/kg). Triterpenes hypocholesterolemic. Formononetin binds to estrogen receptor sites, induc- ing an estrogen-like activity in the body (SKY). Alcoholic extracts decrease luteinizing hormone secretions in menopausal women (SKY). Cimicifugin antispasmodic and sedative (PED) but rapidly converted to an inactive compound when the fresh root is bruised or cut. Formononetin may act as estradiol antagonist (binding to the receptor but not producing an effect) rather than an agonist (binding to and activating the receptor), hence not affecting LH secretion (MAB). Studies of 13 American populations of black cohosh refute the presence of formononetin.

BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) ++
The prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended black cumin as a “cure-all” to his associates in Arabia 1400 years ago. It remains one of the most famous medicinal herbs in the Muslim world.
Activities (Black Cumin) — Abortifacient (f; BIB; DEP; KAP); Amebicide (1; MPI); Analgesic (1; HAD); Anesthetic (1; HAD); Antiamphetamine (f; MPI); Antibacterial (1; ABS; HAD; HHB; WOI); Antibilious (f; BIB; EFS); Anticancer (1; ABS); Antidote, Hg (f; SKJ); Antihistaminic (1; HAD; HHB; WOI); Antioxidant (1; HAD); Antioxytocic (1; ABS); Antiseptic (1; ABS; WOI); Antispasmodic (1; HAD; HHB; WOI); Antiviral (1; HAD); Aperitif (f; BIB; HAD); Bronchodilator (1; HAD); Candidicide (1; ABS); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Carminative (1; HHB; MAD; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Chemopreventive (1; ABS); Choleretic (1; HHB); Cholicomimetic (1; MPI); CNS-Depressant (1; MPI); Contraceptive (f; HAD); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; ABS); Digestive (f; BIB); Diaphoretic (f; BIB); Digestive (f; DEP); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS; HHB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; EFS; MAD; SUW; WOI);
Fungicide (1; ABS; MPI); Hepatoprotective (1; HAD); Hypotensive (1; ABS; MPI); Hypouricemic (1;
HHB); Immunostimulant (1; HAD); Insecticide (1; MPI); Insectifuge (1; WOI); Lactagogue (1; BIB; DEP; EFS; HAD; HHB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Laxative (f; BIB; EFS); 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; ABS); Pediculicide (f; DEP); Phagocytotic (1; HAD); Protisticide (1; MPI); Respirastimulant (1; ABS; HAD); Secretagogue (f; DEP); Stimulant (f; EFS); Stomachic (f; DEP; EFS); Taenicide (1; MPI); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (1; HHB); Uterocontractant (f; KAP); Vermifuge (f; BIB; HAD; KAP; MAD).
Indications (Black Cumin) — Achylia (f; MAD); Allergy (f; HAD); Ameba (1; MPI); Amenorrhea (f; KAP); Anorexia (1; BIB; HAD); Arthrosis (1; HAD); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (1; HAD; HHB; MAD; SKJ; WOI); Bacteria (1; ABS; HAD; HHB; WOI); Biliousness (f; KAP); Bite (f; HAD); Bronchosis (1; HAD; HHB; WOI); Bronchospasm (1; WOI); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Callus (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (1; ABS; BIB; HAD); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; ABS); Catarrh (f; DEP; HHB); Childbirth (f; SUW); Cholera (1; MPI); Cold (f; DEP); Colic (f; BIB); Constipation (f; SKJ); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (1; SKJ; WOI); Cramp (1; HAD; HHB; MAD; WOI); Dermatosis (f; HAD; SUW; WOI); Diabetes (1; HAD); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; HHB; SKJ); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEP; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Eczema (f; DEP); Emaciation (f; SKJ); Enterosis (f; BIB; MAD); Eruption (f; BIB); Escherichia (1; KAP; MPI); Fever (1; BIB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; ABS; HAD; MPI);
Gas (1; HHB; MAD; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Gout (1; HHB); Headache (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB; JLH; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; ABS; MPI); High Cholesterol (1; HAD);

HIV (1; HAD); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Immunodepression (1; HAD); Induration (f; JLH; MAD); Infection (1; ABS; HAD; MPI); Inflammation (1; HAD); Jaundice (f; BIB; HHB; MAD); Leprosy (f; SKJ); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Lice (f; DEP); Malaria (f; KAP); Mycosis (1; ABS; MPI); Myrmecia (f; BIB); Nephrosis (f; HAD); Ophthalmia (f; HAD); Orchosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; HAD); Paralysis (f; BIB); Parasite (1; HAD); PMS (1; HAD); Proctosis (f; SKJ); Prolapse (f; SKJ); Ptyriasis (f; DEP); Puerperium (1; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; HAD; HHB; MAD); Rhinosis (f; BIB); Salmonella (1; HAD); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; SKJ); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sniffles (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; MAD); Staphylococcus (1; HAD; MPI); Sting (f; HAD; SUW); Stomachache (f; BIB; MAD); Stomatosis (f; HAD); Swelling (f; BIB); Syphilis (f; SKJ); Tapeworm (1; MPI); Toothache (f; MAD); Tumor (f; BIB; HAD); Vibrio (1; MPI); Virus (1; HAD); Water Retention (f; BIB; EFS; HHB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Worm (f; BIB; HAD; KAP; MAD); Wound (f; HAD); Yeast (1; ABS; HAD).
Dosages (Black Cumin) — 0.6–1.2 g seed (HHB; MAD); 1 tsp seed in hot tea (MAD).
Extracts (Black Cumin) — Nigellone protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchospasms (WOI). LD50 alcoholic extract 540–580 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI).

BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.) +++

Synonym — Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth.
Entries are for fruits rather than seeds; seed oil is a by-product! For leaves, see next entry. Leaves not generally considered food.
Activities (Black Currant Fruit) — Analgesic (f; SKJ); Angioprotective (1; X3635653); Antialzhei- meran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Anticholera (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; PNC); Antipyretic (f; PNC); Antisecretory (1; PNC); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2; PNC); Astringent (1; APA); Depurative (f; EFS); Dia- phoretic (f; EFS; FEL); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; PNC); Hypotensive (1; PH2; PNC); Lipoperoxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Vasoprotective (1; PNC); Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2).
Indications (Black Currant Fruit) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Angina (f; HHB); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Bacteria (1; FNF; PNC); Bruise (f; PH2); Calculus (f; FEL); Cancer (1; COX; FEL; FNF); Cardiopathy (f; PNC); Chill (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cholera (1; FNF; PNC); Cold (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; HHB); Cough (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; PH2; PNC); CVI (f;
PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; HHB; PH2; PNC); Dropsy (f; FEL); Dysuria (f; HHB); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; EFS; FEL; PNC); Flu (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; HHB); Hemorrhoid (f; FEL; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; PNC); Hoarseness (f; FEL; PH2; PNC);

Infection (1; PNC); Inflammation (1; COX; PH2; PNC); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pain (f; SKJ); Quinsy (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Sore Throat (f; KAB; PH2; PNC); Stomachache (f; PHR; PH2); Stomatosis (f; PH2); Strep Throat (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; PNC); Wound (f; HHB).
Dosages (Black Currant Fruit) — 600–6000 mg/day; 4 (250 mg) capsules 2 /day; 1–2 tsp chopped leaf, up to several /day (APA); 5–10 ml fruit syrup, 1–several /day (PHR; PH2); 1 glassful fruit juice/day; gargle with 1 part juice/1 part water (PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Currant Fruit) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered by Commission E (KOM). None known (PHR). Not covered (CAN).
Extracts (Black Currant Fruit) — As a major source of the major COX-2 Inhibitor ([+]-catechin), this might be viewed by enthusiasts as another herbal miracle aspirin (COX). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092).

BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.) +
Synonym — Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth.
Activities (Black Currant Leaf) — Analgesic (f; KAB); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antiprostaglandin (1; PH2); Astringent (f; APA); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (1; EFS; PH2); Fungicide (1; APA); Hypotensive (1; PH2; PNC); Saluretic (1; PH2).
Indications (Black Currant Leaf) — Arthrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Bite (f; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Convulsion (f; PHR; PH2); Cough (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; EFS); Fungus (1; APA); Gout (f; KAB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2; PNC); Hoarseness (f; PNC); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (1; APA; KAB; PH2; PNC); Jaundice (f; PH2); Migraine (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Stomatosis (f; PHR); Stone (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Black Currant Leaf) — 1–2 tsp (2-4 g) leaf/150 ml boiling water, strain after 10 minutes, 3–4 /day (APA; PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Currant Leaf) — Not covered (CAN). Leaves not covered (AHP). Not covered by Commission E (KOM). Leaves contraindicated in edema stemming from reduced cardiac or renal activity (PHR; PH2). “A salidiuretic effect is attributed to the drug through a ‘diuretic’ factor that is not clearly defined” (HOC). That’s the only place I have seen it called salidiuretic, but I prefer Tyler’s frequent term, saluretic.

BLACK CURRANT SEED OIL (Ribes nigrum L.) +++
Synonym — Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth.
Activities (Black Currant Seed Oil) — Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antis- pasmodic (1; PH2; PNC); Lipoperoxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor (1; PH2).
Indications (Black Currant Seed Oil) — Alcoholism (1; FNF); Arthrosis (1; APA); Cardiopathy (1; APA); Cramp (1; PH2; PNC); Eczema (1; FNF); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF); PMS (1; APA; FNF); Stroke (1; FNF); Syndrome-X (1; SYN).

Dosages (Black Currant Seed Oil) — 200–400 mg capsules StX for 14–19% GLA (APA); for atopic eczema, 4 (250 mg) capsules 2 /day (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Currant Seed Oil) — Fruit Class 1; seed not covered (AHP). Not covered by Commission E (KOM).

BLACK DOT, SCURFY PEA (Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.) ++

Synonym — Psoralea corylifolia L.
Old, old synonym, Trifolium uniflorum Forsk (DEP). Some of the MAD data below apply to closely related Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C. H. Stirt.
Activities (Black Dot) — Alterative (f; KAB); Amebicide (1; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; JNP7:671); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF); Antiarachidonate (1; JNP7:671); Antiatherosclerotic (1; FNF); Antibac- terial (1; DAA); Antifertility (1; FNF); Anticancer (1; ABS; FNF); Anticonvulsant (1; MPI); Antiedemic (1; KAP); Antiestrogenic (1; MPI); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (f; FNF); Antipyretic (1; MPI); Aphrodisiac (f; DAA; DEP; HHB); CNS-Depressant (1; MPI); Deob- struent (f; SKJ); Diaphoretic (f; KAP; WOI); Diuretic (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Estrogenic (1; MPI); Hepatotoxic (1; MPI); Hypertensive (1; MPI); Laxative (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Myorelaxant (1; KAP); Nematicide (1; MPI); Piscicide (1; WOI); Progesteronic (f; MPI); Sedative (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; DAA; DEP); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; DAA); Tranquilizer (1; MPI); Uterotonic (1; WOI); Vermifuge (1; DAA; HHB; KAB); Vulnerary (f; KAB).
Indications (Black Dot) — Alcoholism (1; FNF); Ameba (1; DAA); Anxiety (1; MPI); Arthrosis (f; DAA); Asthma (f; KAB); Atherosclerosis (1; FNF); Backache (f; LMP); Bacteria (1; DAA; MAD); Biliousness (f; KAB; KAP); Bite (f; SKJ); BPH (1; FNF); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Callus (f; DAA); Cancer (1; ABS; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; FNF; KAB); Caries (1; KAB);

Cholera (1; MPI); Constipation (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Convulsion (1; MPI); Cramp (f; FNF); Dermatosis (1; HHB; KAB); Diabetic Retinopathy (1; FNF); Diarrhea (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; HHB); Elephantiasis (f; KAB); Enuresis (f; DAA); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Escherichia (1; MPI); Fever (1; DAA; KAP; MPI; WOI); Fracture (1; PM62:206); Fungus (1; FNF; KAP); Gastrosis (f; SKJ); Gynecopathy (f; KAB); Headache (1; FNF); High Blood Pressure (1; FNF); Hysteria (1; FNF; MAD); Impotence (f; DAA); Inflammation (1; FNF; MPI); Insomnia (1; MPI); Leprosy (1; DAA; DEP; KAP); Leukemia (1; FNF); Leukoderma (1; DAA; DEP; KAP; LMP); Low Blood Pressure (1; MPI); Lumbago (f; DAA); Lymphoma (1; FNF); Melanoma (1; FNF); Mycosis (1; FNF; KAP); Nephrosis (f; LMP); Nervousness (1; MPI); Ophthalmia (1; FNF); Osteomalacia (1; PM62:206); Osteoporosis (1; PM62:206); Osteosis (f; LMP); Polyuria (f; DAA); Prostatosis (1; FNF); Psoriasis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; KAB); Salmonella (1; MPI); Scabies (f; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; KAB); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Splenosis (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (1; HHB; KAP); Sting (f; SKJ); Streptococcus (1; HHB; LMP); Stress (1; MPI); Stomachache (f; KAB); Swelling (1; KAP); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; FNF); Vitiligo (f; DAA); Water Retention (1; DEP; FNF; KAB; KAP); Worm (1; DAA; HHB; KAB).
Dosages (Black Dot) — 1–3 g powdered seed (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Dot) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Psoralen can be phototoxic. Applications for leukoderma may sometimes cause dermatosis. PUVA (Psoralen + UltraViolet A) treatment for psoriasis increases the incidence of skin cancers. The high levels of genistein and daidzein should possibly be contraindicated in patients with ER2-(+)-breast cancer.

BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium L.) +
Activities (Black Haw) — Antiabortive (f; FEL); Anticonvulsive (f; DEM); Antidiarrheic (1; APA; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; DEM; EFS; FAD; FEL; LAF; PH2); Astringent (1; APA; FEL); Dia- phoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; FEL; LAF); Emetic (f; FEL); Nervine (f; APA; EFS; FAD; FEL); Sedative (1; APA; EFS; FAD); Tonic (f; FEL; LAF); Uterorelaxant (1; APA; FAD; LAF); Uterotonic (f; EFS; FAD; FEL).
Indications (Black Haw) — Abortion (f; FEL; HH3); Ague (f; DEM); Alcoholism (f; FEL); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Asthma (f; APA; EFS; FAD); Bleeding (f; FEL); Cardiopathy (f; FEL); Chorea (f; FEL); Colic (f; FEL); Congestion (f; FEL); Convulsion (f; DEM); Cramp (1; APA; DEM; EFS; FAD; FEL; LAF; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; FEL; LAF; PNC); Dysentery (f; FEL);
Dysmenorrhea (1; APA; FAD; HH3; LAF; PH2); Fever (1; APA; DEM); Enterosis (1; APA); Epilepsy (f; FEL); Glossosis (f; DEM); Gynecopathy (f; DEM); Headache (1; APA); Hiccup (f; FEL); Hysteria (f; FEL); Inflammation (f; FEL); Insomnia (1; APA; EFS; FAD); Intermittent Claudication (f; FEL; JAD); Jaundice (f; FEL); Lethargy (f; LAF); Menorrhagia (f; FEL); Miscar- riage (f; APA; FAD; LAF); Nervousness (1; APA; EFS; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; FEL); Pain (1; APA); Palpitation (f; FEL); Paralysis (f; FEL); Parturition (f; DEM; FAD); Singultus (f; FEL); Smallpox (f; DEM); Uterosis (f; FEL); Uterrhagia (f; APA); Water Retention (f; FEL; LAF).
Dosages (Black Haw) — 2 tsp dry bark/cup water (APA); 2–5 g powdered bark (HH3); 1–2 g powdered bark (PNC); 2–8 ml bark elixir (PNC); 4–8 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); up to 2 tsp tincture 3 /day (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Haw) — Class 2d. Patients with kidney stone should use only with caution because of oxalates (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). HH3 notes a CNS-Depressant result of overdose. In animals it takes some 5–7 g scu to cause cardiac arrest (HH3). Salicin has many of the same activities as salicylates. According to WOI, salicin may impart the marked sedative action to the bark, reportedly polymerizing to form an alcohol soluble sedative that is even more relaxant (WOI). Scopoletin, with uterosedative activity, probably works by blocking

the autonomic transmission. Pregnant slaves were once ordered to take the black haw to prevent their attempts at abortion with cotton roots (FEL).

BLACK HOREHOUND (Ballota nigra L.) ++
Activities (Black Horehound) — Antiaging (1; PR14:93); Antiemetic (f; PH2; PNC); Antioxidant (1; PR14:93); Antispasmodic (f; HHB; PH2; PNC); Antitussive (1; FNF; PNC); Astringent (f; EFS; FNF; PNC); Bitter (1; PH2); Bradycardic (1; PH2); Choleretic (1; FNF; HHB; PH2; PNC); Depurative (f; EFS); Detersive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (1; FNF; PNC); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Sedative (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Stimulant (f; PH2; PNC); Stomachic (f; EFS); Uterotonic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; EFS).
Indications (Black Horehound) — Arrhythmia (1; FNF; PNC); Asthma (1; PNC); Bronchosis (1; PNC); Cough (1; FNF; PH2; PNC); Cramp (f; HHB; PH2; PNC); Dyspepsia (nervous); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; HHB; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Hypochondria (f; HHB; PH2); Hysteria (f; HHB; PH2); Insomnia (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Nausea (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Neurosis (f; PH2); Pertussis (f; PH2); Vomiting (f; PH2; PNC); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; EFS; PH2).
Dosages (Black Horehound) — 2–4 g herb, or in tea, 3 /day (CAN); 1–3 ml liquid herbal extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–2 ml herbal tincture (1:10 in 45% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Horehound) — Class 1 (AHP). Because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Excessive use should be avoided in view of the limited toxicity data (CAN).

BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) +

Synonyms — R. pseudoacacia f. erecta Rehder, R. pseudoacacia f. inermis (Mirb.) Rehder, R. pseudoacacia f. rehderi C. K. Schneid., R. pseudoacacia var. microphylla Lodd. ex Loudon, R. pseudoacacia var. pyramidalis Pépin, R. pseudoacacia var. rozynskiana Späth, R. pseudoacacia var. semperflorens Carrière.

Activities (Black Locust) — Amebicide (1; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; MAD); Antiviral (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; EFS); Cholagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Digestive (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Emollient (f; CRC; EFS); Laxative (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; MAD); Poison (f; CRC); Protisticide (f; CRC); Sedative (f; EFS; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; DEM).
Indications (Black Locust) — Ameba (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; MAD); Constipation (f; CRC); Cough (f; MAD); Cramp (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Fever (f; MAD); Flu (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Hyperacidity (f; CRC; MAD); Insomnia (f; EFS; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Nervousness (f; EFS; CRC); Neuralgia (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; MAD); Spasm (f; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC; DEM); Ulcer (f; CRC); Virus (f; CRC); Water Retention (1; CRC).

BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra L.) +++

I suspect that most birds and few foresters, herbalists, publishing phytochemists, phytotherapists, and even plant taxonomists don’t know which species (red, white, or black mulberry, respectively,
M. rubra, M. alba, or M. nigra) they last ingested for edible or medicinal reasons. Further, I doubt that most chemical and overseas clinical trials have been vouchered. Still, I keep the species separate in my Herbal Desk Reference, knowing that I have white and black fruited trees volunteering, almost weeds, here in the Green Farmacy Garden. I would, myself, use them generically for food and medicine, though as a botanist, I cannot prescribe such. See other species for other indications. I’ll bet that in 10 years, someone bolder than I will treat them all generically as mulberry, Morus spp.
Activities (Black Mulberry) — Antidote, aconite (f; MAD); Antipyretic (f; BIB; PNC); Astringent (f; EFS); Depurative (f; BIB); Diuretic (1; PNC; WOI); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; MAD; PNC); Hypoglycemic (1; WOI); Hypotensive (1; PNC; WOI); Lactagogue (f; DEP); Laxative (f; BIB; DEM; MAD; PH2; PNC); Nervine (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; BIB; EFS; FEL).
Indications (Black Mulberry) — Bile Problem (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; PHR); Burn (f; MAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PHR); Constipation (f; FEL; MAD; PH2; PNC); Cough (f; BIB); Depression (f; DEP); Diabetes (1; MAD; WOI); Diarrhea (f; EFS; MAD); Dysentery (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; DEP); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; BIB; FEL; PNC);

Gastrosis (f; DEM; JLH); Enterosis (f; DEM; JLH); Hepatosis (f; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; PNC; WOI); Hyperglycemia (1; WOI); Hysteria (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; PH2); Insomnia (f; EFS); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); Mucososis (f; PH2); Quinsy (f; FEL); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; MAD); Sore Throat (f; BIB; DEP; FEL; JLH; MAD); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; MAD); Swelling (f; BIB); Thirst (f; BIB); Tonsilosis (f; MAD); Toothache (f; BIB; MAD); Tumor (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; EFS; PNC; WOI); Worm (f; BIB; EFS; FEL; MAD).
Dosages (Black Mulberry) — 1.7–3.5 g fruit syrup (MAD); 2–4 ml fruit syrup (PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Mulberry) — Not covered (AHP). Morus alba Class 1. Not covered (KOM). None known (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch) ++

Synonym — Brassica nigra var. abyssinica A. Braun, Sinapis nigra L.
Many writers do not distinguish between black, brown (Indian), and white mustard (B. nigra, B. juncea, and Sinapis alba, respectively), but the spice and medicine trade seems to favor the white. And the canola and rapeseed varieties have been hopelessly manipulated, even in the GMO field. Few if any taxonomists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varieties and species, and probably fewer chemists, herbalists, pharmacists, and physicians can be sure of the variety or species. My entries can be no more reliable than their sources. Seems as though the group might better be treated generically than specifically or varietally.
Activities (Black Mustard) — Abortifacient (f; CEB; DAW); Analgesic (f; DAW); Antidote, narcotics (f; CEB; FEL); Antifertility (f; WOI); Aperitif (f; DAW); Carminative (f; DAW); Diuretic (f; DAW; FEL; HHB); Emetic (f; DAW); Gastrotonic (f; CEB); Laxative (f; DAW); Pancreatonic

(f; CEB); Rubefacient (f; DAW); Stimulant (f; DAW; WOI); Stomachic (f; DAW; HHB; WOI); Vesicant (f; DAW).
Indications (Black Mustard) — Abscess (f; DAW); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; DEM); Alopecia (f; DAW); Ameba (f; DAW); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Angina (f; FEL; HHB); Anorexia (f; DAW; DEM); Apoplexy (f; FEL); Asthma (f; DEM); Bite (f; CEB); Bloat (f; DAW); Boil (f; DAW); Bronchosis (f; HHB; PH2); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, sinew (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, wrist (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; HHB; PH2); Cholera (f; FEL); Circulosis (f; PH2); Cold (f; DAW; DEM); Congestion (f; DAW; FEL); Constipation (f; DAW; FEL); Cough (f; DAW); Cramp (f; DAW); CVI (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; DAW); Dysentery (f; DAW); Dysmenorrhea (f; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; CEB; FEL); Ectoparasite (f; DAW); Edema (f; DAW); Enterosis (f; FEL; PH2); Epilepsy (f; DAW); Fever (f; DAW; DEM; FEL; HHB); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fibroma (f; JLH); Gas (f; DAW); Gastrosis (f; FEL; PH2); Glaucoma (f; PH2); Headache (f; DAW; FEL; PH2); Head Cold (f; DEM); Heartburn (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; DAW); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; DAW; FEL); Itch (f; DAW); Lumbago (f; PH2); Lymphoma (f; JLH); Meningosis (f; FEL); Nervousness (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; DAW; WOI); Ophthalmia (f; DAW); Otosis (f; DAW); Pain (f; DAW; DEM; FEL; HHB); Pharyngosis (f; DAW); Phthisis (f; DEM); Pleurisy (f; DAW; FEL; PH2; WOI); Polyp (f; JLH); Pneumonia (f; DAW; PH2; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; FEL); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DAW; PH2; WOI); Rhinosis (f; DAW); Sciatica (f; PH2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sinusosis (f; PH2); Snakebite (f; DAW); Splenosis (f; DAW); Spine (f; FEL); Stomachache (f; DAW); Sore Throat (f; DAW); Toothache (f; CEB; DAW; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Typhus (f; FEL); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; DAW; FEL; HHB); Worm (f; DAW).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Mustard) — Class 1 (internal; ingestion of too much can be irritating); Class 2b (external; duration not to exceed 2 weeks; not for children under 6 years. Severe burns may occur with long-term topical use) (AHP). Con- traindications: children younger than 6 years; renal disease (mustard oil is absorbed through the skin). Even external poultice should be limited to 5–10 minutes pediatrically, 10–15 minutes for adults, less for sensitive patients (KOM). 15–30 minutes plaster can cause severe burns (AHP). Millspaugh has said, “unground seeds … proved dangerous, as they are liable to become impacted in the bowel and set up a fatal inflammation” (CEB). Adverse effects: skin and nervous damage (prolonged use). Should not be used for more than 2 weeks (AEH). Avoid taking with ammonia- containing products because ammonia with mustard oil yields inactive thiosinamine (PH2). Contraindicated in GI ulcers and nephrosis (PHR). Overdoses internally cause GI distress (PHR). Hyperthyroidism with goiter traced to the use of the isothiocyanates in mustard (APA). Delaneyite nitpickologists will doubtless clamber to put the same goitrogenic warning on all members of the mustard family as well as papaya, caper, and nasturtium.

BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum L.) +
Activities (Black Nightshade) — Alterative (f; DEP); Analgesic (f; JFM; PHR; PH2); Anesthetic (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antispasmodic (f; PHR; PH2); Antiulcer (1; PH2); Aperitif (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; WBB); Collyrium (f; DEM); Depurative (f; KAB); Diaphoretic (f; WBB); Diuretic (f; CRC; DEP); Emetic (f; DEM; JFM); Emmenagogue (f; JFM); Emollient (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Laxative (f; CRC; DEP); Narcotic (f; PHR; PH2); Poison (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Sedative (1; JFM; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; CRC; DEP); Tranquilizer (f; JFM).

Indications (Black Nightshade) — Abscess (f; JFM; PHR; PH2); Adenopathy (f; JLH; ZUL); Anasarca (f; DEP); Anorexia (f; CRC); Anthrax (f; KAB; WBB); Aposteme (f; JLH); Asthma (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); Bite (f; CRC; KAB); Boil (f; DEM; JFM); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Bruise (f; PH2); Burn (f; PHR); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, anus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, parotid (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, rectum (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; DEP); Cerebrosis (f; PH2); Chafing (f; HH2); Chancre (f; KAB); Child- birth (f; CRC; KAB); Colic (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC); Con- vulsion (f; CRC; KAB; WBB); Cough (f; CRC; PH2); Cramp (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Cystosis (f; DEP; WBB); Dermatosis (f; CRC; JFM; PH2; ZUL); Dropsy (f; DEP); Dysentery (f; CRC; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; PH2); Dysuria (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); Eczema (f; JFM; PH2); Enterosis (f; JLH; WBB); Erysipelas (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); Fatigue (f; JFM); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; CRC; JFM; WBB); Fit (f; CRC); Flu (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (f; ZUL); Glossosis (f; DEP; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; DEP; ZUL); Headache (f; CRC; JFM; KAB); Heart (f; CRC; ZUL); Hemoptysis (f; CRC; KAB; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; PHR; PH2; WBB); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JLH; PH2; ZUL); Hiccup (f; CRC; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Hydrophobia (f; CRC; DEP); Infertility (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; PHR); Insomnia (1; DEM; JFM; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; CRC; WBB); Jaundice (f; DEP); Leprosy (f; PH2); Leukoderma (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; JFM); Lumbago (f; KAB; WBB); Malaria (f; KAB; WBB); Mastosis (f; JLH); Meningosis (f; JFM; PH2); Nausea (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; DEP); Nervousness (1; JFM; PHR; PH2); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; JFM); Odontosis (f; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DEM; PH2); Otosis (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); Pain (1; FNF; JFM; PHR; PH2; ZUL); Parotosis
(f; JLH); Pertussis (f; PH2); Proctosis (f; CRC; JLH); Psoriasis (f; CRC; DEP; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Rhinosis (f; CRC; KAB); Ringworm (f; JFM; WBB); Scabies (f; ZUL); Scarlet Fever (f; DEM; JFM); Scirrhus (f; CRC; JLH); Shingle (f; JFM; KAB); Sore (f; DEM; JFM; PHR); Sore Throat (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; DEP); Stomachache (f; HH2; JFM); Stomatosis (f; DEP; JFM); Swelling (f; JFM; PH2); Thirst (f; CRC); Throat (f; CRC); Toothache (f; DEM; JFM); Tuberculosis (f; KAB; ZUL); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhus (f; JFM); Ulcer (1; JFM; PH2; ZUL); Urethrosis (f; WBB); Vaginosis (f; JFM; WBB); VD (f; CRC; DEM); Vertigo (f; JFM); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC; DEP); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; JFM; ZUL).
Dosages (Black Nightshade) — Boil a handful in 1 liter water for 10 min (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Nightshade) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses can cause enterosis, gastrosis, headache, irritability, queasiness, and vomiting (PH2).

BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.) +++

Activities (Black Pepper) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analeptic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; JBU); Antibacterial (1; CRC; JBU; MPI); Anticonvulsant (1; SPI); Antidote, fish (f; CRC); Antidote, mushroom (f; CRC); Antidote, shellfish (f; CRC); Antiglucuronidase (1; SPI); Antileishmanic (1; PHR); Antioxidant (1; SPI); Antipyretic (1; CRC; DAD); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Aperitif (1; EFS; FNF); Carminative (1; CRC; DAD; EFS); Catecholaminic (1; SPI); Diaphoretic (f; HHB; SKJ); Digestive (1; SPI); Diuretic (f; SKJ); Emmenagogue (f; DEP); Epineph- rinogenic (1; SPI); Expectorant (1; RIN); Fungicide (1; CRC; MPI; WOI); Gastrogogue (1; PH2); Hepatotonic (1; PH2); HMG-CoA-Reductase Inhibitor (1; SPI); Hypertensive (1; SPI); Hypocholes- terolemic (1; SPI); Hypotensive (1; CRC); Insecticide (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Larvicide (1; MPI); Mutagenic (1; CRC); Peristaltic (1; SPI); Positive Chronotropic (1; SPI); Respiradepressant (1; CRC); Rubefacient (1; DAD; DEP); Scabicide (1; PHR); Secretagogue (1; PHR; SPI); Sialagogue (1; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (1; DAD; PNC); Stomachic (f; EFS; SKJ); Taenicide (1; MPI); Tonic (f; DEP).
Indications (Black Pepper) — Adenosis (f; CRC; DAA); Allergy (1; RIN); Alopecia (f; DEP); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Anorexia (1; EFS; FNF); Arthrosis (1; CRC; DAD; DEP; PH2); Asthma (f; PH2; SKJ); Athlete’s Foot (1; HG50); Atony (f; FEL); Bacteria (1; CRC; JBU; MPI); Bite (f; DEP; SKJ); Boil (f; DEP); Bronchosis (1; PHR); Calculus (1; CRC; DAD); Cancer (1; CRC; DAA); Cancer, abdomen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, face (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; HG50); Catarrh (f; PH2); Cholera (1; CRC; DAD; FEL; SKJ); Cold (1; CRC); Colic (f; CRC; DEP); Coma (f; DEP);
Condyloma (f; JLH); Constipation (1; CRC; DAD; FEL); Congestion (f; RIN); Convulsion (1; SKJ; SPI); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (1; CRC; PH2; SKJ); Debility (f; DEP); Dermatosis (1; DEP; HG50; PH2; SKJ); Diarrhea (f; CRC; DEP; PH2; SPI); Dog Bite (f; SKJ); Dry Mouth (1; PHR); Dysentery (f; CRC; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; FEL); Dyspepsia (1; DAD; DEP; EFS; FEL; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; CRC); Epididymosis (1; SPI); Escherichia (1; CRC); Favus (1; HG50); Fever (1; CRC; DAD; HHB; PH2; SKJ); Frostbite (1; SPI); Fungus (1; CRC; MPI; WOI); Furunculosis (f; CRC); Galactorrhea (f; PH2); Gas (1; CRC; DAD; EFS; FEL; PH2); Gastrosis (f; FEL; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (f; JLH);

Gonorrhea (f; DEP); Gravel (f; CRC); Headache (1; CRC; PHR); Head Cold (1; RIN); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; HHB; PH2; SKJ); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; CRC); High Cholesterol (1; LIN; SPI); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC; JBU; MPI; WOI); Itch (f; DEP); Leishmaniasis (1; PHR); Lethargy (1; DAD); Low Blood Pressure (1; SPI); Malaria (f; CRC; DEP); Mucososis (f; PH2; RIN); Mycosis (1; CRC; HG50; MPI; WOI); Nausea (f; CRC); Neuralgia (1; HHB; PHR; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; JLH); Pain (1; JBU); Paralysis (f; CRC; DEP); Paraplegia (1; CRC; DAD; DEP; WOI); Parturition (f; CRC); Phymata (f; JLH); Prolapse (f; DEP); Respirosis (f; SPI); Rhinosis (f; SKJ); Ringworm (1; HG50); Scabies (1; PHR; PH2); Scarlatina (1; CRC; DAD); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; DEP; SKJ); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Stom- achache (f; DAA); Swelling (f; JLH); Tapeworm (1; MPI); Tinea (1; HG50); Toothache (1; DEP; FNF); Tumor (1; CRC); Ulcer (f; JLH); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Urolithiasis (1; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; PNC; SKJ); Wen (f; JLH); Yeast (1; HG50).
Dosages (Black Pepper) — Single doses 300–600 mg; daily dosage 1500 mg (HHB; PHR); 5–15 whole peppercorns for hemorrhoids (HHB); 1–15 grains (MAD); spice chicken soup with black pepper for congestion, cough, or head cold (RIN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Pepper) — Class 1 (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Black Pepper) — In human volunteers, 20 mg piperine increases bioavailability of curcumin 20-fold (MAB). Piperine inhibits calcium transport into the mitochondria, facilitates mitochondrial release of calcium, and stimulates ATPase activity (SPI). Piperine is more potent than D-galactosamine in inhibiting glucuronidation. (ED50 with 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene = 50
M) (SPI). Piperine both depletes uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid and reduced the rate of glucuronidation. This could lead to drug potentiation. Piperine is more toxic to houseflies than pyrethrin. A mix of 0.05% piperine and 0.01 pyrethrins is more toxic than 0.1% pyrethrin (WOI). According to Rinzler, chavicine, piperidine, and piperine are all diaphoretic (but none of them were in my database at home as such) (RIN). Ayurvedics often prescribe black pepper in a synergistic triad called trikatu, with ginger and long pepper (DEP). In addition to 0.54% mixed tocopherols in the oleoresin (including 0.1% alpha-tocopherol), pepper contains five phenolic amides that are superior as antioxidants to alpha tocopherol in vitro (SPI). Although pepper contains the carcinogen safrole, it is at very low levels compared to sassafras. EO reportedly inhibits Alternaria oryzae, A. tenuis, Aspergillus oryzae, Beauveria sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusarium solani, Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum gypseum, Nocardia brasiliensis, Penicillium javanicum, P. striatum, Staphylococcus “albus,” Trichoderma viride, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Vibrio cholera. Alcoholic, aqueous, and ether extracts have taenicidal activity at 1:100 concentrations. Aqueous leaf extract raised blood pressure in dogs modestly (not stated whether oral or injected).

BLACK PHYSICNUT (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) X
Activities (Black Physicnut) — Allergenic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CRC); Antidote, hippomane (f; CRC); Antiplasmodial (1; MPG); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Antispasmodic (1; MPG); Antiviral (1; MPG); Cicatrizant (f; DAV); CNS-Depressant (1; MPG); Depurative (f; CRC); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emetic (1; CRC); Hypoglycemic (1; MPG); Laxative (1; CRC); Molluscicide (f; MPG); Piscicide (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (1; ZUL); Uterotonic (f; MPG); Vermifuge (f; MPG); Vulnerary (f; MPG).
Indications (Black Physicnut) — Anorexia (f; MPG); Arthrosis (f; MPG); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; CRC); Bleeding (f; IED); Burn (f; CRC; DAV); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lung (1; MPG); Carbuncle (f; CRC); Carcinoma (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; MPG); Cholecystosis (f; MPG); Cold (f; CRC); Constipation (1; CRC; IED); Convulsion (1; MPG); Cramp (1; MPG); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC; IED; MPG); Diarrhea (f; CRC; IED); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; IED); Eczema (f; CRC); Erysipelas (f; DAV); Escherichia (1; CRC); Flu (f; DAV); Gall (f; CRC); Glossosis (f;

CRC); Headache (f; DAV); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Hyperglycemia (1; MPG); Infection (1; CRC; IED); Insomnia (1; ZUL); Leprosy (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; CRC; MPG); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Malaria (1; CRC; MPG); Mastosis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; MPG); Nervousness (1; ZUL); Prickly Heat (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; MPG); Sarcoma (1; MPG); Sore (f; CRC; IED); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Spasm (1; MPG); Stomachache (f; CRC; DAV); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Swelling (f; DAV); Tumor (1; DAV); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urogenitosis (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Virus (1; MPG); Worm (f; MPG); Wound (f; CRC; DAV).

BLACKROOT (Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.) +
Synonym — Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt., Veronica virginica L.
Activities (Blackroot) — Antiseptic (f; DEM; EFS); Carminative (1; PH2); Choleretic (f; HHB); Cholagogue (1; EFS; PH2); Depurative (f; DEM; EFS); Diaphoretic (1; EFS; FAD; PH2); Emetic (f; EFS; HHB; MAD; PH2); Hepatotonic (f; FAD); Laxative (1; EFS; HHB; MAD; PH2); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (f; DEM).
Indications (Blackroot) — Ague (f; DEM); Atrophy (f; HHB); Backache (f; DEM); Biliousness (f; DEM); Cancer (f; MAD); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; DEM); Cholangosis (f; HHB); Cholera (f; MAD); Cholecystosis (f; HHB; MAD; PH2); Colic (f; DEM); Constipation (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Convulsion (f; DEM); Debility (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; DEM; MAD; PH2); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Fever (1; EFS; FAD; HHB; PH2); Flu (f; MAD); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gas (1; MAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Gravel (f; HHB; MAD); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; HHB; MAD; PH2); Infection (f; DEM); Inflammation (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; HHB; MAD); Malaria (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Scrofula (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Stone (f; HHB); Typhus (f; DEM; MAD).
Dosages (Blackroot) — Homeopathic (D3 or higher) (HHB); Homeopathic (PH2); 0.2–0.3 g extract (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blackroot) — Class 1 for the dry root; Class 2b for fresh root, violently cathartic (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates only homeopathic dosage! JAD). Traditionally, dried root is used, not fresh root. Potentially toxic (JAD). Overdoses may cause catharsis and emesis (PH2).

BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra L.) +
Activities (Black Walnut) — Alterative (f; NUT); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; FAD); Antitumor (1; APA; HAD); Antiviral (1; APA); Astringent (1; APA; PED); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; NUT); Emetic (f; FAD); Fungicide (1; FAD); Hemostat (1; FAD); Herbicide (1; HAD); Insecticide (1; FAD); Laxative (f; DEM; FAD; WAM); Parasiticide (1; WAM); Vermifuge (f; FAD); Vulnerary (f; FAD).
Indications (Black Walnut) — Ague (f; NUT); Alopecia (f; NUT); Bedbug (1; FAD); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (1; FAD; NUT); Bruise (f; PED); Chill (f; DEM); Colic (f; FAD); Constipation (f; FAD; WAM); Dermatosis (f; NUT); Diarrhea (1; APA); Dysentery (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; NUT); Fungus (1; FAD); Gangrene (f; NUT); Goiter (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (1; APA; PED); Herpes (f; NUT); High Blood Pressure (f; DEM); HIV (f; APA); Hypothyroidism (1; PED); Infection (1; FAD); Inflammation (f; DEM; FAD); Itch (f; DEM); Leprosy (f; NUT); Mycosis (1; APA; FAD); Parasite (1; WAM); Pharyngosis (1; APA); Quincy (f; NUT); Ringworm (1; APA; DEM; FAD); Scrofula (f; NUT); Smallpox (f; DEM); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore (1; DEM; FAD; FNF); Sore Throat (1; APA); Stomatosis (1; APA); Toothache (f; DEM; FAD); Tumor (1; APA; HAD); Virus (1; APA; NUT); Worm (1; DEM; FAD; PED); Wound (1; PED).

Dosages (Black Walnut) — 10–20 drops fluid extract/day (APA); 495 mg hull capsules 3 /day (APA); 2–3 tsp fresh fruit rind (PED); 1–1.5 g dry fruit rind (PED); 1 g dry fruit, 5 ml alcohol/5 ml water (PED).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Black Walnut) — Class 2d. Juglone is mutagenic. External carcinogenic effects noted after chronic use of Juglans regia, which contains juglone (AHP). Should not be used for more than a few weeks at a time (WAM). Antiseptic; contains tannins and iodine. No side effects reported (TMA, 1996). Our second- best source of dietary serotonin, quickly broken down in the gut (where there are serotonin receptors). The combination of tannin, with all its pesticidal activities and juglone, may be pretty potent.

BLADDER DOCK (Rumex vesicarius L.) ++
Synonym — Acetosa vesicaria (L.) Á. Löve.
Activities (Bladder Dock) — Analgesic (f; KAB); Anipyretic (f; KAB); Aperient (f; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; KAB); Laxative (f; KAB); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB).
Indications (Bladder Dock) — Addiction (f; KAB); Alcoholism (f; KAB); Anorexia (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Bite (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (f; KAB); Cardiopathy (f; KAB); Constipation (f; KAB); Dysentery (f; KAB); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Fever (f; KAB); Gas (f; KAB); Gastrosis (f; DEP; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hiccup (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Nausea (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB); Scabies (f; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Splenosis (f; KAB); Sting (f; GHA); Toothache (f; KAB); Vomiting (f; KAB).
Dosages (Bladder Dock) — Leaves food farmacy (JAD), available almost year round in India, for example.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bladder Dock) — High oxalate content dangerous to cattle and susceptible humans.

BLADDERWORT (Utricularia vulgaris L.) ++
Activities (Bladderwort) — Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); Diuretic (1; PH2).
Indications (Bladderwort) — Burn (f; PH2); Cramp (1; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; PH2).
Dosages (Bladderwort) — Internally 2 g herb/100 ml water; externally 6 g (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bladderwort) — Not covered (AHP). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

BLESSED THISTLE (Cnicus benedictus L.) ++
Activities (Blessed Thistle) — Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (f; APA); Antibacterial (1; APA; CAN; PED); Antidiarrheic (1; CAN); Antiedemic (1; CAN; PH2); Antihemorrhagic (f; PNC); Antigonadotropic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN; SKY); Antileukemic (1; CAN); Antipyretic (f; CAN); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WBB); Antitumor (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Aperitif (1; APA; PH2; VVG); Astringent (1; CAN); Bitter (1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC); Carminative (1; BGB); Cholagogue (1; BGB; PH2; PHR; VVG); Choleretic (1; APA); Contraceptive (f; WBB); Cytotoxic (1; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; APA; FAD; PED; WBB); Diuretic (f; EFS;

FAD; PH2); Emetic (f; PED; WBB); Emmenagogue (f; APA; EFS; PED); Expectorant (f; PNC); Fibrinolytic (1; APA); Gastrogogue (2; APA; KOM; PH2; VVG); Hemostat (1; APA; WBB); Lactagogue (f; APA; FAD; PED); Sialagogue (2; APA; KOM; PH2; SKY); Stimulant (f; PED); Stomachic (1; CAN; PNC; VVG); Swelling (1; PH2); Tonic (f; VVG; WBB); Uterosedative (f; WBB); Vermifuge (f; EFS; HHB; WBB).
Indications (Blessed Thistle) — Amenorrhea (f; APA); Anemia (f; HHB); Anorexia (2; APA; KOM; PH2; SKY; VVG); Arthrosis (1; APA; VVG); Asthma (f; HHB); Atony (f; HHB); Bacteria (1; APA; CAN; PED); Bleeding (1; APA; HHB; PNC; WBB); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Bursitis (1; APA); Cancer (1; APA; CAN; WBB); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Catarrh (1; PNC); Chilblain (f; HHB); Cold (f; PH2); Colic (1; CAN); Cholecystosis (1; APA; HHB); Diabetes (f; VVG); Diarrhea (1; BGB); Dyslactea (f; APA; FAD; PED); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; PED); Dyspepsia (2; APA; KOM, PH2; SKY); Edema (1; CAN); Enterosis (1; BGB; CAN; HHB; WBB); Escherichia (1; HHB); Fever (f; APA; CAN; FAD; PED; PH2; WBB); Gangrene (f; CAN); Gas (2; BGB); Gastrosis (f; BGB; HHB); Gout (f; HHB); Heartburn (f; SKY); Hemorrhoid (F; HHB); Hepatosis (1; APA; HHB); Hypochondria (f; HHB); Hysteria (f; HHB); Infection (1; APA; PNC); Inflammation (1; APA; CAN; SKY); Leukemia (1; CAN); Neurasthenia (f; HHB); Pain (f; APA; CAN); Plague (f; APA); Rheumatism (1; APA); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; EFS); Sore (1; CAN; PH2; VVG); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HHB); Swelling (1; CAN; PH2); Tuberculosis (1; HHB); Tumor (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; FAD; PH2); Worm (f; EFS; HHB; WBB); Wound (1; APA; PH2; PNC; VVG).
Dosages (Blessed Thistle) — 4000–6000 mg/day; 1.5–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, before meals; 1.5–3.0 g dried flowering shoots, or in tea, 3 /day (CAN); 10–20 drops extract in water; 1.5–3 ml liquid herbal extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 4–6 g herb/day (KOM; PH2); 1.5 g herb/cup water (HHB); 2–4 tbsp fresh herb (PED); 3–6 g dry herb (PED);
4.5 g dry herb:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 2 (360 mg) capsules 3 /day (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blessed Thistle) — Class 2b (AHP). Com- mission E reports contraindications: hypersensitivity to the plant and other Asteraceae; adverse effects of allergic reactions (AEH). High doses (>5 g/cup tea) may irritate the stomach and cause vomiting (AHP). Safety not established. Excessive use during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. In view of emmenagogue citations, use in pregnancy discouraged (PED). Avoid this herb completely during pregnancy. “In view of the lack of toxicity data, excessive use of holy thistle should be avoided” (CAN). Also known as St. Benedict’s thistle, used in Benedictine. A strong emetic; vomiting can occur in overdoses. Stimulates gastric activity, avoid if you have an ulcer. Use only with medical supervision (TMA, 1996).
Extracts (Blessed Thistle) — Antitumor activity reported for the whole herb; and cnicin, which also has antibacterial, antiedemic, antiinflammatory (~ = indomethacin), antileukemic effects; cnicin LD50 = 1.6–3.2 M/kg; causing writhing (ED50 = 6.2 M/kg). Extracts as potent an antiinflam- matory as indomethacin (APA).

BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID (Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.) ++
Synonym — Bletia hyacinthina (J. E. Smith) R. Br.; Cymbidium hyacinthinum J. E. Smith;
Epidendrum tuberosum Lour.; Limodorum striatum Thunb.

Activities (Bletilla) — Antibacterial (1; FAY); Antitussive (f; FAY); Astringent (f; FAY); Bechic (f; LMP); Bitter (f; FAY); Demulcent (f; FAY); Embolizer (1; X9387329); Expectorant (1; FAY); Insecticide (1; LMP); Pulmonotonic (f; LMP).
Indications (Bletilla) — Ague (f; LMP); Bacteria (1; FAY); Bleeding (1; FAY); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Burn (f; FAY); Cancer (f; FAY); Cancer, liver (1; X9324524); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Chafing (f; FAY); Chilblain (f; FAY); Cirrhosis (1; X9324524); Cough (f; FAY); Dermatosis (f; LMP); Duodenosis (f; FAY); Dysentery (f; FAY; LMP); Dyspepsia (f; FAY; LMP); Enterosis (f; FAY); Epistaxis (f; FAY); Fever (f; LMP); Gastrosis (f; FAY); Hematemesis (f; FAY); Hematuria (f; FAY); Hemoptysis (f; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; LMP); Hepatosis (1; X9324524); Infection (1; FAY); Inflammation (f; FAY); Proctosis (f; FAY); Pulmonosis (f; FAY; LMP); Scald (f; FAY); Silicosis (1; FAY); Sore (f; FAY); Swelling (f; FAY; LMP); Trachosis (f; FAY); Tuberculosis (f; FAY; LMP); Ulcer (1; FAY).
Dosages (Bletilla) — 3–9(–16) g dry root (FAY); 5–10 g powdered root in decoction (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bletilla) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Not for use in chronic lung ailments. Large or frequent dosage can become toxic. Take root only with medical supervision (FAY).

BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) X

Activities (Bloodroot) — Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; DEM; APA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Anticholinesterase (1; HH3); Antiedemic (1; HH3); Antiemetic (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; HH3); Antiplaque (1; PHR; PH2); Anti- pyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; CAN); Antitumor (1; APA; COX; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Arteriosedative (f; CRC); Bradycardic (f; CRC); Cardio- active (f; CAN; DEM; HH3); Cholagogue (1; FEL); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Decongestant

(f; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; CRC); Diuretic (f; CEB; CRC); Emetic (1; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Escharotic (1; CAN; HOX); Expectorant (f; APA; CAN; HH3; PHR); Laxative (f; CAN; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC; PHR); Paralytic (1; PHR); Positive Inotropic (1; HH3); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Secretagogue (1; FEL); Sedative (f; CRC); Spasmogenic (1; PHR); Sternutator (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; DEM); Vermifuge (f; CRC; DEM).
Indications (Bloodroot) — Adenopathy (1; CRC; FNF); Alcoholism (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF; HH3); Anemia (f; CRC; FEL); Aphonia (f; CRC); Arthrosis (1; APA; COX; CRC);
Asthma (f; CAN; CRC; FEL; HH3); Bacteria (1; APA); Bleeding (f; DEM); Blepharosis (f; CRC); Bronchosis (1; CAN; CRC; HH3); Burn (f; CRC; DEM); Cancer (1; APA; COX; HOX);
Cancer, breast (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, ear (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; JLH); Candida (f; HH3); Cardiopathy (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Chest Ache (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Cold (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Cough (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Cramp (f; CAN; DEM); Croup (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FEL); Deafness
(f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; FEL); Debility (f; DEM; FEL); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Diphtheria (f; CRC); Divination (f; CRC); Duodenosis (f; FEL); Dysentery (1; CRC; FEL; FNF); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; DEM; HH3); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Ear (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; FEL);
Enterosis (f; DEM); Escherichia (1; HH3); Fever (f; APA; CEB; CRC); Fits (f; DEM); Flu (f; CRC); Flush (f; CRC); Frigidity (f; CRC); Fungus (f; CEB; FEL); Gall (f; DEM); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC; FEL); Gleet (f; CRC); Gingivosis (1; APA; PH2); Glossosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC); Halitosis (1; APA); Headache (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Head Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; CRC; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CRC; DEM); Hysteria (f; FEL); Impotence (f; FEL); Infection (f; HH3); Inflammation (1; APA; FEL; HH3); Insomnia (f; CRC); Keratosis (f; CRC); Laryngosis (f; CRC; FEL; HH3); Melanoma (1; HOX); Migraine (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; FEL); Mycosis (1; APA; FEL); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; DEM; APA); Periodontosis (1; FNF; JAD); Pertussis (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Pharyngosis (1; CAN; CRC; FNF; HH3); Phthisis (f; FEL); Plaque (1; CRC); Pneumonia (f; CRC; FEL); Polyp (1; CAN; CEB; DEM; HOX);
Pulmonosis (f; CEB; DEM); Quinsy (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Rhinosis (f; CRC; HH3); Ringworm (f; FEL); Salmonella (1; HH3); Scarlatina (f; CRC; FEL); Scrofula (f; FEL); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC; FEL); Spermatorrhea (f; FEL); Staphylococcus (1; HH3); Stomachache (f; DEM); Streptococcus (1; HH3); Swelling (1; HH3); Syncope (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Tinnitus (f; CRC); Toothache (1; CRC); Tracheosis (f; FEL); Tuberculosis (1; CEB; CRC; DEM); Tumor (1; APA; COX; CRC; FNF); Typhoid (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; DEM); Vaginosis (1; CRC; FNF); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; CEB; CRC); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC; DEM); Wound (f; DEM); Yeast (1; HH3).
Dosages (Bloodroot) — 0.06–0.5 (–2 g for emesis) g rhizome 3 /day (CAN); 0.06–0.3 ml (–2 ml for emesis) liquid extract (1:1 in 60% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.3–2 ml (–8 ml for emesis) tincture (1:5 in 60% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5 g powdered root (PNC); 0.5–1.5 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 2–8 ml root tincture (PNC); 0.3–0.5 g solid root extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bloodroot) — Class 2b. May cause nausea and vomiting. Powerful emesis may result from doses as low as 1 g (AHP) (0.03 g; i.e., 30 mg) (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). PH2 does state that overdoses can cause colic, diarrhea enterosis, vomiting, and possible collapse (PH2). And CAN are sanguine about sangui- narine, no side effects or toxicity documented for bloodroot. Carcinogenic potential of sanguinarine

has been recently disproven. Hepatotoxicity has not been noted in toxicity studies with oral administration of sanguinarine. Human patch tests indicate it is nonirritant and nonsensitizing. Animal studies indicate it is also nonallergenic and shows no anaphylactic potential. Still, they say, “Use of bloodroot during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided. Oral rinses and toothpastes containing either sanguinaria extracts, or sanguinarine, may be of value in dental hygiene, and are of low toxicity” (CAN). The suspected glaucomagenic activity of sanguinarine has been disputed and the toxicity of A. mexicana oil has been attributed to a fatty acid constituent rather than sanguinarine. Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). May interfere with glaucoma medications (AHP).

BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium angustifolia Aiton and corymbosum L.) +++
Synonym — V. brittonii Porter ex C. Bicknell, V. lamarckii Camp, V. pennsylvanicum Lam.; V. constablaei A. Gray.
Activities (Blueberry) — Analgesic (1; FAD); Antiaging (1; JNU); Antiinflammatory (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Apoptotic (1; JNU); Astringent (1; APA); Cerebrotonic (1; JNU); Depurative (1; DEM; FAD); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Hypocholesterolemic (f; JNU); Memorigenic (1; JNU); Neuronogenic (1; JNU).
Indications (Blueberry) — Alzheimer’s (1; JNU); Arthrosis (1; JNU); Cancer (1; JNU); Car- diopathy (1; JNU); Cerebrosis (1; JNU); Childbirth (1; FAD; JNU); Colic (1; DEM; FAD); Dementia (1; JNU); Diarrhea (1; APA; FAD; JNU); Enterosis (1; APA); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Inflammation (1; APA; JNU); Miscarriage (1; FAD); Mucososis (1; APA); Pain (1; FAD); Pharyngosis (1; APA); Sore Throat (1; APA); Stomatosis (1; APA); Stress (1; JNU); Stroke (1; JNU); UTI (1; JUN).
Dosages (Blueberry) — 3 tbsp dried fruit chewed (APA); 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, up to 6 /day (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blueberry) — Class 1 (AHP). None reported for the berry.
Extracts (Blueberry) — Wild blueberries may have 25–30 different anthocyanins in high concen- trations. Cooking damages the anthocyanins (JNU). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active substances (X1332092).

BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER (Lobelia siphilitica L.) +
Activities (Blue Cardinal Flower) — Antirheumatic (f; DEM); Antitussive (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; FAD); Poison (f; FAD).
Indications (Blue Cardinal Flower) — Cold (f; FAD); Cough (f; FAD); Croup (f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FAD); Epistaxis (f; DEM; FAD); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Headache (f; FAD); Sore (f; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; DEM; FAD); Water Retention (f; FAD); Worm (f; DEM; FAD).

BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.) +

Activities (Blue Cohosh) — Abortifacient (f; CAN; PH2); Antiedemic (1; CAN; PNC); Antifertility (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA; PED); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Antirheumatic (1; CAN); Bitter (1; APA; PED); Contraceptive (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC); Diuretic (f; APA; CRC); Emetic (f; DEM; FAD); Emmenagogue (1; APA; CRC); Estrogenic (1; FAD; PED; PH2); Expectorant (f; APA; CRC); Fungicide (1; PED); Hyperglycemic (1; FAD); Hypertensive (1; APA; FAD; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Laxative (f; CRC; PED); Nicotinic (1; PH2); Parturifacient (f; CRC); Phagocytotic (1; PNC); Spasmogenic (1; APA); Tonic (f; DEM); Uterotonic (1; APA; FAD; PED); Vasoconstrictor (f; PED); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Blue Cohosh) — Amenorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; PH2); Anxiety (f; APA); Arthrosis (1; APA); Asthma (f; APA); Atony (f; PH2); Barrenness (f; CRC); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; APA; FAD; PH2); Cholasma (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Cholera Morbus (f; CRC); Colic (f; APA; CRC); Conception (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC; PED); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; APA); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; DEM; FAD; PH2);
Dehydration (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DEM); Edema (1; CAN); Enterosis (f; FAD); Epilepsy (f; APA; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; FAD; DEM); Fits (f; DEM); Fungus (1; PED); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Hypoglycemia (1; FAD); Hysteria (f; CRC; DEM); Infection (1; PED); Inflammation (1; APA; DEM; FAD; PNC); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Low Blood Pressure (1; APA; FAD; PED);

Metrorrhagia (f; CRC); Miscarriage (Preventive) (f; CAN; PH2); Mycosis (1; PED); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Ovaries (f; CRC); Pain (f; CAN; CRC; DEM); Parturition (f; CRC; DEM); Pityriasis (f; CRC); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Pregnancy (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; CAN; CRC; DEM; PNC; PH2); Senile Dementia (f; APA); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Swelling (1; CAN; PNC); Toothache (f; DEM); Uterine Atony (f; CAN); Uterine Cramp (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC; PH2); UTI (f; APA; FAD); Vaginosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; APA; CRC); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (1; APA; CRC; PED; PH2); Yeast (f; PED).
Dosages (Blue Cohosh) — 40–200 mg/day (APA); 0.3–2 g rhizome 3 /day (CAN); 1/2–1 tsp fresh root (PED); 0.25–0.5 g dry root (PED); 0.5 g dry root: 3 g alcohol/2 ml water (PED); 0.3–2 g powdered root (PNC); 0.3–2 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 0.3–2.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 90% alcohol) (CAN); 2–4 ml tincture (1:10 in 60% alcohol) (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blue Cohosh) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CAN caution that the poi- sonous seeds will irritate the GI tract. Because it is reputed to be abortifacient and to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with angina therapy (CAN). Anagyrines may be teratogenic (PHR). Canadian regulations do not allow blue cohosh as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products (Michols, 1995). The alcoholic extract was uterotonic in guinea pig; caulosaponin is oxytocic to rat uterus in vivo; even low-potency homeopathic produce follicular and endometrial changes likened to inhibition of ovulation; admin- istration of this homeopathic preparation interrupted implantation (De Smet et al., 1993).

BLUE FLAG (Iris versicolor L.) +
For orris, see Iris x germanica. Is it the irises, or the taxonomists (or me) who are screwed up. In a rare show of bravery, Steinmetz (EFS) covers six species of Iris but then templates very repetitive entries for all six, especially the two I treat as orris, almost identical in EFS. More modern writers tend to aggregate some of these that are also called, colloquially, “orris.” The USDA accepts I. pallida as orris, but also has listed I. x germanica as orris-root. Unlike the herbal PDR, I maintain that Iris versicolor, the blue flag, is a distinct species. (See also, Orris.)
Activities (Blue Flag) — Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM; FAD); Anorectic (1; PNC); Antidermatotic (f; CAN); Antidote (f; MIC); Antiemetic (f; CAN); Antiinflammatory (f; CAN); Antiobesity (1; PNC); Catabolic (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; CAN; DEM; MAD); Depurative (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CAN; CRC; MAD); Emetic (f; CRC; MAD; MIC); Hepatotonic (1; MAD); Laxative (1; CAN; CRC; DEM; FAD; PNC); Poison (f; DEM); Resolvent (f; CRC); Sialagogue (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC; PNC).
Indications (Blue Flag) — Allergy (f; DEM); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Biliousness (f; CAN; CRC); Bruise (f; DEM; FAD); Burn (f; DEM); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; MAD); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; MAD); Cholera (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (1; CAN; CRC; FAD); Dermatosis (f; CAN; CRC); Diabetes (f; CRC; MAD); Diarrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dropsy (f; CRC; MAD); Duodenosis (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC); Felon (f; JLH); Fistula (f; CRC); Gallstone (f; DEM; MAD); Gastrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Headache (f; CRC; MAD); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hemicrania (f; CRC; HHB); Hepatosis (f; CAN; CRC; DEM); Herpes (f; CRC); Impetigo (f; CRC); Infertility (f; DEM); Inflammation (f; CAN; DEM); Jaundice (f; MAD); Malaria (f; MAD); Migraine (f; CRC; FAD; MAD); Morning Sickness (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC; MAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; CRC; MAD); Obesity (1; CRC; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Pancreatosis (f; CRC); Parotosis (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Salivation (f; CRC);

Sciatica (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC; DEM); Sore (f; DEM; FAD; MAD); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; CRC); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; CAN); Water Retention (f; CAN; CRC; MAD); Whitlow (f; CRC); Wound (f; DEM).
Dosages (Blue Flag) — 0.6–2 g dried rhizome in tea, 3 /day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 g powdered root (MAD); 1 g powdered root (PNC); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 4–12 ml tincture (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Blue Flag) — Class 2b, 2d. May cause nausea and vomiting. Fresh root may irritate mucosa (AHP). Fresh root and its furfural (volatile oil) may cause nausea, vomiting, and may irritate the GI tract and eyes (CAN). Furfural irritates the mucous membranes, causing lacrimation, inflammation of the eyes, irritation of the throat, and headache. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Recent exchanges I have seen indicate that the fresh root makes proportionately much more potent and toxic solutions than the dry ones, which being much weaker, are taken in larger doses. The information provided me said that naturopaths may tend to work with the drier roots and larger doses. Then, when someone gets a fresh herbal tincture and takes the same dose, irritation and nausea can result. LD50 of furfural, 127 mg/kg (CAN). Iridine poisonous to humans and livestock, hepatotonic in animals. Reduced intake of food in rats (MAD; PNC).

BOGBEAN (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) +
Activities (Bogbean) — Anabolic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihemorrhagic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antileukotriene (1; FNF); Antimelanomic (1; JAD); Antiprostaglan- din (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA); Aperitif (1; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS); Astringent (f; FEL); Bitter (2; JAD; PHR); Cholagogue (f; DAW; EFS); Choleretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Deobstruent (f; DAW; EFS; PNC); Depurative (f; DAW; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; CEB; DAW); Digestive (1; APA; FAD); Diuretic (f; CAN; CEB; DAW); Emetic (1; CAN; CEB; DAW; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; CEB); Gastrostimulant (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Hemolytic (1; CAN); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypnotic (f; DAW; EFS); Hypoglycemic (f; MAD); Intoxicant (f; DAW); Laxative (1; APA; CAN; DAW; EFS; FEL); Narcotic (f; DAW; EFS; WOI); Nervine (f; DAW; EFS); Sedative (f; DAW; EFS); Sialagogue (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (1; CAN; DAW); Tonic (1; DEM; DEP; DAW; FAD; FEL); Vermifuge (f; DAW).
Indications (Bogbean) — Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD; PH2); Anemia (f; MAD); Anorexia (2; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; KOM; PHR; PH2); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; CAN; MAD); Asthenia (f; CAN); Bacteria (1; ABS); Bleeding (1; FAD); Cachexia (f; FEL); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HHB); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (f; MAD); Constipation (f; APA; DAW; DEM); Cough (f; CEB; HHB); Cramp (1; APA); Dermatosis (f; APA; CEB; FAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; CEB); Dropsy (f; FAD; FEL); Dry Mouth (2; APA; KOM; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Edema (1; FNF; PH2); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; JLH; PH2); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (f; APA; CEB; DAW; EFS; FAD; FEL); Flu (f; DEM); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gas (f; DEM; HHB; MAD); Gastrosis (1; MAD; PH2); Glomerulonephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Gout (f; CEB; PH2; MAD); Headache (f; MAD; PH2); Heartburn (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (1; APA; CEB; FAD; JLH); Hyperacidity (f; MAD); Hyperglycemia (f; MAD); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF); Insomnia (f; DAW; EFS; PH2); Jaundice (f; MAD; PH2); Lethargy (1; DEM; FAD); Malaria (f; APA; FEL; PH2); Melanoma (1; FNF; JAD);
Migraine (f; HHB); Nephrosis (f; ABS; FNF); Nervousness (f; DAW; EFS; MAD); Neuralgia

(f; MAD); Otosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CAN; CEB; DEM; FEL);
Sarcoma (f; JLH); Scabies (f; PH2); Scrofula (f; CEB; MAD); Seasickness (f; MAD); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; HHB; PH2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (f; HHB); Stress (f; EFS); Swelling (1; FNF); Trigeminal Neuralgia (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; HHB; MAD); Uterosis (f; FEL); Water Retention (f; CAN; CEB; DAW; MAD); Worm (f; APA; CEB; DAW; FAD; FEL);
Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Bogbean) — 0.5–1 tsp chopped leaf one-half hour before meals (APA); 10–25 grains powdered leaf (FEL); 1–2 tsp (1.5-3 g) leaf in hot or cold tea (MAD); 1–2 g, perhaps in tea, 3
/day (CAN); 1 tsp (= 0.9 g) or 0.5–1 g/cup tea, 1/2 cup before each meal (PH2); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–3 ml liquid extract (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day
(CAN); 1–15 drops tincture with sugar for seasickness (MAD); 0.5–1.5 ml liquid herb extract (PNC). Food farmacy; emergency food in Russia; hops substitute in Germany; tea substitute elsewhere (WOI). Roots used for making mission or famine bread.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bogbean) — AHP Class 2b, 2d (JAD). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Not for patients with colitis, diarrhea, or dysentery (PH2). Should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Large doses may induce diarrhea, gripping pain, nausea, and vomiting (CAN; PH2). Unidentified hemolytic principle. Large doses are emetic and laxative. Betulinic acid is a promising antimelanomic compound. Europeans report success in treating glomerulnephrosis. Decoctions show dose-dependent antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antileukot- riene, and antiprostaglandin activity; induced exocytosis.

BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) ++
Activities (Bog Bilberry) — Narcotic (f; CEB; EFS).
Indications (Bog Bilberry) — Catarrh (f; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2); Debility (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; HH2; PH2); Enterosis (f; EFS; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EFS; HH2; PH2).
Dosages (Bog Bilberry) — 2 heaping tsp fruit/250 ml cold water (HH2; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bog Bilberry) — Not covered (AHP). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overeating possibly fungal contaminated fruits may cause debility, dizziness, intoxication, queasiness, and vomiting (PH2).
Extracts (Bog Bilberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active sub- stances (X1332092).

BOLDO (Peumus boldus Molina) +
Synonym — Boldea fragrans (Ruiz & Pav.) Gay, Peumus fragrans Ruiz & Pav.
Activities (Boldo) — Analgesic (f; BGB; CRC); Anticholinergic (1; BRU); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; BGB); Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Antispasmodic (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Aperitif (2; PHR); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Carminative (f; BGB); Cholagogue (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cholekinetic (2; SHT); Choleretic (2;

CRC; KOM; HHB; PH2; SHT); Demulcent (f; CAN); Diuretic (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Emetic (1; HHB); Gastrostimulant (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; BGB); Hepatotonic (2; CAN; EFS; PNC); Hypnotic (f; CRC; HHB); Laxative (1; APA; HHB); Myorelaxant (1; APA; BGB; BRU); Narcotic (f; EFS); Nervine (f; BGB); Poison (f; CRC); Secretagogue (1; BRU; KOM); Sedative (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (1; CAN; HHB); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS); Urinary Antiseptic (1; CAN); Vermicide (1; BGB; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC; HHB).
Indications (Boldo) — Aging (1; APA); Anorexia (2; PHR); Atherosclerosis (1; APA); Autoim- mune Disease (1; APA); Bilious Problem (2; APA; CAN; SHT); Cancer (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; BGB; CAN; HHB); Cholelithiasis (1; CAN; HHB); Cold (f; CRC); Constipation (1; APA; HHB); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (2; APA; BRU; KOM; PH2; SHT); Cystosis (1; CAN; PNC);
Dyspepsia (2; APA; BGB; BRU; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (2; APA; KOM); Gallstone (1; CAN; HHB; PNC); Gas (f; BGB); Gastrosis (2; CRC; KOM); Gonorrhea (1; CAN; GMH; HHB);
Gout (f; APA; BGB; CRC); Head Cold (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; BGB; BRU); Hepatosis (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB; PHR); Hypertonia (2; KOM); Infection (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Inflammation (1; APA); Insomnia (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Jaundice (f; CRC; GMH); Lethargy (f; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BGB); Nervousness (f; APA; CAN; EFS; HHB); Obesity (f; PNC); Otosis (f; CRC); Pain (f; BGB; CRC); Prostatosis (f; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA; BGB; CAN; EFS); Stomachache (1; APA); Stone (1; BRU); Syphilis (f; CRC; HHB); Urogenitosis (f; GMH); VD (f; CRC; HHB); Water Retention (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Worm (1; APA; BGB; CRC; EFS; HHB); Wound (f; CRC).
Dosages (Boldo) — 1–2 tsp (2-3 g) dry leaf/cup water (APA); 3 g dry leaf/day (KOM); 4.5 g dry leaf/day (PHR; PH2); 1–2 g leaf (HHB); 60–200 mg as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 0.1–0.3 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–2 ml tincture (1:10 in 60% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–5 g tincture or elixir (HHB); 5 drops boldo oil for urogenitary problems (GMH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boldo) — Class 2b (JAD) 2d. Contraindi- cated in gallstones, serious hepatosis, and obstruction of the bile duct (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Still, PH2 cites an old source indicating that long-term consumption of boldine led to color hallucinations, depression, partial motor aphasia, and sound hallucinations (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications for leaf: biliary obstruction, severe liver diseases. EO and distillates should not be used because of their ascaridole content (AEH). CAN caution against toxicity and irritation from the volatile oil. Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). It’s nice to be cited by Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler (1998), “Because the herb contains substances that are potentially toxic (Duke, 1985), it is not recommended for long term use and should not be taken during pregnancy” (SHT). But that could be carried as far as the Delaney Clause, since all herbs (like all pharmaceuticals) contain substances that are potentially toxic. Given internally in toxic doses, boldine causes great excitement, exaggerates reflexes and respiratory movements, increases diuresis, causes cramps and convulsions ending in death from centric respiratory paralysis, the heart beating some time after respiration fails.
Extracts (Boldo) — High doses of the hydroalcoholic extract (= tincture) inhibit lipid peroxidation, (in rat hepatocyte cultures) and protect such hepatocytes against various xenobiotics (BRU). Although overdoses (injected) may cause cramping, boldine has anticholinergic activity, causing relaxation of smooth muscle (from the rat ileum) (BRU). EO LD50 = 130 orl rat; LD50 = 625–1250 mg/kg der rabbit (CAN). Convulsant 70 mg/kg (CAN). The diuretic terpinen-4-ol is irritant (CAN). Alkaloids probably underlie the choleretic activity. The total alkaloid content is more choleretic than boldine alone (PNC). Ascaridole is toxic.

BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++
Activities (Boneset) — Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; PNC); Antiperi- odic (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; APA; EFS; PED; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; WAM); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; WAM); Antiviral (f; APA); Aperient (f; CAN; CRC); Astringent (1; PH2); Bitter (f; PED; PHR; PH2); Choleretic (f; APA); Cytotoxic (1; HHB; PNC); Diaphoretic (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; PNC; WAM); Diuretic (1; APA); Emetic (f; CRC; EFS); Expectorant (f; EFS; PED, PNC); Hemostat (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Hepatoprotective (f; APA); Immunostimulant (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Laxative (f; APA; CRC; PED, PNC); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); Peristaltic (f; PED); Phagocytotic (1; APA; PNC; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (f; CEB; CRC; EFS; PED); Tonic (f; DEM; EFS; PNC).
Indications (Boneset) — Anorexia (1; APA; WAM); Arthrosis (1; APA; MIC); Backache (f; CEB); Bacteria (1; APA); Biliousness (f; APA; DEM); Bleeding (f; APA; CRC; EFS); Bronchosis (1; CAN); Bruise (f; PED); Cancer (1; APA; HHB; JLH); Catarrh (1; CAN; CEB; PH2); Chill (f; CEB;
DEM); Cold (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Constipation (f; APA; PED; PNC); Cough (1; WAM); Cramp (1; WAM); Debility (f; DEM); Dengue (1; APA); Dermatosis (1; CEB; PNC); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CEB; CRC; DEM; EFS; PED; PH2; PNC; WAM); Flu (1; APA; CAN; PH2; WAM); Fracture (f; DEM; PED); Gastrosis (f; CEB;
MIC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (1; FAD); Headache (f; DEM); Hematemesis (f; DEM); Hem- orrhoid (f; DEM); Immunodepression (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Indigestion (f; PED); Infection (1; CEB); Inflammation (1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (f; EFS; MIC); Malaria (f; CEB; EFS; FAD); Myalgia (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Osteosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; APA; MIC; PED); Pharyngosis (1; CAN); Pleurisy (1; FAD); Pneumonia (1; CEB; FAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; DEM; FAD); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tumor (1; APA; FAD); Typhoid (f; APA; CEB; DEM); Ulcer (f; MIC); Urethrosis (1; PED); Virus (f; APA); Water Retention (1; APA).
Dosages (Boneset) — 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water, up to 3 /day; 0.5–1 tsp up to 3 /day (APA); 1–2 g as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 tsp fresh herb (PED); 1–2 g dry herb (PED); 1.5 g dry herb: 7 ml alcohol/8 ml water (PED); 0.5–1 g powdered herb (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 0.3–0.5 g solid herb extract (PNC); 1–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boneset) — Class 4. Large doses are laxative and emetic (AHP). Classified as a drug, which must normally be registered as a pharmaceutical (AEH). Sesquiterpene lactones are cytotoxic and can cause dermatosis (CAN). Because of the cytotoxic constituents in this and related species, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Do not use during pregnancy (WAM). Should not be used by children under 1 year of age (WAM). Not for use more than 7 days (WAM). May cause diarrhea or nausea in large doses (WAM). In the book Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs (De Smet et al., 1993), we read that all Eupatorium species containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids are, in principle, hazardous for mankind. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Boneset) — Immunostimulant activity has been established in vitro for sesquiterpene lactone and polysaccharide components (CAN). Heteroxylan polysaccharides immunostimulant (PHR). Extracts weakly antiinflammatory in rats (PNC).

BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) +

Activities (Borage) — Adrenocorticostimulant (f; APA; CAN); Analgesic (f; PHR; PH2); Antiin- flammatory (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS; FAD; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; CRC); Astringent (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; APA; CAN); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Collyrium (f; JFM); Demulcent (1; CAN; CRC; EFS); Depurative (f; CRC; EFS; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CAN; CRC; EFS; JFM; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; FAD;
PNC); Emollient (f; CRC; EFA; HHB; PNC); Expectorant (f; CAN); Genotoxic (1; CAN); Hepa- tocarcinogenic (1; APA; PHR); Hepatotoxic (1; CRC; PHR); Hypotensive (1; CAN); Lactagogue (f; APA; CAN; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Pectoral (f; CRC); Sedative (f; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; CAN; CRC).
Indications (Borage) — Alactea (f; APA; CAN); Alcoholism (1; LAF); Arthrosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, face (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (1; APA; CRC; JFM; LAF; PHR); Catarrh (f; CRC); Chole- cystosis (f; PHR); Cold (1; APA); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; JFM); Constipation (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Corn (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; CAN; CRC; HHB; JFM; PH2); Cramp (f; CRC; EFS);
Cut (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dehydration (f; PH2); Depression (f; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; PH2); Diabetes (1; LAF); Diarrhea (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Eczema (f; CRC; LAF); Edema (f; CRC; JFM); Fever (f; CAN; CRC; EFS; FAD; JFM; PHR; PH2; WO2); Gas (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; JFM);
High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); Inflammation (1; APA; CAN; FAD; LAF; PH2); Insomnia (f; EFS; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC; FAD); Kidney Stone (f; APA; CRC); Lethargy (f; CAN); Menopause (1; PHR; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; PHR; PH2); Neurodermatosis (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Pain (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Peritonosis (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Phlebitis (f; PHR; PH2); PMS (1; APA; JAD; LAF; PHR); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Rheu- matism (1; APA; FAD; PHR; PH2); Ringworm (f; CRC); Sclerosis (f; CRC; JLH); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC; HHB; PHR; PH2); Stress (1; CAN); Stroke (1; LAF); Swelling (f; CRC; HHB); Syndrome-X (1; SYN); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer, mouth (f; CRC); Ulcer, throat (f; CRC); Water Retention (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Wound (f; FAD).
Dosages (Borage) — 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (APA; PNC); 1 (300 mg) softgel containing 24% GLA (APA); 2 (5 ml) spoonfuls dry herb/cup water 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 ml tincture 3 /day (CAN); 10 g leaf and/or flower/liter water for bronchosis and fever (JFM).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Borage) — Class 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. Long-term use is not recommended (AHP). Not approved (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports borage contains hepatotoxic and carci- nogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (AEH). “Effective July 1996, the AHP Board of Trustees recom- mends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) which contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label: For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing.” (AHP). Pyrroliz- idine alkaloids (PAs) have genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic activity (CAN). Because of the PAs, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. Animal studies document placental transfer and secretion into breast milk of unsaturated PAs (CAN). Swiss researchers report at least seven PAs from the herb, at levels above those permitted in Germany (>1 ppm). Seeds reportedly contain even higher quantities of alkaloids (De Smet et al., 1993). Tannins have astringent activities (PHR). Mucilage acts as a sequestering agent (PHR). The GLA in the seed oil may have been positive effects if divorced from the potential of PA toxicity.

BORRACHERO, FLORIPONDIO (Brugmansia x candida Pers.) X
Synonym — Datura candida (Pers.) Saff.
Activities (Borrachero) — Carminative (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; CRC); Intoxicant (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Psychotropic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; JFM); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Borrachero) — Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthma (f; CRC; JFM); Chest Ailment (f; CRC); Cold (f; IED); Cramp (f; IED); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Flu (f; JFM); Fracture (f; CRC); Gas (f; CRC); Headache (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; IED); Insomnia (f; CRC; JFM); Nervousness (f; JFM); Pain (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC; JFM); Worm (f; CRC; IED).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Borrachero) — “Said to induce insensibility, hallucinations, and madness” (CRC).

BOSWELLIA (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.) ++
Synonym — B. glabra Roxb.
Activities (Boswellia) — Analgesic (1; APA; JBU; KAP; MPI); Antiallergic (1; SAB); Anti- alzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antiasthmatic (1; SAB); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF; MPI); Anticomplementary (1; APA); Antiedemic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; SKY); Antileukemic (1; AKT); Antileukotriene (1; APA; COX; SAB); Antipyretic (f; KAB; KAP); Antirheumatic (1; APA); Astringent (f; KAB; MPI); Carminative (f; KAB); CNS-Depres- sant (1; KAP; MPI); Collyrium (f; KAB); COX-2-Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Demulcent (f; KAP); Depurative (f; KAB); Diaphoretic (f; KAB; MPI); Diuretic (f; MPI); Emmenagogue (f; KAP; MPI); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Hypoglycemic (1; MPI); 5-Lipoxygenase- Inhibitor (1; SAB); Pectoral (f; KAB); Propecic (f; KAB); Sedative (1; KAP; MPI); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB).
Indications (Boswellia) — Allergy (1; SAB); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Arthrosis (1; APA; COX; FNF; SKY); Asthma (1; KAB; SAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Boil (f; APA; KAP); Bron- chosis (f; KAB); Bursitis (1; SKY); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; MPI); Cancer, skin (1; MPI); Carbuncle (f; KAP); Colitis (1; APA); Convulsion (f; KAB); Cough (f; KAB); Crohn’s Disease (1; APA); Dermatosis (1; KAB; MPI); Diabetes (1; KAB; MPI); Diarrhea (f; APA); Dysentery (f; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Edema (1; APA); Fever (f; KAB; KAP;

MPI); Fungus (1; APA; KAP); Gas (f; KAB); Gonorrhea (f; KAP); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (1; APA; KAP); Hyperglycemia (1; MPI); Inflammation (1; APA; SKY); Insomnia (1; KAP; MPI); Laryngosis (f; KAB); Leukemia (1; AKT); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Mycosis (1; APA; KAP); Nervousness (1; KAP; MPI); Neurosis (f; MPI); Odontosis (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Orchosis (f; KAB); Pain (1; APA; JBU; KAP; MPI); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (1; APA; COX; MPI; SKY); Rhinosis (1; COX; KAP); Ringworm (1; APA); Scabies (f; KAB);
Sore (f; KAB); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Swelling (f; APA; KAP); Syphilis (f; KAB); Ulcerative Colitis (1; APA); Vaginosis (f; KAB); VD (f; KAB); Water Retention (f; MPI); Wound (f; KAB); Wrinkle (f; APA).
Dosages (Boswellia) — 3 (250 mg) capsules boswellin/day (APA); 2–3 g resin (KAP); 1–1.5 ml oil (KAP); 56–112 ml bark decoction (KAP); 150 mg 3 /day (SKY); StX 37.5–65% boswellic acid (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boswellia) — This Johnny-come-lately hasn’t been among us occidentals long enough to accumulate much negative or positive folklore. “Rare side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, and skin rash. Any inflammatory joint condition should be closely monitored by a nutritionally oriented physician” (SKY).
Extracts (Boswellia) — Boswellic acids from sap of Boswellia trees block leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase. They also decrease activity of human leukocyte elastase (HLE) in vitro. In addition, 5-Boswellic-acid, as a COX-2 inhibitory, might have antialzheimeran, antiarthritic, certainly antiinflammatory, and possibly antitumor activities.

BOTTLE GOURD, CALABASH
(Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) +++
Synonym — Cucurbita lagenaria L., C. leucantha Duchesne, C. longa hort., C. siceraria Molina,
L. lagenaria (L.) Cockerell, L. leucantha Rusby, L. vulgaris Ser.
Activities (Bottle Gourd) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antibilious (f; WOI); Antidote (f; LMP); Antiperiodic (f; KAB); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antitussive (1; FNF; HAD); Antiulcer (1; FNF; HAD); Bitter (1; JFM); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Cholinergic (1; FNF; HAD); Demulcent (1; FNF; HAD); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (f; EFS); Hemostat (1; FNF; HAD; KAB); Hepatoprotective (1; ABS); Laxative (1; EFS; JFM); Litholytic (f; EFS); Pectoral (f; WBB); Taenicide (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; WBB); Vulnerary (f; KAB).
Indications (Bottle Gourd) — Acne (f; LMP); Alopecia (f; WOI); Alzheimer’s (1; HAD); Asthma (f; KAB); Atherosclerosis (1; HAD); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (1; FNF; HAD; KAB); Body Ache (f; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (1; HAD; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; JFM); Colic (f; LMP); Constipation (1; JFM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (1; FNF; HAD; LMP); Delirium (f; WOI); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diarrhea (1; FNF; HAD); Dropsy (f; WOI); Dyskinesia (1; FNF; HAD); Dysuria (f; KAB); Fever (f; EFS; LMP); Gas (f; JFM); Gingivosis (f; LMP); Headache (f; DEM; JFM); High Cholesterol (1; HAD); Hepatosis (1; ABS); Inflammation (f; KAB); Insanity (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; SKJ); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Malaria (f; KAB); Mange (f; JFM); Myalgia (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; DAV); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Otosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; DEM; KAB); Pregnancy (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; WOI); Stone (f; EFS); Tapeworm (f; KAB); Toothache (f; LMP); Tumor (f; JLH); Typhoid (f; HAD); Typhus (f; LMP); Ulcer (1; FNF; HAD; KAB); Uterosis (f; KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; WBB).
Dosages (Bottle Gourd) — Young leaves and fruits, cooked, could or maybe even should be one of our five daily fruits and vegetables (100-g servings).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bottle Gourd) — Not covered (AHP; CAN; KOM; LAF; PHR). Processed fruits, leaves, and flowers eaten on many continents, but still reported as potentially toxic, especially green fruits. Fruit flesh fed to rabbits, leads to restlessness and dyspnea, with paralysis and death from asphyxia (WBB). Leaves contain 1300 ppm steroidal steroids (ZMB) (JFM). At levels of 250 mg/kg, various extracts, including the ethanol extract of the fruits, exhibited liver-protecting properties (Shirwaikar & Sreenivasan, Coll. Pharm. Sci., 1996).

BOWMAN’S ROOT (Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench) +
Synonym — Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton, Spiraea trifoliata L.
Activities (Bowman’s Root) — Bitter (f; PH2); Depurative (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; FAD); Expectorant (f; PH2); Laxative (f; DEM; FAD).
Indications (Bowman’s Root) — Asthma (f; DEM; FAD); Chill (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Constipation (f; DEM; FAD; PH2); Diarrhea (f; DEM; PH2); Dropsy (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; FAD; PH2); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; DEM; FAD); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; FAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Sting (f; DEM; FAD); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD); Toothache (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bowman’s Root) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BOXWOOD (Buxus sempervirens L.) +

Synonym — B. colchica Pojark.
Activities (Boxwood) — Alterative (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS); Antitumor (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Cytotoxic (1; PH2); Depurative (f; CRC; PHR); Diaphoretic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; CRC); Emetic (f; BIB;

CRC); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Laxative (f; BIB; CRC; EFS; HHB); Narcotic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Propecic (1; EFS); Sedative (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Boxwood) — Alopecia (1; BIB; EFS; PH2); Bacteria (1; PH2); Cancer (f; HHB; JLH); Constipation (f; CRC; EFS; HHB; PH2); Dermatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Epilepsy (f; BIB; CRC; HHB); Fever (f; BIB; CRC; EFS; PH2); Gout (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; CRC);
High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Insomnia (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Leprosy (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC; EFS; HHB; PH2); Nervousness (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Paralysis (1; PH2); Pneumonia (f; PH2); Rash (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BIB; CRC; HHB; PH2); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tetanus (1; PH2); Toothache (f; BIB; CRC); Tuberculosis (1; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); VD (f; BIB; CRC); Water Retention (f; EFS; CRC); Worm (f; CRC; EFS).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Boxwood) — Class 3 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Leaves have caused fatalities in grazing animals. Toxic symptoms include collapse, convulsions, cramps, dermatosis, diarrhea, nausea, paralysis, shakes, vertigo, vomiting, and possibly death due to asphyxiation (CRC; PH2). LD in dogs = 100 g alkaloids/kg.

BRAHMI (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) ++
Activities (Brahmi) — Adaptogen (1; WOI); Analgesic (f; KEB); Anticancer (1; MPI); Anticon- vulsant (f; KEB); Antiinflammatory (f; KEB); Antioxidant (1; ABS; PR14:180); Antitumor (1; WOI); Anxiolytic (1; WOI); Aperient (f; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Cardiotonic (1; KAP; MPI; WOI); Cerebrotonic (f; KEB); Convulsant (1; MPI); Diuretic (f; MPI; WOI); Emetic (f; KAB); Expectorant (1; WOI); Hypertensive (1; MPI); Hypotensive (1; WOI); Laxative (f; KEB); Memo- rigenic (1; MPI; WOI; PR14:180); Negative Chronotropic (1; MPI); Nervine (f; KAB); Neurotonic (f; KAP; MPI); Sedative (1; MPI; WOI); Spasmogenic (1; MPI); Tonic (f; WOI); Tranquilizer (1; MPI; WOI); Vasoconstrictor (1; KEB; MPI).
Indications (Brahmi) — Aging (f; KEB); Anemia (f; KAB); Anxiety (1; WOI); Aphonia (f; KAP); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthenia (f; KAP); Asthma (f; MPI; WOI); Bronchosis (f; KAP; WOI); Cancer (1; MPI; WOI); Cardiopathy (1; KEB; WOI); Catarrh (f; KAB); Constipation (f; KEB); Convulsion (f; KEB); Cough (f; KAP); Diarrhea (f; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; KAP); Epilepsy (2; KEB; MPI); Fever (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; WOI); Hoarseness (f; KAP; WOI); Hysteria (f; KAP); Impotence (f; KEB); Inflammation (f; KEB); Insanity (f; KAP; KEB; MPI; WOI); Insomnia (1; MPI; WOI); Leprosy (f; KAB); Lethargy (f; KEB; WOI); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Low Blood Pressure (1; MPI); Nervousness (1; MPI; WOI); Neurasthenia (1; KAP; KEB); Pain (f; KEB); Rheumatism (f; WOI); Scabies (f; KAB); Splenomegaly (f; KAB); Stress (1; WOI); Stroke (f; KEB); Syphilis (f; KAB); Tumor (1; KAB; WOI); Water Retention (f; MPI; WOI).
Dosages (Brahmi) — 5–10 g powdered herb (KAP); 8–16 ml herb tea (KAP); 2–6 g dry herb or 4–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (KEB).
Extracts (Brahmi) — Alcoholic extract given at 50 mg/kg in rats had tranquilizing activity. With me, at 100 kg, that would be 5 g tincture, which I am sure I would feel safe with orally. Remember 1 ounce is 30 grams, some capsules are standardized for 20% Bacosides A and B. In India, pediatric experiments were with 1 tsp Brahmi extract (pineapple flavored) 3 /day for 3 months. Memory scores improved; error rates declined in the Brahmi-treated students. 100 g Brahmi tincture (alcoholic extract) equivalent to 58 g Vitamin E (Tripathi et al., 1996).

BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) +
Activities (Brazilian Peppertree) — Antibacterial (f; CRC); Anticancer (f; HH2); Antiedemic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; CRC; HH2); Antiviral (1; CRC; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; HH2); Diuretic (1; HH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; WOI); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Brazilian Peppertree) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Atony (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (f; HH2); Chill (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Frigidity (f; CRC); Ganglion (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Impotence (f; CRC); Infection (1; CRC; WOI); Pain (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; WOI); Sciatica (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC; HH2); Swelling (1; CRC; HH2); Syphilis (f; CRC; WOI); Tendinitis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Virus (1; CRC; WOI); Water Retention (1; HH2); Wound (f; CRC; HH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brazilian Peppertree) — Class 1, as “pink pepper.” GI irritant (AHP). Though toxic in quantity, sold as a spice (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Alkyl phenols may be irritant (PH2). May cause diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and nausea in humans (CRC). May intoxicate birds, fish, and horses (CRC).

BRAZILNUT (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) ++
As our richest source of selenium, I think those who are not allergic to Brazilnuts or worried about heavy metals might benefit from three average Brazilnuts a day, which should provide 210 g selenium. Therefore, I have entered many of the following indications based on the assumption that three Brazilnuts provide 200 g selenium.
Activities (Brazilnut) — Analgesic (1; FNF; WER); Antiaggregant (1; FNF; M28); Anticancer (1; HAD; FNF); Antioxidant (1; HAD; FNF); Cardioprotective (1; FNF; WER); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF; WER).
Indications (Brazilnut) — Acne (1; FNF; WER); Aging (1; HAD; FNF); BPH (1; HAD; FNF); Cancer (1; HAD; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; HAD; FNF); Cancer, lung (1; HAD; FNF); Cancer, prostate (1; HAD; FNF); Cardiopathy (1; FNF; WER); Cirrhosis (1; FNF); Dandruff (1; FNF); Immunodepression (1; FNF; WER); Myalgia (1; FNF; WER); Hepatosis (1; FNF); Pain (1; FNF; WER); Syndrome-X (1; FNF; SYN); Thick Blood (1; FNF; WER).
Dosages (Brazilnut) — Three average nuts/day.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brazilnut) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). As with peanut and soybean, some people are dangerously allergic to Brazilnut. Consumer Reports (November 1997) is quite conservative in pointing out the hazards of selenium, they say 1000 g or more per day can cause loss of fingernails and hair; very high doses can cause diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and even nerve damage. But it certainly can’t hurt to try getting plenty of selenium from the diet. Two of the best dietary sources of selenium are low-fat nutritious foods—fish and grains (Anon., 1997. Do you need more minerals? Consumer Reports on Health, 121, 123–124, (November, 1997).

BREWER’S YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ++
Activities (Brewer’s Yeast) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; HH2); Aperitif (2; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Phagocytotic (1; PH2).

Indications (Brewer’s Yeast) — Acne (2; PH2); Anorexia (2; PH2); Bacteria (1; PH2); Constipation (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; PH2); Eczema (2; PH2); Furuncle (2; PH2); Immu- nodepression (1; PH2); Infection (f; PH2); Itch (f; PH2).
Dosages (Brewer’s Yeast) — 6 g/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brewer’s Yeast) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses may cause allergy (exanthema, itch, Quinck’s disease, urticaria), gas, and in susceptible people, migraine (PH2). May be hypertensive if administered simultaneously with MAO-Inhibitors.

BRITISH ELECAMPANE (Inula britannica L.) ++
Synonym — Inula japonica Thunb.
Activities (British Elecampane) — Antiviral (1; PH2); cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Depurative (f; PH2); Emetic (f; PH2); Secretolytic (f; PH2).
Indications (British Elecampane) — Cough (f; PH2); Diaphragmosis (f; PH2); Herpes (1; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Nausea (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Virus (1; PH2).
Dosages (British Elecampane) — 3–9 g flower in decoction in sealed sachet (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (British Elecampane) — Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Sesquiterpene lactones with exocyclic methylene groups often irritant and sensitizing (PH2).

BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) +++
(Asparagus Broccoli, Cape Broccoli, Heading Broccoli, Sprouting Broccoli, Winter Broccoli)
If broccoli is the master antioxidant, kale is a contender, challenging “anything you can do, I can do better.” According to JNU, kale has seven times more beta-carotene than broccoli, ~11 times more lutein, more vitamin K (one-half cup cooked kale providing 600% of the daily value), and the highest ORAC score of any veggie.
Activities (Broccoli) — Antiatherosclerotic (1; SN159:391); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antimaculitic (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antinyctalopic (1; JNU); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); Antioxidant
(1; JN126:2098); Antiradicular (1; JN126:2098); Antiretinitic (1; JNU); Antitumor, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Antitumor, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Antitumor, lung (1; JNU); Antitumor, skin (1; JNU); Antiviral (1; JNU); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Estrogenic (1; JNU); Glucuronidase-
Inhibitor (1; M11); Goitrogenic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Prooxidant (1; JAF44:2096); Quinone-Reductase-Inducer (1; PS131:95).
Indications (Broccoli) — Atherosclerosis (1; SN159:391); Bacteria (1; WO2); Cancer, bladder (1; JNU); Cancer, breast (1; JNU); Cancer, cervix (1; JNU); Cancer, colon (1; JNU); Cancer, liver (1; JNU); Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cardiopathy (1; SN159:391); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Maculosis (1; JNU); Nyctalopia (1; JNU); Papilloma (1; JNU); Stroke (1; JNU); Tumor, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Tumor, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Tumor, lung (1; JNU); Tumor, skin (1; JNU); Virus (1; JNU).

Dosages (Broccoli) — Food farmacy; eat some almost every day, but don’t overdo it.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Broccoli) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). In huge quantities, glucosinolate/isothiocyanate containing crucifers might upset the thy- roid. And in huge doses, hard to get dietarily, indole-3-carbinol might stimulate breast cancer rather than prevent it, because it does so at levels reasonably attainable through dietary con- sumption of crucifers (Brassicaceae).

See Pineapple.
BROMELAIN (from Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) +
Activities (Bromelain) — Antiaggregant (2; KOM); Antibacterial (1; BGB); Antiedemic (2; BGB; KOM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; BGB); Antitumor (1; BGB); Digestive (1; APA); Fibrinolytic (1; BGB); Proteolytic (1; APA).
Indications (Bromelain) — Bacteria (1; BGB); Burn (1; BGB); Cancer (1; APA; BGB); Diarrhea (1; APA; BGB); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA); Dyspepsia (1; BGB); Edema (2; BGB; KOM); Exocrine Hepatic Insufficiency (f; BGB); Inflammation (1; APA; BGB); Nasal Parasinusosis (2; KOM); Pain (1; APA); Swelling (2; APA; BGB; KOM); Thrombophlebitis (f; APA); Tumor (1; BGB); Ulcer (1; APA); Varicosis (f; APA); Wound (1; APA; BGB).
Dosages (Bromelain) — 250–500 mg 3 /day (APA); 80–320 mg bromelain/day (KOM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bromelain) — Contraindications: some peo- ple may be allergic to Bromelain. Side effects: allergy, diarrhea, GI problems (KOM). May augment antiaggregant or anticoagulant activity of other blood thinners (KOM). May increase blood and urinary levels of tetracyclines (KOM). This is the only case of Fleming et al., missing a Blumenthal et al. Commission E–approved drug, the American food plant, pineapple, with its proteolytic bromelain, a very active compound indeed.

BROOKLIME (Veronica beccabunga L.) ++
Activities (Brooklime) — Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; FEL); Antiscorbutic (f; FEL); Aperitif (f; EFS; WOI); Depurative (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; FEL); Litholytic (f; WOI).
Indications (Brooklime) — Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Anorexia (f; EFS; WOI); Bladder Stone (f; WOI); Bleeding (f; HH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Condyloma (f; JLH); Constipation (f; PH2); Cough (f; FEL); Cystosis (f; WOI); Dermatosis (f; HH2; WOI); Dys- entery (f; HH2; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; FEL); Fever (f; FEL); Gallstone (f; HH2); Gingivosis (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Odontosis (f; HH2); Proctosis (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; HH2; PH2); Scrofula (f; EFS; HH2); Stone (f; WOI); Swelling (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS; PH2); Whitlow (f; JLH).
Dosages (Brooklime) — Food farmacy; shoots eaten like cress (JAD). Decoction may be eaten freely (FEL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brooklime) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). LD50 (unspecific extract) 681 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH2); 1000 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2).

BROOM CORN (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ++

Synonym — See USDA (GRIN) for long list of synonyms.
Activities (Broom Corn) — Antiabortive (f; BIB); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Cyanogenic (1; WOI); Demulcent (f; BIB; KAB; PH2; WOI); Depurative (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; BIB; KAB; WOI); Emollient (f; BIB); Stomachic (f; LMP); Vermifuge (f; WBB).
Indications (Broom Corn) — Anorexia (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Burn (f; JLH; TOM); Cancer (f; JLH; KAB); Congestion (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; FEL; KAB); Debility (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; WBB); Diarrhea (f; JFM; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; BIB; KAB); Eczema (f; WBB); Epilepsy (f; BIB); Flu (f; BIB); Goiter (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Malaria (f; WBB); Mastosis (f; WBB); Measles (f; BIB; JFM); Nephrosis (f; BIB; KAB; TOM); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Stomachache (f; BIB); Swelling (f; WBB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; WBB); Water Retention (f; BIB; KAB; WOI); Worm (f; WBB).
Dosages (Broom Corn) — Decoct 1 tbsp powdered toasted seed (JFM); decoct 2 oz seed/quart water for cystosis (FEL). Molasses, derived from the seeds, was used with sulfur as a spring tonic in rural Alabama (TOM). I remember my dad and mom talking about it, but don’t know that they ever tonified me therewith.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Broom Corn) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 des- ignates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Cyanide poisoning can occur in grazing animals overgrazing the foliage, especially wilted foliage (WOI).

BROWN KELP (Macrocystis pyrifera C. Agardh) ++
Activities (Brown Kelp) — Antiobesity (f; PH2).

Indications (Brown Kelp) — High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Obesity (f; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brown Kelp) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Not for use in thyropathic-prone families; more than 300 g/day may cause hyperthyroidism. If the alga contains 0.3% (between the 0.1 and 0.5% cited by PH2), then a gram of wet alga (assuming 90% water) would give you that flagged dangerous dose (300 g/day).

BRUSSELS SPROUTS
(Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker) +++
Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are lightly colored lightweights compared to heavy- weights broccoli, the “master antioxidant,” and kale, the challenging contender. But vary your crucifer like you vary your fruits, nuts, whole grains, and herbs.
Activities (Brussels Sprouts) — Antiatherosclerotic (1; SN159:391); Antimaculitic (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antinyctalopic (1; JNU); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); Antioxidant (JN126:2098); Antiradicular (JN126:2098; Antiretinitic (1; JNU); Antitumor, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Antitumor, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Antitumor, lung (1; JNU); Antitumor, skin (1; JNU); Antiviral (1; JNU); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Estrogenic (1; JNU); Glucuronidase-Inhibitor (1; M11); Goitrogenic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Prooxidant (1; JAF44:2096); Quinone- Reductase-Inducer (1; PS131:95).
Indications (Brussels Sprouts) — Atherosclerosis (1; SN159:391); Cancer, bladder (1; JNU); Cancer, breast (1; JNU); Cancer, cervix (1; JNU); Cancer, colon (1; JNU); Cancer, liver (1; JLH; JNU); Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cardi- opathy (1; SN159:391); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Maculosis (1; JNU); Nyctalopia (1; JNU); Papilloma (1; JNU); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Stroke (1; JNU); Tumor, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Tumor, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Tumor, lung (1; JNU); Tumor, skin (1; JNU); Virus (1; JNU).
Dosages (Brussels Sprouts) — Food farmacy; eat some almost every day but don’t overdo it.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Brussels Sprouts) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). In huge quantities, glucosinolate/isothiocyanate-containing crucifers might upset the thyroid. And in huge doses, hard to get dietarily, indole-3-carbinol might stimulate breast cancer rather than prevent it, because it does so at levels reasonably attainable through dietary consumption of crucifers (Brassicaceae).

BUCHU (Agathosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Pillans) +
Synonym — Barosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Bartl. & H. L. Wendl., Hartogia betulina P. J. Bergius, Parapetalifera betulina (P. J. Bergius) W. Y. Young.
PH2 treats B. betulina, B. crenulata, and B. serratifolia as “Short Buchu,” but PH2 data in FNF were more specific to B. betulina.
Activities (Buchu) — Adaptogen (f; VAG); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2; VVG); Antis- pasmodic (f; VAG); Aperitif (1; VAG); Carminative (1; CRC; VAG); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2; VVG); Laxative (1; VAG); Panacea (f; WBB); Stimulant (f; CRC; WBB); Stomachic (f; CRC; WBB); Tonic (f; APA); Urinary Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; VVG).
Indications (Buchu) — Adenopathy (f; PH2); Anorexia (1; VAG); Bruise (f; APA; CRC; VVG; ZUL); Calculosis (f; CRC; WBB); Cardiopathy (f; APA); Catarrh (f; CAN; CRC; WBB); Chole-

cystosis (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC; WBB); Cold (f; VAG); Constipation (1; VAG); Cramp (f; VAG); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2; VAG); Dropsy (f; CRC; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; VVG); Flu (f; VAG); Gas (1; CRC; VAG); Gastrosis (f; VVG); Gout (f; CRC; PH2; WBB); Hangover (f; VAG); Hematuria (f; CRC; WBB); High Blood Pressure (f; APA); Inflammation (f; APA); Kidney Stone (f; APA); Nephrosis (f; VVG; ZUL); Pain (f; ZUL); PMS (f; APA); Prostatosis (1; CAN; CRC; PH2; VAG; WBB); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PH2; VVG; WBB; ZUL); Stomach Problem (f; VVG); Urethrosis (1; CAN; CRC; WBB); UTI (1; APA; PH2; VVG; ZUL); VD (f; APA); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2; VVG); Wound (1; APA; VVG).
Dosages (Buchu) — 1 tsp leaf/cup water up to several /day (APA); 10–30 drops extract in water or juice (APA); 1–2 g dry leaf as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml leaf tincture (1:5 in 60% ethanol) (CAN); 2–4 ml leaf tincture (PNC); 4–8 ml concentrated leaf infusion (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 90% ethanol) (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Buchu) — Class 2b, 2d. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Contraindicated in nephrosis (AHP). Commission E reports it contains irritating EO with diosphenol and pulegone (AEH). Pulegone is hepatotoxic. The volatile oil is an irritant to the GI tract and the kidneys (CAN). Because of the irritant oil, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN).

BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) +++
Synonym — F. saggittatum Gilib., F. vulgare Hill.
Activities (Buckwheat) — Antiatherosclerotic (f; PHR); Anticapillary Fragility (1; PHR; PH2); Anti-CVI (f; PHR); Antiedemic (1; PHR; PH2); Emollient (f; KAB).
Indications (Buckwheat) — Atherosclerosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer, colon (1; ABS); Capillary Fragility (1; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; DAA); Chill (f; DAA); CVI (1; PHR; PH2); Congestion (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Eczema (f; HHB); Edema (1; PHR); Headache (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Itch (f; HHB; PH2); Swelling (1; PHR; PH2); Varicosis (1; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Buckwheat) — Taken orally in teas, as an extract (PHR), or eaten as food. I view it as food farmacy. But as with peanuts, some people can be fatally allergic to the plant.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Buckwheat) — Not covered (AHP). None reported when properly administered (PHR). Not covered by AHP or Commission E. Rutin underlies much of the activity. Not covered in most of my books, more food than medicine. But it is clearly a safe food pharmaceutical for most people (note caveats). Intake of large quantities can cause phototoxic doses in grazing animals (PHR). I know one chemist’s wife was almost killed eating noodles in Japan made of buckwheat flour. So some people can have fatally anaphylactic reactions to buckwheat. There are some similarities between the globulins in buckwheat and those in pea and soy. Phototoxic fagopyrine may cause fagopyrism in sheep and swine, inducing cramps, dermatosis, and nausea (HHB).

BUGLE (Ajuga reptans L.) +
Activities (Bugle) — Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PHR); Carminative (f; CRC; EFS); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Hemostat (f; CRC; EFS); Narcotic (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Bugle) — Angina (f; MPG); Biliousness (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC; EFS; MPG); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Diarrhea (f; MPG); Fever

(f; CRC; EFS); Fistula (f; CRC); Gangrene (f; CRC); Gas (f; CRC; EFS); Gastrosis (f; PHR); Hangover (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Inflam- mation (f; PHR); Jaundice (f; CRC); Laryngosis (1; PHR); Leukorrhea (f; MPG); Quinsy (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC); Stomatosis (1; PHR); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC; JLH); Vaginosis (f; MPG); Water Retention (f; CRC); Wound (1; PHR).
Dosages (Bugle) — Not given (PHR). 60 g herb boiled in 1 liter water for biliary disorders (CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bugle) — None stated (PHR).

BUGLEWEED (Lycopus europaeus L. or L. virginicus L.) +++
Activities (Bugleweed) — Antideiodinater (T4) (2; KOM); Antigonadotropic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Antihormonal (2; PNC); Antilactagogue (f; MAB); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiprolactin (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antithyrotropic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Antitumor (f; APA); Arteriosedative (f; MAD); Astringent (f; MAD; PNC); Cardiotonic (f; APA; FEL; MAD); Depurative (f; FEL); Digitalic (f; MAD); Hemostat (f; MAD); Narcotic (f; CEB); Poison (f; DEM); Sedative (f; APA; CEB; FEL; PNC); Tonic (f; FEL; HHB).
Indications (Bugleweed) — Albuminuria (f; FEL); Anxiety (f; APA; FEL); Bite (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; FEL; MAD); Bright’s Disease (f; MAD); Burn (f; FEL); Cardiopathy (f; FAD; PH2); Cough (1; FEL; PNC); Debility (f; FEL); Diabetes (f; CEB; FAD; FEL); Diarrhea (f; CEB; FEL); Dysentery (f; CEB; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; FEL); Dystonia (f; HHB); Endocardosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; FEL); Epistaxis (f; FEL); Exophthalmia (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; FEL); Gastrosis (f; CEB; FEL); Goiter (f; FEL; MAD); Grave’s Disease (1; PNC); Hematuria (f; FEL); Hemoptysis (f; CEB; FEL; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD; PH2); Hyper- thyroidism (mild only) (2; APA; HHB; PHR; SHT); Inflammation (f; CEB); Insomnia (2; APA; CEB; FEL; MAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Jaundice (f; MAD); Malaria (f; FEL); Mastosis (2; KOM; PHR; SHT); Menorrhagia (1; SHT); Nephrosis (f; MAD; PH2); Nervousness (2; APA; CEB; FEL; PHR; PH2; PNC); Palpitation (f; APA; MAD); Pericardosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (1; FEL); PMS (2; PHR; SHT); Pneumonia (f; FEL); Polyuria (f; CEB); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; FEL); Snakebite (f; DEM); Swelling (f; MAD); Tension (f; PH2); Thyroidosis (2; PHR); Tuberculosis (f; FEL; MAD); Tumor (f; APA).
Dosages (Bugleweed) — Take only under doctor’s supervision (APA); 1–2 drachms dried herb (FEL); 2 drachms to 4 fluid oz strong tincture (FEL); 1–2 g dry herb/tea (PH2); 0.7–2 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 0.2–2 g/day crude drug (SHT).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bugleweed) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindi- cated in thyroid enlargement or hypothyroid, and in simultaneous administration of other thyroid treatments (AHP). Long-term use can cause thyroid enlargement. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Avoid sudden withdrawal; may increase prolactin secretion (SHT).
Extracts (Bugleweed) — Extracts have demonstrated antigonadotropic, antithyrotropic, and prolac- tin-lowering activities (SHT). Freeze-dried extract induces pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) repletion in hypothyroid rats, and reduction of TSH levels in euthyroid rats. Extracts also prevent bovine TSH binding to and stimulating adenyl cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Extracts used empirically in the treatment of Grave’s disease, in which a thyroid-stimulating antibody is found in the blood; “this antibody has been shown to bind to and be inhibited by the plant extract” (PNC).

BULBOUS BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus bulbosus L.) +

Activities (Bulbous Buttercup) — Abortifacient (f; MAD); Allergenic (f; PHR); Antibacterial (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; ZUL); Candidicide (1; CRC); CNS-Depressant (f; PHR); Fungicide (1; MAD; ZUL); Laxative (f; MAD); Narcotic (f; MAD); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Sternutator (1; CRC); Vesicant (1; CRC).
Indications (Bulbous Buttercup) — Alcoholism (f; CRC); Allergy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Bacteria (1; CRC); Boil (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; MAD); Cervicosis (f; JLH); Chilblain (f; CRC); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cystosis (f; MAD); Delirium (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyspnea (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; FEL; MAD); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Flu (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Frostbite (f; MAD); Fungus (1; MAD; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2);
Headache (f; CRC; MAD); Hemiplegia (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD); Herpes (f; CRC; FEL); Hiccup (f; CRC); Hydrocoele (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Insomnia (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Itch (f; MAD); Jaundice (f; CRC); Lumbago (f; MAD); Mastosis (f; CRC; JLH); Meningosis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; MAD; ZUL); Myosis (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Nervousness (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Neuralgia (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; PHR; PH2); Nyctalopia (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; MAD); Otosis

(f; MAD); Ovary (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC; MAD); Pancreatosis (f; MAD); Pemphigus (f; CRC; MAD); Pleurosis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Pleurodynia (f; CRC; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; FEL; MAD; PHR; PH2); Sciatica (f; CRC); Shingle (f; CRC); Spine (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomatosis (f; CRC; MAD); VD (f; DEM); Vertigo (f; MAD); Wart (f; CRC; JLH; MAD); Wen (f; JLH); Yeast (1; CRC).
Dosages (Bulbous Buttercup) — Homeopathic (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bulbous Buttercup) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 desig- nates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Contraindicated “absolutely” in pregnancy (PHR; PH2). Protoanemonin with significant antiseptic activity on aerobes, anaerobes, dermatophytes, and yeast, including MDR pathogens.

BUNCHBERRY (Cornus canadensis L.) ++
Synonym — Chamaepericlymenum canadense (L.) Asch. & Graebn.
Activities (Bunchberry) — Collyrium (f; FAD); Laxative (f; FAD); Tonic (f; DEM).
Indications (Bunchberry) — Bleeding (f; MIC); Cold (f; DEM); Colic (f; FAD); Cough (f; FAD; DEM); Enuresis (f; MIC); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Fit (f; FAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; MIC); Nephrosis (f; FAD; MIC); Ophthalmia (f; FAD); Pain (f; DEM; FAD); Paralysis (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; FAD); Side Ache (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tubercu- losis (f; DEM); Wound (f; MIC).

BUPLEURUM, HARE’S EAR
(Bupleurum chinense DC. or B. falcatum L.) ++
Treated as Chinese Thoroughwax by PH2.
Activities (Bupleurum) — Adrenergic (1; KEB); Analgesic (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Antiadhesive (1; AKT); Antiaggregant (1; AKT; KEB; MAB); Antidepressant (f; PED); Antiedemic (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Antifibrositic (1; SHB); Antihepatosis (1; KEB); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Antimutagenic (1; MAB; WHO); Antinephrotic (1; KEB); Antiprostag- landin (1; KEB); Antipyretic (2; KEB; PH2; WHO; WO2); Antithromboxane (1; KEB); Antitoxic (f; DAA); Antitumor (1; KEB); Antitussive (1; DAA; KEB; PH2); Antiulcer (1; KEB; PH2); Antiviral (1; SHB; WO2); Apoptotic (1; MAB); Bitter (f; PED); cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor (1; WO2); Cardioprotective (1; AKT); Choleretic (2; AKT; KEB); CNS-Depressant (1; DAA; PED; WHO); Corticosteronigenic (1; AKT; MAB); Diaphoretic (f; KEB; MAB; PED; WO2); Diuretic (1; AKT); Expectorant (f; WO2); Gastroprotective (1; MAB; WHO); Hemolytic (1; WO2); Hemo- stat (f; DAA); Hepatoprotective (1; KEB; MAB; PH2; WHO); Hepatotonic (f; DAA); Hypergly- cemic (1; MAB); Hypocholesterolemic (1; KEB); Hypoglycemic (1; AKT); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; KEB; SHB; WHO); Interleukinogenic (1; SHB); Laxative (1; KEB); Mito- genic (1; MAB); Nephroprotective (1; MAB); Phagocytotic (f; SHB); Sedative (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Tyrosinase-Inhibitor (1; WO2).
Indications (Bupleurum) — Amenorrhea (f; DAA; WHO); Anxiety (f; AKT); Autoimmune Dis- ease (f; WHO); Bleeding (f; DAA); Cancer (1; AKT; JLH; MAB; WHO); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, cervix (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; AKT); Catarrh (f; DAA); Chest Ache (f; PH2; WO2); Cholecystosis (f; DAA); Chill (f; DAA; MAB; PH2); Cold (1; KEB; WHO); Constipation (1; KEB);

Cough (f; DAA); Deafness (f; DAA; PH2; WHO); Debility (f; AKT; MAB); Depression (f; PED); Dermatosis (f; PED); Diabetes (f; WHO); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dizziness (f; AKT; WHO); Dusgeusia (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; JAD; MAB; PED); Dyspepsia (f; DAA; MAB); Enterosis (1; WO2); Epigastrosis (f; MAB); Fever (2; DAA; HHB; KEB; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Fibrosis (1; SHB); Flu (1; WHO); Gallstone (f; DAA); Gas (f; DAA; WO2); Hepatomegaly (f; KEB); Hepatosis (1; DAA; KEB; WHO; WO2); Herpes (1; MAB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; KEB); Hyperglycemia (1; AKT); Hyperpigmentation (f; WO2); Hypochondriasis (f; WHO); Hypoglycemia (1; MAB); Immunodepression (1; KEB; SHB; WHO); Inflammation (1; AKT; DAA; MAB; PED; PH2; WHO; WO2); Insomnia (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Leukemia (f; JLH);
Malaria (f; DAA; PH2); Measles (1; MAB); Metastasis (f; AKT); Nausea (f; MAB; PH2); Nephrosis (1; KEB; WHO); Nervousness (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Obesity (1; KEB); Pain (1; DAA; MAB;
PH2; WHO); Palpitation (f; DAA); Pleurisy (f; DAA); PMS (f; PED); Prolapse (f; DAA; MAB); Pulmonosis (f; DAA); Rhinosis (f; DAA); Stone (f; DAA); Stress (f; PED); Swelling (1; DAA; PH2; WHO); Tuberculosis (f; DAA); Tumor (1; KEB; PED); Ulcer (1; KEB; MAB; PH2; WHO);
Vertigo (f; AKT; DAA); Virus (1; SHB; WO2); Vomiting (f; PH2; WHO); Water Retention (1; AKT); Wound (f; WHO).
Dosages (Bupleurum) — 1–2 tsp (2–5 g)/day (SHB); 3–9 g/day (WHO); 3–12 g root/day (AKT); 1–4 g root powder (AKT); 1–2 tsp fresh root (PED); 0.5–1 g dry root (PED); 3–12 g/day dry root (MAB); 1 g dry root:5 ml alcohol/5 ml water (PED); 1.5–6 g dry root/day or 3–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (KEB); 4–8 ml fluid extract (1:2) (MAB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bupleurum) — Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). I suspect that this herb houses furanocourmarins for which the usual photosensitivity caveats apply. Patients may experience some flatulence, laxation, and sedation (KEB); large doses may decrease appetite and cause flatulence and abdominal distension. Allergic reactions reported in three cases (intramuscular injections) (WHO). One combination formula containing Bupleurum has been associated with interstitial pneumonitis in more than 15 patients (MAB). Because large doses may sedate, WHO cautions against operating motor vehicles or hazardous machinery. Alcohol, as well as other sedatives and CNS-depressants, may synergize the Bupleurum effects.
Extracts (Bupleurum) — Saikosaponin A and D have antitumor effects against human hepatoma tissue cultures (KEB); extracts may stimulate macrophage activity. Oral doses only about 1/10th as active as injected doses (KEB). At 6 mg day (~300 mg/root/day) significantly reduced liver enzymes. Antiinflammatory activity of saikosaponins similar to that of prednisolone (MAB). Sed- ative activity of saikosaponins (200–800 mg/kg) = 100 mg meprobomate. Polysaccharide fraction BR2 at 100 mg/kg similar in antiulcer activity of sucralfate (WHO).

BURDOCK (Arctium lappa L.) +++

Synonym — A. edule (Siebold ex Miq.) Nakai, Lappa edulis Siebold ex Miq., L. major Gaertn.,
L. officinalis All.
Activities (Burdock) — Alterative (f; CRC; PED); Antibacterial (1; APA; CAN; PED); Antidiabetic (1; FNF); Antifuruncular (1; CAN); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antileukemic (1; FNF); Antilymphomic (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; APA; CAN); Antiphlegmatic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC; FNF); Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PNC; SKY); Antitumor (1; APA; CRC; SKY); Aperitif (f; CAN); Astringent (f; PED); Bifidogenic (1; AKT; FNF); Bitter (1; CAN); Carminative (f; CRC); Choleretic (1; APA; FAD); Cytoprotective (1; CAN); Demulcent (1; SKY); Depurative (f; APA; FAD; PHR); Desmutagenic (1; PNC); Detoxicant (1; CAN); Diaphoretic (f; APA; PHR; WAM); Digestive (1; SKY); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Fungicide (1; APA; PED); Gastrostimulant (1; FNF); Hepatotonic (1; WAM); Hypocholester- olemic (1; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; PNC; SKY); Immunomodulator (1; FNF); Immun- ostimulant (1; FNF); Lipolytic (1; FNF); Lymphotonic (1; WAM); Prebiotic (1; AKT; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Uterotonic (1; CAN).
Indications (Burdock) — Abscess (f; CRC); Acne (f; CRC; SKY); Adenopathy (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Alopecia (f; APA); Anorexia (f; CAN); Arthrosis (f; APA; CRC; PNC); Backache (f; APA); Bacteria (1; APA; CAN; PED); Bladder Stone (1; APA; CRC); Boil (1; CAN; WAM);
Bruise (f; CRC; FAD); Bunion (f; CRC); Burn (f; FAD); Cancer (1; APA; CAN; FNF); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, knee (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, sinus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tongue (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Canker Sore (f; APA; CRC); Chancre (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cold (f; APA); Constipation (f; APA;

FAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Diabetes (1; CAN; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (f; APA; CAN; WAM); Enterosis (f; APA); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; FNF; PHR; WAM); Flu (f; APA; FAD);
Fungus (1; APA; PED); Furuncle (1; CAN); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; APA); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; APA; CAN; FAD); Gravel (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (f; APA); Hives (f; FAD); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CAN; PNC; SKY); Hysteria (f; CRC); Ichthyosis (f; PHR); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Impotence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CRC; PED; PNC); Inflammation (f; JLH); Itch (f; CRC); Kidney Stone (1; APA; X7860196); Leukemia (1; FNF); Leukorrhea (f; CRC); Lumbago (1; CRC); Lymphoma (1; FNF; JAD); Measles (f; CRC; FAD); Mycosis (1; APA; PED); Nephrosis (f; CRC; FAD); Pain (f; APA); Parturition (f; APA); Pharyngosis (f; APA); Phosphaturia (f; CRC); Psoriasis (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Rheumatism (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PNC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Scarlet Fever (f; FAD); Sciatica (1; APA; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; CRC; FAD); Shigella (1; FNF); Smallpox (f; CRC; FAD); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Staphylococcus (1; FNF); Sterility (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; APA; CRC); Tumor (1; APA; CAN; CRC; JLH; SKY); Ulcer (f; APA; JLH); Urethrosis (Unapproved KOM); UTI (f; APA); VD (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC; FAD); Wart (f; APA; JLH); Water
Retention (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Wound (f; APA).
Dosages (Burdock) — 0.25–0.5 cup fresh root (PED); 1.25 tsp chopped or powdered root/cup water (1 tsp = ~2 g) (APA; BIS); 2–6 g dry root as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 6–12 g dry root (PED); 9 g dry root:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 2–8 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3
/day (CAN); 8–12 ml root tincture (1:10 in 45% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to 3 /day (APA); 3 (475 mg) capsules 3 /day (APA; NH); 3 (470 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH); 0.5–2 ml liquid seed extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burdock) — Class 1 (AHP). CAN notes that it may conflict with other hypoglycemic medications. Physicians in Burgos, Spain, in 1995, reported three cases of contact dermatosis caused by burdock root poultices. Herbs for Health (Novem- ber/December) page 68, reviewing Rodriguez, P. et al., 1995. Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock. Contact Dermatitis 33(2):134–5. (However, a letter from Alvaro Palacios in Spain tells me this is based on contamination with belladonna). Should be avoided during pregnancy due to a slight estrogenic effect (WAM). CAN also cautions that because it is a uterine stimulant, in vivo, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN).
Extracts (Burdock) — High inulin and mucilage may explain GI soothing effect (SKY). The bitter compound artipicrin kills Gram-positive bacteria (CAN). Bitter constituents explain digestive prop- erties (SKY); polyacetylenes are antimicrobial (SKY). Lignans have antileukemic, antilymphomic, antimutagenic, and antitumor activities. (FNF). The burdock fiber (root can be 50% inulin) at 5% in the diet of rats protects against the toxicity of artificial food coloring. Plant juice reduces chromosome aberrations (CAN). Inulin seems to have antidiabetic, gastrostimulant, hypocholes- terolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, and lipolytic activities. Flowers and leaves antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus.

BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT (Dictamnus albus L.) ++
Synonym — D. caucasicus (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Grossh., D. fraxinellus Pers., D. fraxinellus var.
caucasicus Fisch. & C. A. Mey.

Activities (Burning Bush) — Antiimplantation (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Cardiosedative (f; HHB); Contraceptive (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Phototoxic (1; HHB; PH2); Propecic (1; PH2); Sedative (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; PH2); Tonic (f; EFS; PH2); Uterotonic (f; HHB); Vermifuge (f; EFS; HHB).
Indications (Burning Bush) — Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Boil (f; DAA); Cancer (f; JLH); Child- birth (f; PH2); Cramp (f; EFS; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Eczema (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Fungus (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Hysteria (f; HHB; WOI); Impetigo (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (f; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; PH2); Malaria (f; HHB; WOI); Mycosis (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PH2); Scabies (f; PH2); Vitiligo (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB); Worm (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Burning Bush) — 20 g herb/liter water (PH2); 1 tsp root/2 glasses water (PH2). Strangely, PH2 suggests one g fresh herb or 2 g dry herb/cup water (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burning Bush) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Mutagenic, photo- toxic, uterotonic.

BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY (Bidens tripartita L.) ++
Synonym — B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, B. connata Muhl. ex Willd., B. connata var. comosa
A. Gray.
Activities (Burr Marigold) — Antibacterial (f; WO3); Antiinflammatory (1; WO3); Anti- pyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; DAA; EFS; WO3); Aperient (f; EFS; WO2); Astringent (f; EFS; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; WO2); Hemostat (f; EFS); Narcotic (f; EFS); Sedative (f; EFS).
Indications (Burr Marigold) — Alopecia (f; PH2); Bacteria (f; WO3); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; EFS; WO2); Cancer (1; WO3); Cystosis (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; DAA; WO2); Eczema (f; WO2); Enterosis (f; WO3); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Gallstone (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; WO3); Gout (f; DAA; PH2); Gravel (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; WO2); Infection (1; EFS; WO3); Inflammation (1; WO3); Insomnia (f; EFS); Kidney Stone (f; WO2); Nervousness (f; EFS); Respirosis (f; WO2); Sclerosis (f; DAA); Scurvy (f; PH2); Stone (f; WO2); Toothache (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Venosis (f; DAA); Water Retention (f; EFS; PH2; WO2); Wound (f; WO3).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Burr Marigold) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

BUTCHER’S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++

Activities (Butcher’s Broom) — Alpha-Adrenergic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (f; PED); Anticapil- lary Fragility (1; PH2; SKY); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; PNC); Aperitif (f; EFS); Bitter (f; PED); Deobstruent (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PNC); Diuretic (2; KOM; PED; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Laxative (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Tonic (1; PH2); Vasoconstrictor (1; APA; PNC; PED; SKY).
Indications (Butcher’s Broom) — Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (1; APA); Atherosclerosis (f; PED; SKY); Cancer, prostate (f; HHB; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; PH2; PNC; SKY); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Constipation (f; APA; BGB; EFS); Cramp (1; APA; KOM; PH2); CVI (2; APA; BGB; PH2); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB); Fever (f; EFS; PNC); Fracture (f; APA; BGB); Hemorrhoid (2; APA; KOM; MAB; PH2; SKY); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB); Inflammation (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY); Itch (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Jaundice (f; BIB; EFS); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; KOM); Phlebitis (1; PED); Pulmonosis (f; EFS); Prostatosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; BIB); Retinosis (2; BGB); Rheumatism (f; APA); Scrofula (f; BIB); Swelling (1; APA; KOM; PH2); Thrombosis (1; HHB; PED); Ulcus cruris (f; HHB); Uterosis (f; BGB); Varicosis (1; APA; MAB; SKY); Water Retention (2; BIB; KOM; PED; PH2).
Dosages (Butcher’s Broom) — 300-mg tablets (APA); 7–11 mg ruscogenin (or neoruscogenin + ruscogenin)/day or equivalent in raw extract (KOM; PH2); 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); 2 g dry root :10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 1 g extract 3 /day (SKY); StX (50–100 mg ruscogenin)/day) (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butcher’s Broom) — Class 1 (AHP; SKY). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E

reports rhizome permitted for oral use. No contraindications or interactions. Adverse effects: rarely gastric complaints, nausea, queasiness (AEH; KOM; PHR; PH2). Ruscogenins and neoruscogenins, similar to diosgenin, are responsible for decreasing inflammation and vascular permeability (SKY). Saponins are antiaggregant, antiinflammatory, capillarifortificant, and diuretic (PED).

BUTTERBUR
(Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn. et al. and P. officinalis Moench) +
Synonym — Tussilago hybrida L.
Activities (Butterbur) — Analgesic (1; BIS; HH2; PH2; SHT); Antiinflammatory (1; IJI1; SHT); Antileukotriene (1; IJI1; PH2; SHT); Antilithic (2; KOM; SHT); Antimigraine (1; IJI1); Antispas- modic (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Antiulcer (1; HH2); Aperitif (f; PH2); Aquaretic (f; SHT); Carcinogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Cardiotonic (f; GMH); Cytoprotective (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Dysuria (2; KOM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hepatotoxic (1; PHR; PH2); Mutagenic (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; BIS); Stimulant (f; PNC); Teratogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Tonic (f; PNC); Vermifuge (f; MAD).
Indications (Butterbur) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Agitation (f; PH2); Anorexia (f; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Backache (f; GMH); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (f; GMH); Colic (f; PHR; PH2; SHT); Cough (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIS);
Dyspnea (f; GMH); Dysuria (f; GMH; MAD; SHT); Enterosis (f; BIS; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; GMH; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Inflammation (1; IJI1; SHT); Insomnia (f; BIS; PH2); Kidney Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Migraine (1; IJI1; PH2); Nervousness (f; BIS); Neuralgia (f; GMH); Pain (2; BIS; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Pancreatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Plague (f; GMH); Psychas- thenia (2; HH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; GMH; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Stone (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Stress (f; PH2); Ulcer (1; HH2); Uterosis (f; MAD); UTI (f; PHR; PH2; SHT);
Water Retention (f; GMH; MAD; PHR; PNC); Worm (f; GMH; MAD); Wound (f; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Butterbur) — 4.5–7 g/day dry herb (KOM; PH2; SHT); 1.2–2 g powdered herb/cup water, 2–3 /day (HH2; PH2). “Teas should not be used” (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butterbur) — Contains pyrrolizidine alka- loids (PAs). Not recommended due to PAs and sesquiterpene lactones (PNC). Daily dose should not exceed 1 g PAs; do not dose more than 4–6 weeks a year (SHT). Botanically similar to Tussilago farfara. Adequate data about PA content not available. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5–3.3 mg/kg (AEH). Com- mission E reports all plant parts contain hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic PAs. Contrain- dicated in pregnancy and lactation (AEH). Gruenwald (PHR) makes the following contradictory statements, back-to-back, first his template, “No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.” Then, the conflicting statement, “One should entirely forgo any administration of the drug, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the parts of the plant above ground, as even mere traces of the alkaloids present a danger” (PHR).
Extracts (Butterbur) — Ethanolic extract antispasmodic IC50 = 1.7 mg/ml (very weak cf atropine 1/1,000,000th of papaverine 1/1000th). LD50 dry drug 870 mg/kg ivn guinea pig, tincture 1250 mg/kg (HH2), LD50 root extract 2500 orl guinea pig (HH2), LD50 root extract 60 mg/kg ivn guinea pig (HH2).

BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) +++
PH2 goofed and listed Juglans nigra and Black Walnut, which they do not treat separately, as trade names for butternut. Strangely, they also list Juglandis folium as a constituent.
Activities (Butternut) — Alterative (f; NUT); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2); Antitumor (1; HAD; PH2); Cholagogue (f; PNC); Depurative (f; MAD); Fungicide (1; FAD); Hemostat (1; FAD); Herbicide (1; HAD); Laxative (1; FAD; MAD; NUT; PH2; PNC); Rubefacient (f; NUT); Stimulant (f; NUT); Tonic (f; PNC; PH2); Vermifuge (f; FAD; NUT; PH2); Vulnerary (f; FAD).
Indications (Butternut) — Acne (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; FAD); Cancer (1; JLH; PH2); Chole- cystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Constipation (1; FAD; MAD; PH2); Dermatosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; HHB); Epithelioma (f; NUT); Fever (f; MAD); Fungus (1; FAD); Gastrosis (f; HHB); Headache (f; FAD; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; PH2; PNC); Hepatosis (f; HHB; MAD); Infection (1; FAD; PH2); Malaria (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; FAD; NUT); Rheumatism (f; FAD; MAD); Parasite (1; PH2); Rosacea (f; MAD); Sore (f; NUT); Syphilis (f; NUT); Toothache (f; FAD); Tumor (1; HAD; PH2); VD (f; NUT); Worm (f; FAD; NUT; PH2).
Dosages (Butternut) — 100–300 mg bark (HHB); 2–4 ml, 1:1 fluid extract (HHB); capsules 95 mg bark, 500 mg, 3500 mg (PH2); 1:1 Fluid Extract (PH2); 2–4 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 0.3–0.5 g dry bark extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Butternut) — Class 1 (AHP). Large doses mildly laxative, contraindicated in pregnancy (AHP). None known or listed (PHR; PNC). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Our best source of dietary serotonin, quickly broken down in the gut (where there are serotonin receptors). The combination of tannin with all its pesticidal activities and juglone may be pretty potent.

C
CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) +++
Few if any taxonomists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varieties and species, and probably fewer chemists, herbalists, pharmacists, and physicians can be sure of the variety or species. My entries can be no more reliable than their sources. Seems as though the cabbage group might better be treated generically than specifically or varietally. We all know cabbage and cole slaw as health food, but then there’s the more complex Chinese Cabbage, etc. The darker green, the better, in many respects (see broccoli, kale, etc.).
Activities (Cabbage) — Allergenic (1; WO3); Anthelminthic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antidote, mushroom (f; WO2); Antiseptic (f; WO2); Antiulcer (1; PH2); Antiscorbutic (f; TOM); Astringent (f; TOM); Bitter (f; TOM); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; TOM; WO2); Emollient (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; WO2); Gastroprotective (f; PH2); Goitrogenic (1; WO2); Hypocholester- olemic (1; WO3); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Laxative (f; TOM); Monooxygenase-Inducer (1; WO3); Nematicide (1; WO2); Pectoral (f; TOM; WO2); Stomachic (f; KAB; WO2); Vermifuge (f; WO2).
Indications (Cabbage) — Acidity (1; PH2); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Asthma (f; HHB; PH2; WO2); Bacteria (1; WO2); Biliousness (f; KAB; WBB); Blister (f; WO2); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; HHB; KAB; WO2); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (1; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; JLH; TOM); Cancer, foot (1; JLH); Cancer, gland (1; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JLH); Cancer, prostate (1; JNU); Cancer, spleen (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Canker (f; TOM); Carcinoma (f; TOM); Colic (f; WBB); Constipation (f; TOM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; HHB; PH2; WO2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; WO2; WO3); Dropsy (f; KAB); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Escherichia (1; WO2); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; KAB); Fistula (f; JLH; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Gastrosis (f; HHB; JLH; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Hangover (f; TOM); Headache (f; DEM; TOM); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH; WO2); High Cholesterol (1; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Hypothyroidism (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; WO2); Inflammation (f; TOM); Itch (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; TOM); Pain (f; PH2); Pancreatosis (f; HHB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; KAB; WO2); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Roemheld Syndrome (f; PH2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; HHB); Swelling (f; JLH; TOM); Thyroidosis (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; WO2); Tumor (f; TOM); Ulcer (1; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wart (f; JLH; KAB); Water Retention (f; TOM; WO2); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (1; KAB; WO2); Yeast (1; WO2).
Dosages (Cabbage) — Food farmacy; eat some almost every day, but don’t overdo it. Recommended raw as slaw, fermented as kraut, or boiled redneck fashion. I use it as the broth for all my vegetarian soups (JAD). A daily liter of cabbage juice for at least 3 weeks but not more than 6 weeks (PH2). One tsp juice before each meal for gastralgia and acid stomach (PH2). 500 mg tablets (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cabbage) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). In huge quantities, glucosinolate/isothiocyanate containing crucifers might upset the thyroid. And in huge doses, hard to get dietarily, indole-3-carbinol, might stimulate breast cancer rather than prevent it because it does so at levels reasonably attainable through dietary consumption of crucifers (Brassicaceae).

133

Purple cabbage has the added advantage of anthocyanins, and almost twice as much vitamin C as green or white cabbage. But purple has only half the folate. I suggest using a different variety every day.

CABBAGE BARK (Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.) +
Synonyms — A. excelsa Kunth, A. jamaicensis Urb., A. racemosa Lam. ex J. St.-Hil., Geoffroea inermis W. Wright, Vouacapoua inermis (W. Wright) A. Lyons.
Activities (Cabbage Bark) — Anthelminthic (f; CRC; WO2); Antidote, comocladia (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC; WO2); Narcotic (f; CRC; WO2); Piscicide (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Cabbage Bark) — Constipation (f; WO2); Eczema (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; WO2); Malaria (f; CRC); Parasite (f; IED); Worm (f; CRC; IED); Yaws (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cabbage Bark) — Not covered (AHP; APA; KOM; PHR). Contains berberine and biochanin-A, both of which have many biologically important activities (WO2).

CABEZA DE ANGEL (Calliandra grandiflora (L’Her) Benth.) +
Synonyms — Aneslia strigillosa Britton & Rose, C. anomala (Kunth) J. F. Macbr., C. strigillosa
(Britton & Rose) Standl. ex Leavenw., Inga anomala Kunth, Mimosa grandiflora L’Hér.
Activities (Cabeza de Angel) — Astringent (f; CRC); Hypnotic (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC).
Indications (Cabeza de Angel) — Anorexia (f; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Chest Ailment (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Condylomata (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Eye Disease (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cabeza de Angel) — “Classed as a narcotic hypnotic” (CRC).

CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) ++

Activities (Cacao) — Allergenic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiseptic (f; CRC; DAD; JFM); Antitumor (f; JFM); Aphrodisiac (1; APA; HAD); Astringent (1; KOM; PH2);

Broncholytic (1; PHR; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; PHR; PH2); CNS-Stimulant (1; APA; TRA); Comedogenic (1; CRC); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TRA); Ecbolic (f; CRC; DAD); Emmen- agogue (root) (f; CRC; DAD); Emollient (1; APA; CRC); Hypotensive (f; GMH); Lipolytic (1; BRU; FNF); Myorelaxant (1; PHR; PH2); Parasiticide (f; CRC; DAD); Secretolytic (f; PH2); Stimulant (f; APA; PH2); Thermogenic (1; HAD); Thyroregulator (f; HH2; PH2); Tonic (f; KOM; PHR); Vasodilator (1; JFM; PHR; PH2).
Indications (Cacao) — ADD (1; DAD); Adenopathy (f; HH2); Alopecia (f; CRC); Asthma (1; APA; DAV); Bacteria (1; APA); Bite (f; DAD); Bleeding (f; IED); Bronchosis (1; APA); Burn (f; APA; IED; JFM); Cancer (f; JFM); Cellulite (1; BRU; FNF; HAD); Chafing (f; APA; FEL); Childbirth (f; CRC; DAD; JFM); Cold (1; APA); Congestion (1; APA); Cough (f; APA; CRC; DAD); Cystosis (f; KOM; PHR; PH2); Debility (f; TRA); Dermatosis (f; IED); Diabetes (f; KOM; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2); Eczema (f; DAV); Enterosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Eruption (f; JFM);
Fever (f; APA; CRC); Flu (1; APA); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; GMH); Hyperkinesis (1; DAD); Infection (1; APA; PHR); Malaria (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Nephrosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Nipple (f; FEL); Obesity (f; BRU; FNF; HAD);
Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DAD); Parasite (f; CRC; DAD); Parturition (f; APA); Pregnancy (f; APA); Proctosis (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scabies (f; DAV); Screw Worm (f; JFM); Snakebite (f; CRC); Thyroidosis (f; HH2); Tumor (1; CRC; JFM); Vaginosis (f; JFM); Water Retention (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TRA); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (f; DAD; JFM); Wrinkle (f; APA; CRC; DAD).
Dosages (Cacao) — 1–2 tsp cocoa/cup water and/or milk (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cacao) — Not covered (AHP). Not approved (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages or with consuming normal amounts of chocolate products” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no dosage level and does not define normal usage! JAD). Commission E reports contraindications for seed and seed shell: hypersensitivity; adverse effects: allergic reactions with skin manifestations and migraine (AEH). Patients with irritable bowel syndrome should avoid cocoa-containing products (APA). Cocoa butter clogs pores, causing blackheads in animals (APA). Biogenic amines (phenylethylamine, serotonin, tryptamine, and tyramine) can trigger migraine attacks (free amines total 750–1440 ppm in fer- mented beans). Even caffeine can trigger headaches in naive subjects. Theophylline is present in traces only in unroasted beans, which disappear with roasting (HHB). Enzymes such as hydrolase, lipase, and proteinase are deactivated in roasting. If caffeine from coffee works for hyperkinesis (ADD), a big if, why not caffeine from chocolate, or tea, both of which may have even more health benefits via their catechin-tannins? Milk chocolate may have 2000 ppm caffeine, bitter chocolate 4000 ppm (PH2).

CAJEPUT (Melaleuca leucadendra L.) ++
Synonyms — Kajuputi leucadendra (L.) Rusby, Myrtus leucadendra L.
After visiting Australia and conferring with teatree experts, I am convinced that most of the published studies are taxonomically confused. I am using the Cajeput in the sense of the USDA, not in the narrower Australian sense of cajuput, which follows. The lazy way out, lumping the species, won’t solve the taxonomic quandary.
Activities (Cajeput) — Analgesic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Astringent (1; CRC); Carminative (1; CRC); Emollient (1; CRC); Insectifuge (1; CRC; WOI); Rubefacient (1; CRC; KOM; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; CRC); Stomachic (1; CRC); Suppurative (1; CRC); Vermifuge (1; CRC; WOI).
Indications (Cajeput) — Acne (1; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthma (1; CRC); Backache (1; FNF; PH2); Boil (1; CRC); Bronchosis (1; CRC; WOI); Bruise (f; CRC; PHR); Burn (f;

PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholera (1; CRC; DEP); Cold (1; CRC); Colic (1; CRC; DEP); Cough (1; CRC); Debility (f; DEP); Depression (f; DEP); Dermatosis (1; CRC); Diarrhea (1; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC; DEP); Dyspepsia (1; CRC); Eczema (1; CRC); Epilepsy (f; DEP); Gas (1; CRC; DEP); Gastrosis (1; CRC; DEP); Gout (f; CRC); Headache (1; CRC); Hiccup (f; CRC); Hysteria (f; DEP); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Laryngosis (1; CRC; WOI); Lumbago (1; PHR; PH2); Malaria (1; CRC); Myalgia (1; PHR; PH2);
Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (1; CRC; DEP; KOM; PH2); Otosis (1; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; DEP; PH2); Palsy (f; DEP); Paralysis (f; CRC); Pharyngosis (1; CRC); Pityriasis (f; CRC); Pleurosis (1; CRC); Pneumonia (1; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (1; CRC; DEP; PH2); Rhinosis (1; CRC); Scabies (1; CRC); Sciatica (1; PHR); Scurvy (1; CRC); Skin (1; CRC); Slipped Disk (1; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (1; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Sprain (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Tension (f; PHR); Toothache (1; CRC; WOI); Tumor (f; CRC); Worm (1; CRC; WOI); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Cajeput) — Oil used as a monopreparation, externally as a 5% alcohol solution (KOM); topical use only, dosage not specified (PH2); 0.05–0.2 ml Cajuput oil (PNC); 0.3–2 ml Cajuput spirit (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cajeput) — Not covered (AHP). No health hazards or side effects noted with proper administration (PHR; PH2). Do not apply near nostrils of pediatrics, may cause serious glottal spasms (KOM; PHR). More than 10 g cajuput oil may induce life-threatening intoxication, due to cineole, with circulatory and respiratory disorders, hypotension, and possible collapse (PH2). Topical and vaginal irritation have been reported from similar oils from other species of Melaleuca, but the topical use of the oil has not generally been associated with toxicity. Still, the topical use cannot be recommended at this time (LRNP, January 1991). As with most EOs, this one may induce dermatosis in sensitive individuals.

CAJUPUT (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell) ++
Synonym — M. minor Sm.
American authors (JFM) treat cajeput as Melaleuca leucadendron L. or M. quinquenervia. Few, if any, of the chemical studies are vouchered.
Activities (Cajuput) — Antibacterial (1; JAD); Antirheumatic (2; PHR); Antiseptic (1; JAD; JFM); Antispasmodic (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; JAD); Rubefacient (2; KOM; PHR); Stimulant (f; JFM).
Indications (Cajuput) — Athlete’s Foot (1; JAD); Backache (f; PHR); Bacteria (1; JAD); Bruise (f; PHR); Burn (1; PH2); Candida (1; JAD); Cramp (f; JFM); Fever (f; JFM); Fungus (1; JAD); Infection (1; JAD; PH2); Lumbago (1; PHR); Myalgia (2; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; JAD); Neuralgia (1; KOM; PH2); Onychosis (1; JAD); Pain (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Rheumatism (2; PHR; PH2); Sciatica (1; PHR); Slipped Disk (f; PHR); Sprain (f; PHR); Wound (1; PH2).

CALABASH TREE (Crescentia cujete L.) +
Activities (Calabash Tree) — Abortifacient (f; AAB; DAV; 60P); Analgesic (f; MPG; 60P); Antiallergic (1; TRA); Antidote, hippomane (f; JFM); Antiinflammatory (1; TRA; 60P); Antiseptic (1; MPG; TRA; 60P); Aperitif (f; MPG); Astringent (f; IED); Carcinogenic (1; MPG; 60P); Choleretic (1; DAV; 60P); Emmenagogue (f; AAB; MPG); Emetic (f; MPG; WBB; 60P); Expec- torant (f; IED); Hemostat (f; JFM; MPG); Laxative (1; DAV; IED; JFM; 60P); Pectoral (f; MPG); Pulifuge (f; JFM); Vermifuge (f; MPG; 60P); Vulnerary (f; MPG).

Indications (Calabash Tree) — Allergy (1; TRA); Alopecia (f; DAV; JFM); Anorexia (f; MPG); Asthma (f; AAB; DAV; JFM; 60P); Bacteria (1; TRA); Biliousness (f; DAV); Bleeding (f; JFM; MPG); Bronchosis (f; AAB; DAV; 60P); Bruise (f; WBB); Burn (f; WBB); Catarrh (f; MPG; 60P); Childbirth (f; AAB; JFM); Cold (f; JFM); Congestion (f; AAB; JFM); Con- stipation (1; IED; TRA; 60P); Cough (f; AAB; JFM); Diabetes (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; IED; 60P); Dysentery (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; MPG); Dyspepsia (f; MPG); Edema (1; TRA); Fever (f; IED); Flu (f; 60P); Freckle (f; JFM); Hematochezia (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; MPG); Hernia (f; DAV); Inflammation (1; TRA; 60P); Itch (f; JFM); Leukorrhea (f; MPG); Nervousness (f; MPG); Otosis (f; MPG; TRA); Pain (f; MPG; 60P); Palpitation (f; MPG); Pneumonia (f; 60P); Pulmonosis (f; AAB; IED; JFM); Salmonella (1; TRA); Snakebite (f; WBB); Spider Bite (f; JFM); Sprain (f; DAV; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; MPG; TRA); Streptococcus (1; TRA); Sunburn (f; JFM); Toothache (f; DAV; MPG; 60P); Tuberculosis (f; JFM); Tumor (f; JFM; JLH); Urethrosis (f; MPG); UTI (f; JFM); Vaginosis (f; JFM); Worm (f; MPG; 60P); Wound (f; JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Calabash Tree) — Not recommended for internal consumption (TRA). Fruit pulp may be carcinogenic; ingestion may produce severe diarrhea (TRA).

CALAMINT (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi.) ++
Synonyms — Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze, Melissa nepeta L., Satureja calamintha (L.) Scheele, S. nepeta (L.) Scheele.
PH2 data seem to have been in part derived from HHB, which is covering C. officinalis or C. montana, neither of which is in the USDA database. I use only C. nepeta data below.
Activities (Calamint) — Diaphoretic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; PH2); Expectorant (1; PH2).
Indications (Calamint) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cold (f; PH2); Fever (1; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Hiccup (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Calamint) — Not covered (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CALAMUS (Acorus calamus L.) XXX
Activities (Calamus) — Analgesic (1; KAP; ZUL); Anthelminthic (f; CRC; VVG); Antibac- terial (1; CRC; MPI); Antigonadotropic (1; ZUL); Antipyretic (1; CRC; WO2); Antiseptic (1; EFS; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CAN; SUW; VVG); Anxiolytic (1; IJP29:S340); Aperitif (f; CRC; KAB; PHR); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; KAP; ZUL); Carcinogenic (1; APA; CRC; VVG); Carminative (1; APA; CAN; SUW; VVG); CNS-Sedative (1; APA; VVG; WO2); Diaphoretic (f; CAN; EFS); Digestive (f; CRC; VVG); Diuretic (f; EFS; KAP); Emetic (f; CRC; SUW; VVG); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; ZUL); Expectorant (f; KAP); Hallucinogen (1; ZUL); Hyper- emic (1; PHR); Hypotensive (1; APA; WO2; ZUL); Insecticide (1; CRC; WO2; ZUL); Insec- tifuge (1; SUW); Larvicide (1; ZUL); Laxative (f; KAP); Negative Inotropic (1; KAP); Neurotonic (1; CRC); Ovicide (1; WO2); Sedative (1; APA; PHR); Mutagenic (1; APA); Neurotonic (f; SUW); Respiradepressant (1; KAP; WO2); Sedative (1; KAP; WO2); Sialagogue (f; KAB); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; SUW); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; MPI; WO2; ZUL).

Indications (Calamus) — Adenopathy (f; WO2); Ague (f; CRC; KAB); Angina (f; PHR); Anorexia (f; APA; CAN; CRC; KAB; PHR); Anxiety (1; IJP29:S340); Arthrosis (f; APA); Asthma (f; VVG); Bacteria (1; CRC; MPI); Bronchosis (f; CRC; SUW); Bubo (f; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testis (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; WO2); Cholera (f; MIC); Colic (f; APA; CAN; CRC; KAP; MIC; SUW); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; KAP); Cough (f; KAB; MIC); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; MIC; SUW; VVG); Cystosis (f; CRC); Deafness (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; SUW; VVG); Dysentery (f; CRC; KAB; VVG); Dyspepsia (1; APA; CAN; SUW; ZUL); Enterosis (f; CAN); Epilepsy (f; APA; KAP; WO2); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CRC; EFS; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Gangrene (f; JLH); Gas (1; APA; CAN; CRC; SUW; VVG);
Gastrosis (f; CAN; MIC; PHR); Gingivosis (f; PHR); Gout (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; WO2; ZUL); Incontinence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC; EFS; FNF); Insomnia (1; APA; PHR); Lice (1; WO2); Lumbago (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC; SUW); Melancholy (f; CRC); Mycosis (1; WO2); Nervousness (1; APA; MPI; PHR; WO2; ZUL); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Nicotinism (f; APA); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (1; KAP; ZUL); Paralysis (f; KAP); Respirosis (f; ZUL); Rheu- matism (f; APA; CRC; KAP); Rickets (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; SUW); Sore (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; APA; MIC); Swelling (f; KAP); Teething (f; APA); Tuberculosis (1; MPI); Tumor (f; JLH); Typhoid (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CAN; PHR); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (f; APA); Vertigo (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; EFS; KAP).
Dosage (Calamus) — 2–7 g powdered root (10–15 as emetic) (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Calamus) — Class 1, only for the asarone- free diploid rhizome. Class 2b for the triploid and tetraploid (AHP). CAN reports that the beta- asarone in the oil is carcinogenic and nephrotoxic, and may cause convulsions. AHP hints that the risks, like those of safrole, may not be as serious as the press would have us believe. Oil carcinogenic, convulsant; kidney damage and tremors. May potentiate MAOI therapy (CAN). And a real bombshell for uncut aromatherapists, “In general, the topical application of any undiluted EO is not recommend” (CAN). EO LD50 = 777 orl rat; LD50 = 221 ipr rat (CAN); LD50 = >5000 der guinea pig (CAN).

CALENDULA, MARIGOLD, POT-MARIGOLD
(Calendula officinalis L.) +++

Synonym — C. officinalis var. prolifera hort.
Activities (Calendula) — Abortifacient (1; CAN); Analgesic (1; BGB; CRC; WAM); Angiogenic (1; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; CRC; WO2); Antibacterial (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Antiblastocytic (1; CAN); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiemetic (1; WO2); Antihemorrhagic (f; CAN); Anti-HIV (1; BGB; PH2); Antiinflammatory (2; KOM; SHT; WAM); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antisarcomic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CAN; PH2; WAM); Antispasmodic (1; CAN; CRC); Antisuppurative (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CAN); Antiviral (1; BGB; PH2; SKY); Aphrodisiac (1; WO2); Astringent (f; CRC); Bitter (1; JFM); Candidicide (1; PH2); Cardiotonic (f; PHR); Carminative (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Cholagogue (f; CRC); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); Depurative (f; CRC); Dermagenic (1; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; BGB; CAN; CRC); Estrogenic (1; WO2); Fungicide (1; BGB; PH2); Hemostat (f; CRC); HIV-RT-Inhibitor (1; BGB); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; BGB; CAN); Laxative (f; CRC); Lymphadenomic (f; CAN); RT-Inhibitor (1; PH2); Sedative (1; WO2); Spermicide (1; CAN); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tri- chomonicide (1; CAN); Uterotonic (1; CAN; WO2); Vasodilator (1; CAN); Vulnerary (2; KOM; PH2; SHT).
Indications (Calendula) — Abrasion (1; CRC); Acne (f; PHR); Adenopathy (1; PHR; PH2); Amenorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Arthrosis (f; JFM); Atherosclerosis (f; PHR); Bacteria (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Bee Sting (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Bleeding (f; CAN; CRC; JFM); Boil (1;

BGB; BIS); Bruise (1; BGB; BIS; CRC); Bug Bite (1; WAM); Burn (2; PHR; PH2; SHT); Callus
(f; JFM); Cancer (1; CAN; CRC; PHR); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, intestine (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH; JFM); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; FNF); Candida (1; PH2); Cholera (f; CRC); Circulosis (f; PH2); Condyloma (1; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BGB; CAN; PHR; PH2); Consti- pation (f; CRC; PH2); Convulsion (f; PHR); Cough (f; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; CAN; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (1; BGB; PHR; PH2; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (f; CAN; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; CAN); Eczema (1; CAN; PHR; PH2; WAM); Enterosis (1; PH2); Epistaxis (f; CAN); Eruption (f; CRC); Fever (f; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; PH2); Flu (f; CRC); Frostbite (f; PHR; PH2); Fungus (1; BGB; PH2); Furunculosis (f; PHR); Gas (f; CAN; CRC; WO2); Gastrosis (1; PH2; SKY); Gingirrhagia (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CAN; CRC); Hepatosis (f; BGB; PHR); Herpes (1; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); HIV (1; BGB; PH2); Immunodepression (1; BGB; CAN); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; BGB; PH2); Inflammation (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Insomnia (1; WO2); Jaundice (f; BGB; CRC; PHR; PH2); Mastosis (f; PNC); Menstrual Distress (f; PHR); Mucososis (2; KOM; WO2); Mycosis (1; BGB; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; WO2); Otosis (1; CAN); Pain (1; BGB; CRC; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PH2; SHT);
Phlebitis (f; PHR); Pneumonia (1; PH2); Proctosis (f; CAN; CRC; PH2); Rhinosis (1; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC; HHB); Sore (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Sore Throat (2; PHR; PH2; SHT);
Sprain (1; CRC; WAM); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Steatoma (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; CRC; PH2); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PH2; SHT); Strep Throat (2; PHR); Strains (1; WAM); Streptococcus (1; PH2); Sunburn (SKY); Swelling (1; CAN); Syphilis (f; CRC); Thrombophlebitis (f; PHR); Toothache (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (1; CAN); Typhus (f; CRC); Ulcer (2; PH2); Ulcus cruris (2; CAN; KOM); Ulcer (internal) (1; BGB; CRC; PHR); Varicosis (f; CRC; PHR; WO2); Virus (1; BGB; PH2; SKY); Vomiting (1; WO2); Wart (f; CRC; JLH; JFM); Water Retention (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Worm (f; PHR; PH2); Wound (2; CRC; PH2; SHT);
Xeroderma (f; PHR); Yeast (1; PH2).
Dosages (Calendula) — 5–40 drops tincture 3 /day; 1–5 g herb/cup tea, 3 /daily (SF); 1–4 g flower as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 1–2 tsp flower/cup water (APA); 5 g flower in 1 liter milk for stomach cancer (JFM); 0.5–1.0 ml liquid flower extract (1:1 in 40% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 ml
flower tincture (1:5 in 90% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 1–4 ml liquid floral extract (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml floral tincture (PNC); ointments w/ 2–5 g herb/100 g (PIP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Calendula) — Class 1, Class 2b (AHP; CAN). I think it safer than coffee, discounting a report of anaphylactic shock in one Russian who gargled with the infusion (it’s kin to ragweed) (LRNP, August 1992). No known side effects or contrain- dications (KOM; SKY). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CAN caution that due to its reputed affect on the menstrual cycle, and being a uterine stimulant in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN).
Extracts (Calendula) — Calendula triterpenes sometimes better as antiinflammatories than indomethacin. Triterpenoids considered abortifacient, antiblastocytic, spermicide, uterotonic (CAN; WO2). Flavonoids antiinflammatory (SKY). Faradiol-3-myristic-acid-ester and faradiol-3-palmitic- acid-ester proven antiinflammatory, equal on equimolar basis to indomethacin. Unesterified faradiol more antiinflammatory = indomethacin PH2. Calenduloside-B has antiinflammatory, antiulcer, and sedative activities (WO2).

CALIFORNIA BAY
(Umbellularia californica (Hook. and Arn.) Nutt.) +
Synonym — Tetranthera californica Hook. & Arn.

Activities (California Bay) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antirheumatic (f; DEM); Counterirritant (f; CRC); Insecticide (f; CRC); Insectifuge (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; DEM).
Indications (California Bay) — Cold (f; DEM); Colic (f; CRC); Cramp (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; CRC; DEM); Lice (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DEM); Sinusosis (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; CRC; DEM).

CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE (Schinus molle L.) +
Synonym — Schinus huygan Molina.
Activities (California Peppertree) — Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Antiviral (f; CRC); Astrin- gent (1; CRC; PH2); Bitter (1; PH2); Collyrium (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS; PH2); Emmenagogue (1; CRC; WOI); Expectorant (f; EFS); Fungicide (1; PH2); Laxative (1; CRC; PH2); Piscicide (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; PH2); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS); Vulnerary (f; CRC; PH2).
Indications (California Peppertree) — Amenorrhea (1; CRC; WOI); Anorexia (f; PH2); Anuria (f; PH2); Aposteme (f; CRC); Arthrosis (f; PH2); Blennorrhagia (f; CRC; PH2); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, foot (f; JLH); Cataract (f; CRC); Cold (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; HH2); Fungus (1; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gingivosis (f; CRC; WOI); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC; WOI); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Ischiosis (F; HH2); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Mucososis (1; PH2); Myalgia (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; PH2); Nausea (f; PH2); Odontosis (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; HH2; PH2); Prolapse (f; CRC; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PH2); Sore (f; CRC; HH2); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Swelling (f; CRC; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; HH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urethrosis (f; CRC; HH2); Urogenitosis (f; CRC; HH2); Uterosis (f; CRC; PH2); VD (f; CRC; WOI); Virus (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC; EFS; HH2; PH2); Wound (f; CRC; PH2).
Dosages (California Peppertree) — For gargles and external washes 30 g drug/500 ml water.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (California Peppertree) — Class 1; GI irritant; though toxic in quantity, still used as spice (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Children intoxicated by fruits, with diarrhea, gastroenterosis, headache, lassitude, and nausea (CRC). LD50 (EO) = >5000 mg/kg orl rat (HH2).

CALIFORNIA POPPY (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) +
Activities (California Poppy) — Analgesic (1; CRC; EFS; HHB); Antispasmodic (1; BRU; CRC; PH2; WAM); Anxiolytic (1; BRU; PH2; WAM); Calmative (in small doses) (1; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (f; DEM); Lactifuge (f; DEM); Narcotic (1; CRC; DEM); Piscicide (f; CRC); Poison (f; DEM); Sedative (1; BRU; PHR; WAM); Soporific (1; CRC; EFS; PH2); Uterotonic (1; CRC; HHB; KOM).
Indications (California Poppy) — Ague (f; CRC); Anxiety (1; WAF); Cystosis (f; PHR); Depres- sion (f; PHR); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; WAF); Dystonia (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; PHR); Enuresis (f; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PHR); Insomnia (1; PHR; PH2; WAM); Jaundice (f; CRC); Melancholy (f; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f;

PHR; PH2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); Neurosis (f; PHR); OCD (1; WAF); Pain (1; CRC; EFS; HHB; PHR; PH2); Sore (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stress (f; WAF); Toothache (1; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM).
Dosages (California Poppy) — 1–2 ml liquid extract (PHR); 2–3 g in tea, to 4 cups/day (AHP); 1 tsp dry root and/or herb/cup water 2–3 /day; 30–40 drops tincture 2–3 /day (WAF).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (California Poppy) — Class 2b (AHP). Commission E reports aerial parts not permitted for therapeutic use. Use during pregnancy should be avoided as the major alkaloid cryptopine shows a stimulating effect on guinea pig uterus in vitro (AEH). Do not use during pregnancy; do not use with MAOI antidepressants (WAM).
Extracts (California Poppy) — Californidine reportedly antispasmodic, anxiolytic, sedative, and soporific. Cryptopine uterotonic at 1 ppm (HHB).

CAMPHOR (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl) X
Synonym — Laurus camphora L.
Many books confuse camphor the tree with camphor the chemical.
Activities (Camphor) — Abortifacient (f; VAG; WO2); Analeptic (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; VVG); Analgesic (1; AHP; APA; CRC; PNC; WO2); Anthelmintic (f; CRC; WO2); Antiaphrodisiac (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA; VAG; WO2); Antiitch (f; VVG); Antiseptic (1; AHP; HHB; VVG; ZUL); Antirheumatic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; VAG; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; WO2); Anti- tussive (1; APA); Aphrodisiac (f; WO2); Bronchosecretolytic (f; PIP); Bronchospasmolytic (1; KOM; PH2; PIP); Calmative (f; CRC); Candidicide (1; WO2); Cardiotonic (1; PIP; WO2); Car- minative (f; CRC; VVG; WO2); Circulotonic (1; KOM; WO2); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); CNS- Stimulant (1; WBB; ZUL); Convulsant (1; ZUL); Counterirritant (1; APA); Decongestant (1; APA); Diaphoretic (f; AHP; CRC; WO2); Emetic (f; VVG); Expectorant (1; HHB; WO2); Fungicide (1; VAG; WO2); Hyperemic (1; KOM; PH2; WO2); Liniment (f; CRC); Parasiticide (f; AHP); Respi- rastimulant (f; WO2); Rubefacient (1; AHP; VAG; WO2); Secretagogue (1; KOM); Secretolytic (1; PH2); Sedative (f; WO2); Stimulant (1; CRC; VVG; WO2; ZUL); Vibriocide (1; WO2); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Camphor) — Arrhythmia (1; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f; AHP; APA); Asthma (f; CRC; PH2); Bacteria (1; APA; PH2; VAG; WO2); Bronchosis (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; WO2); Bruise
(f; CRC); Burn (f; APA); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, leg (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida (1; WO2); Cardiopathy (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2; VVG); Catarrh (1; KOM; PIP); Chilblain (f; APA; PNC); Cholera (1; CRC; WO2); Chorea (f; WO2); Circulosis (f; PH2); Cold (f; PNC; VVG); Cold Sore (f; APA); Colic (f; CRC; HHB); Collapse (f; CRC); Congestion (1; AHP; APA; CRC); Convulsion (f; CRC; WO2); Cough (1; APA; PHR; WO2); Cramp (f; CRC; HHB; WO2); Delirium (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; ZUL); Diarrhea (1; PNC; WO2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Emphysema (f; CRC); Enterosis (1; VAG); Epilepsy (f; CRC; HHB; WO2); Favus (f; CRC); Fever (f; AHP; CRC; VVG; WO2; ZUL); Fibrososis (1; PNC; WO2); Flu (f; CRC; HHB; VAG; VVG); Fungus (1; VAG; WO2); Gas (f;
CRC; VVG; WO2); Gout (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; APA); Hepatosis (f; WO2); Herpes (f; PNC); High Blood Pressure (1; PHR); Hypotension (1; PHR; PH2; PIP); Hysteria (f; CRC; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; AHP; VAG; VVG; WO2); Inflammation (f; CRC; PH2; VVG); Insomnia (f; WO2); Itch (1; APA; CRC; VVG); Malaria (f; ZUL); Myalgia (1; AHP; APA; KOM; PH2); Mycosis (1; VAG; WO2); Myocardosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; CRC; PHR; WO2); Neuralgia (f; CRC; HHB; WO2); Pain (1; AHP; APA; CRC; KOM; PNC; WO2); Paralysis (f; CRC); Parasite (f; AHP); Pneumonia (f; VVG; WO2); Pulmonosis (1; CRC); Respirosis (1; KOM;

PIP); Rheumatism (1; AHP; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2; WO2); Rhinosis (f; CRC; HHB); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Sprain (1; WO2); Splenosis (f; WO2); Strains (f; CRC); Toothache (1; WO2); Tumor (f; CRC); Yeast (1; WO2).
Dosages (Camphor) — Topical ointments with 3–11% camphor, no more than 4 /day (APA); 25% ointments, <6% pediatric (PIP); 30–300 mg/day camphor (KOM; PIP); 1–10% camphor spirit extract (PIP); maximum daily dose, 30 mg camphor (PNC). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Camphor) — Class 2b, 2d (AHP). Topical use only; never ingest camphor (APA). Do not use on children’s faces. Do not apply near children’s nostrils (AEH; KOM; PIP). Not for long-term use. Do not exceed recommended dose. May cause confusion, delirium, eczema, epileptiform convulsions (constant in animals), excitement, headache, nausea, and rarely death, by asphyxia and collapse (WO2). Contraindicated in broken or burned skin (KOM; PIP). Commission E reports contraindications (for external use—damaged skin; and adverse effects: contact eczema (AEH). CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) +++ Synonyms — M. paraensis O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth. Activities (Camu-Camu) — Acidulant (1; ARC); Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; SYN); Anal- gesic (1; FNF; SYN); Antiaggregant (1; FNF; SYN); Antiaging (1; ABS; SYN); Antiarthritic (1; FNF; WER); Antiasthmatic (1; FNF; WER); Antiatherosclerotic (f; PAM); Antibacterial (1; FNF; DAS); Anticataract (1; WER); Anti-Crohn’s (1; FNF; M29); Antidepressant (1; FNF; WER); Antidiabetic (1; FNF; SYN); Antidote, aluminum (1; FNF; EMP6:189); Antidote, cadmium (1; FNF; DAS); Antidote, lead (1; FNF; DAS); Antidote, paraquat (1; FNF; M28); Antieczemic (1; FNF; WER); Antiedemic (1; DAS; FNF); Antihepatitic (1; DAS; FNF); Antiherpetic (1; FNF; WER); Antihistaminic (1; FNF; WER); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF; PAM); Antimutagenic (1; EMP6:235; FNF); Antinitrosic (1: FNF; M28); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antipyretic (1; FNF; EMP6:189); Antiradicular (1; FNF; SYN); Antiscorbutic (1; FNF; M28); Antiseptic (1; FNF; M28); Antitumor, lung (1; FNF; NR54:S71); Antiulcer (1; FNF; WER); Antiviral (1; DAS; FNF; WER); Apoptotic (1; BO2; FNF); Chemopreventive (1; FNF); Col- lagenic (1;BO2; FNF); Detoxicant (1; FNF); Diuretic (1; FNF); Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor (1; BO2; FNF); Hemostat (1; DAS; FNF); Hepatoprotective (1; EMP6:189; FNF); Hypocho- lesterolemic (1; DAS; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; FNF; SYN); Hypotensive (1; SN137:292); Immunostimulant (1; SYN); Inteferonigenic (1; FNF; PAM); Lithogenic (1; DAS; FNF); Mucolytic (1; FNF; M28); Uricosuric (1; DAS; FNF); Urinary-Acidulant (1; FNF; M29); Vulnerary (1; FNF; PAM). Indications (Camu-Camu) — Aging (1; ABS; SYN); Arthrosis (1; FNF; WER); Asthma (1; FNF; PAM; WER); Atherosclerosis (1; FNF; PAM); Bacteria (1; FNF; DAS); Bleeding (1; DAS; FNF; SYN); Cancer (1; FNF); Canker (1; EMP6:235; FNF); Cataract (1; FNF; WER); Crohn’s Disease (1; FNF; M29); Cold (1; FNF); Depression (1; FNF; WER); Decubitis (1; FNF; M28); Diabetes (1; FNF; SYN); Eczema (1; FNF; WER); Edema (1; DAS; FNF); Encephalosis (1; DAS; FNF); Fever (1; FNF; EMP6:189); Fistula (1; FNF; PAM); Gingivosis (1; FNF); Glaucoma (1; FNF); Gout (1; FNF); Hepatosis (1; DAS; EMP6:189; FNF); Herpes (1; FNF; WER); High Blood Pressure (1; SN137:292); High Cholesterol (1; DAS; FNF); Hyperglycemia (1; FNF; SYN); Immunodepres- sion (1; SYN); Infection (1; FNF; M28); Infertility (1; FNF; WER); Inflammation (1; FNF; PAM); Leprosy (1; FNF; M28); Measles (1; DAS; FNF); Migraine (1; FNF; M29); Obesity (1; FNF; WER); Orchosis (1; DAS; FNF); Osteoarthrosis (1; FNF; WER); Osteoporosis (1; FNF; PAM); Pain (1; FNF; SYN); Parkinson’s Disease (1; FNF; WER); Parotosis (1; DAS; FNF); Periodontosis (1; FNF; WER); Pneumonia (1; FNF; PAM); Poliomyelitis (1; DAS; FNF); Pulmonosis (1; FNF; NR54:S71); Senility (1; FNF); Shingles (1; DAS; FNF); Sore (1; FNF; PAM); Syndrome-X (1; FNF; SYN); Ulcer (1; FNF; WER); Virus (1; DAS; FNF; WER); Water Retention (1; DAS; FNF); Wound (1; FNF; PAM). Dosages (Camu-Camu) — Food farmacy, 3–4 fruits providing 300–400 mg vitamin C (JAD). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Camu-Camu) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Most FNF entries above based on the fact that camu-camu is a very rich edible source of vitamin C. CANADA YEW (Taxus canadensis Marshall) X Activities (Canada Yew) — Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CEB; DEM); Fibronolytic (f; DEM); Hypotensive (f; FAD); Sedative (f; CEB); Stimulant (f; DEM). Indications (Canada Yew) — Afterbirth (f; FAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Debility (f; CEB; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; CEB; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); High Blood Pressure (f; FAD); Insomnia (f; CEB); Nervousness (f; CEB); Numbness (f; CEB; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Paralysis (f; CEB; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM); Scurvy (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; CEB; DEM); VD (1; CEB; DEM); Water Retention (f; CEB; DEM). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Canada Yew) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Though poisonous, the twigs, berries, and leaves have been used in brewing a beverage (Iroquois, Penobscot) (DEM). All plant parts (except perhaps the red aril) of this and other yews contain highly toxic components and are considered poisonous. Ingesting as few as 50 leaves (needles) has resulted in fatalities (FAD). CANADIAN GOLDENROD (Solidago canadensis L.) ++ Synonym — S. longifolia Schrad. ex DC. With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago. EFS aggregates S. odora and S. virgaurea. PH2 confesses that S. canadensis, C. gigantea, and S. virgaurea have been interchangeably mixed in the market. Few of the compilers, including yours truly, could positively identify which species is in the apothecary jar, and probably none of the chemical studies are vouchered. While I have maintained citations for several species, I think the identities are all suspect. Activities (Canadian Goldenrod) — Anticancer (1; HH2); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antispas- modic (1; FAD; PH2); Diuretic (1; FAD; PH2); Emetic (f; DEM). Indications (Canadian Goldenrod) — Bladder Stone (2; PH2); Bite (f; FAD); Boil (f; DEM); Burn (f; DEM; FAD); Cancer (1; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cramp (1; FAD; PH2); Cystosis (1; PH2); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM; FAD); Flu (f; DEM); Gravel (2; FAD); Inflam- mation (1; PH2); Insomnia (f; DEM); Kidney Stone (2; FAD; PH2); Nephrosis (1; FAD; PH2); Pain (f; CEB); Paralysis (f; DEM); Sarcoma (1; HH2); Side Ache (f; CEB); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM; FAD); Stone (2; FAD); UTI (2; PH2); Water Retention (1; FAD; PH2); Wound (f; DEM). Dosages (Canadian Goldenrod) — 6–12 g powdered herb (PH2). Also drink at least 2 liters water (PH2). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Canadian Goldenrod) — Class 2d (AHP). Caution indicated in patients with chronic kidney disease (AHP; PH2). Irrigation therapy contraindicated in edema resulting from reduced cardiac and/or kidney function. Possibly allergenic (PH2). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CANAIGRE (Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.) + Activities (Canaigre) — Anthelminthic (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Anti-HIV (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; FNF); Antitumor (1; CRC; HHB); Antiviral (1; FNF). Indications (Canaigre) — Bacteria (1; FNF); Cancer (1; CRC; FNF; HHB; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Caries (1; FNF); Cramp (1; FNF); Diarrhea (1; FNF); Dysentery (1; FNF); Fungus (1; FNF); Hepatosis (1; FNF); High Blood Pressure (1; FNF); HIV (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; FNF); Nephrosis (1; FNF); Tumor (1; CRC; HHB); Ulcer (1; FNF); Virus (1; FNF). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Canaigre) — Class I (AHP) not covered (KOM; PH2). CANCER HERB (Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) + Activities (Cancer Herb) — Antibacterial (1; TRA); Antiemetic (f; MPG); Antiinflammatory (f; MPG); Antiseptic (1; MPG); Antispasmodic (f; MPG); Diuretic (f; MPG); Tonic (f; MPG). Indications (Cancer Herb) — Allergy (f; MPG); Amebiasis (f; MPG); Athlete’s Foot (f; MPG); Bacteria (1; TRA); Blister (f; AAB); Boil (f; AAB); Cancer (f; AAB; MPG); Constipation (f; MPG); Cramp (f; MPG); Dermatosis (f; TRA); Diarrhea (f; MPG); Dysentery (f; MPG); Dysuria (f; TRA); Emesis (f; MPG); Enterosis (f; MPG); Fungus (f; AAB); Gastrosis (f; AAB); Headache (f; MPG); Infection (f; AAB); Inflammation (f; AAB; MPG; TRA); Itch (f; AAB); Ringworm (f; AAB); Snakebite (f; MPG); Sore (f; AAB); Staphylococcus (1; TRA); Stomachache (f; MPG); Ulcer (f; MPG); UTI (f; AAB); Vaginosis (f; AAB); VD (f; MPG); Vomiting (f; MPG); Water Retention (f; MPG). Dosages (Cancer Herb) — Boil one whole plant in 3 cups water 5 minutes and take 1 cup before each meal (AAB). CANDLEBUSH (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.) + Synonym — Cassia alata L. Activities (Candlebush) — Abortifacient (f; ZUL); Anthelminthic (1; IED); Antibacterial (1; TRA); Antihistaminic (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; AAB); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Diuretic (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; AAB; TRA); Insecticide (f; IED); Laxative (f; IED; JFM); Piscicide (f; IED); Uterocontractant (1; ZUL); Vermifuge (1; JFM). Indications (Candlebush) — Bacteria (1; TRA); Bite (f; IED; JFM); Catarrh (f; JFM); Constipation (1; IED); Dermatophyte (1; TRA); Dermatosis (1; AAB); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; IED); Eczema (f; JFM); Flu (f; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; TRA); Hepatosis (f; AAB; JFM); Herpes (1; RYM); High Blood Pressure (f; IED); Infection (1; AAB; IED; TRA); Infertility (f; AAB; IED); Inflammation (1; AAB); Jaundice (f; IED); Liver Spot (f; AAB); Lymphosis (f; AAB); Malaria (f; JFM); Mycosis (1; AAB; TRA); Nephrosis (f; AAB; IED); Pain (f; IED); Parasite (f; IED); Pellagra (f; DAV); Rash (f; IED); Rheumatism (f; IED; JFM); Ringworm (1; AAB); Scabies (f; AAB); Snakebite (f; IED; JFM); Sore (f; DAV); Splenomegaly (f; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; TRA); Stomachache (f; IED; JFM); Uterosis (f; JFM); UTI (1; AAB); VD (f; IED; JFM); Water Retention (f; JFM); Womb (f; JFM); Worm (f; IED; JFM). CANDLENUT (Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.) + Synonyms — A. javanica Gand., A. remyi Sherff, A. triloba J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., Jatropha moluccana L. Activities (Candlenut) — Antifeedant (1; CRC); Aperient (f; WO2); Aphrodisiac (f; EFS); Car- diotonic (f; WO2); Carminative (f; WO2); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; WO2); Hematonic (f; WO2); Laxative (1; CRC; WO2); Piscicide (1; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC). Indications (Candlenut) — Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthma (f; WO2); Bleeding (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC; WO2); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Edema (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Gas (f; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; WO2); Hydrophobia (f; WO2); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Ringworm (f; WO2); Sore (f; WO2); Sprue (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; WO2). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Candlenut) — Toxic and irritant. Seeds dangerous to eat (WO2). CANE REED (Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm.) ++ Synonym — Banksea speciosa J. König. Activities (Cane Reed) — Abortifacient (1; MPI); Anesthetic (1; PH2); Anthelminthic (f; KAB; MPI; WOI); Anticholinesterase (1; MPI); Antiedemic (1; SKJ); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antifertility (1; SKJ); Antiinflammatory (1; SKJ); Antispasmodic (1; PH2; SKJ); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; IHB; KAB; MPI); Astringent (f; MPI); Bitter (1; KAB; MPI); Choleretic (1; PH2); CNS-Depressant (f; SKJ); Depurative (f; DAA; DEP; IHB; KAB; MPI); Diaphoretic (f; IHB); Digestive (f; MPI); Diuretic (1; PH2); Estrogenic (1; PH2); Larvicide (f; SKJ); Laxative (f; IHB; WOI); Stimulant (f; MPI); Tonic (f; SKJ; WOI); Uterotonic (1; MPI). Indications (Cane Reed) — Abortion (f; PH2); Anasarca (f; SKJ); Anemia (f; KAB); Arthrosis (1; MPI; SKJ); Asthma (f; SKJ); Bite (f; PH2; SKJ); Bleeding (f; PH2); Blister (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Burn (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; DEP; MPI); Childbirth (f; PH2); Cholera (f; SKJ); Cold (f; IHB; SKJ); Constipation (f; SKJ); Cough (f; DEP; IHB; MPI; PH2); Cramp (1; PH2; SKJ); Dermatosis (f; DEP; IHB; MPI; PH2); Dysentery (f; IHB); Dyspepsia (f; KAB; MPI); Fever (f; DEP; IHB; MPI; PH2; SKJ); Gastrosis (f; SKJ); Gravel (f; SKJ); Headache (f; SKJ); Hematuria (f; SKJ); Hiccup (f; KAB); Inflammation (1; KAB; MPI; SKJ); Leprosy (f; IHB); Lumbago (f; KAB); Malaria (f; SKJ); Ophthalmia (f; IHB; MPI); Osteosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB; PH2); Phthisis (f; SKJ); Pneumonia (f; IHB); Rabies (f; DAA); Rheumatism (1; IHB; KAB; SKJ); Scabies (f; SKJ); Smallpox (f; IHB); Snakebite (f; MPI; PH2); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Swelling (1; SKJ); Syphilis (f; IHB); Thirst (f; SKJ); Tuberculosis (f; SKJ); Water Retention (1; PH2); Worm (f; MPI). Dosages (Cane Reed) — Food farmacy; rhizome edible after cooking (WOI). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cane Reed) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdose might induce “Euro- pean cholera,” diuresis, and shock (PH2). MPI gives some interesting data. Alkaloids from the plant show in vitro and in vivo anticholinesterase activities, perhaps explaining the depurative and ophthalmic activity (MPI). C. speciosus was found to be 2.5 times more ecbolic than Gloriosa superba, enough to make me advise pregnant women to avoid both. Saponins from the herb caused proliferation of uterine and vaginal tissues similar to those produced by stilbestrol (MPI). These saponins also had antiarthritic and antiinflammatory activities. CANOLA, OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus var. napus) ++ Synonyms — B. campestris f. annua Schubl. & G. Martens, B. campestris f. biennis Schubl. & G. Martens, B. campestris subsp. napus (L.) Hook. f. & T. Anderson, B. napus var. annua W. D. J. Koch, B. napus var. biennis (Schubl. & G. Martens) Rchb., B. napus var. oleifera Delile. Many writers do not distinguish between black, brown (Indian), and white mustard (Brassica nigra, Brassica juncea, and Sinapis alba, respectively), but the spice and medicine trade seems to favor the white. And the canola and rapeseed varieties have been hopelessly manipulated, even in the GMO field. Few if any taxonomists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varieties and species, and probably fewer chemists, herbalists, pharmacists, and physicians can be sure of the variety or species. My entries can be no more reliable than their sources. Seems as though the plant group might better be treated generically than specifically or varietally. Canola is here defined as Brassica napus but Gruenwald et al. (2000) do not index canola, calling Brassica napus merely the Oilseed Rape. Would that it were that simple. The USDA nomenclature database lists canola as three different taxa, B. napus var. napus, B. rapa subsp. dichotoma, and B. rapa subsp. oleifera. I suspect that the chemical and biological activities are more or less interchangeable. Activities (Canola) — Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antithyroid (1; HHB); Aperitif (f; DEM); Cardiotoxic (1; PH2); Fungicide (1; WO2); Insecticide (f; WO2); Stimulant (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM). Indications (Canola) — Ague (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; DEM); Asthma (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; WO2); Boil (f; DEM); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, groin (1; FNF; JLH); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Croup (f; DEM); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; DEM); Fungus (1; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; WO2); Inflammation (f; JLH); Mycosis (1; WO2); Nervousness (f; DEM); Palsy (f; DEM); Phthisis (f; DEM); Smallpox (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Splenosis (f; JLH); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Yeast (1; WO2). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Canola) — Not covered (AHP). Health hazards not known with therapeutic dosages of the oil which is low in erucic acid (PH2) (but PH2 does not specify the oil dosage). Ingested over a long period, oil considered cardiotoxic (PH2). Don’t overdo it. In huge quantities, glucosinolate/isothiocyanate containing crucifers might upset the thyroid. And in huge doses, hard to get dietarily, indole-3-carbinol might stimulate breast cancer rather than prevent it, because it does so at levels reasonably attainable through dietary consumption of crucifers (Brassicaceae). CAPE ALOE (Aloe ferox Mill.) ++ Synonym — Aloe supralaevis Haw. Activities (Cape Aloe) — Antiallergic (1; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; ZUL); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (1; ZUL); Antimutagenic (1; ZUL); Antisarcomic (1; ZUL); Fungicide (1; ZUL); Immunostimulant (1; ZUL); Laxative (1; VVG); Phagocytotic (1; ZUL); Vulnerary (1; VVG). Indications (Cape Aloe) — Allergy (1; ZUL); Arthrosis (1; VVG); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Cancer (1; ZUL); Conjunctivosis (f; VVG); Constipation (1; VVG); Eczema (f; VVG); Fungus (1; ZUL); High Blood Pressure (f; VVG); Immunodepression (1; ZUL); Infection (1; ZUL); Inflammation (1; ZUL); Mycosis (1; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Sinusosis (f; VVG); Sore (f; ZUL); Stress (f; VVG); Tumor (1; ZUL); VD (f; ZUL). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cape Aloe) — Not for use in pregnancy; overdose may cause diarrhea, gastrosis, nephrosis, and pelvic congestion (ZUL). Nectar possibly narcotic (ZUL). CAPE GOOSEBERRY (Physalis peruviana L.) ++ Synonym — Physalis edulis Sims. Activities (Cape Gooseberry) — Analgesic (f; ZUL); Antifeedant (1; ZUL); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; EFS); Decongestant (f; DAV); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; ZUL); Laxative (1; EFS). Indications (Cape Gooseberry) — Biliousness (f; ZUL); Boil (f; ZUL); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Congestion (f; DAV); Cough (f; DAV); Cystosis (f; EFS); Dermatosis (f; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; ZUL); Dysuria (f; ZUL); Enterosis (f; SKJ; ZUL); Fever (f; EFS); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; ZUL); Inflammation (f; KAB; ZUL); Jaundice (f; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; DAV); Pain (f; ZUL); Pharyngosis (f; DAV); Rash (f; ZUL); Stomachache (f; ZUL); Stomatosis (f; DAV); Ulcer (f; ZUL); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; ZUL). CAPER (Capparis spinosa L.) +++ Synonym — Capparis rupestris Sm. Activities (Caper) — Alterative (f; EFS); Analgesic (f; BIB; SKJ); Anthelminthic (1; BIB); Antibac- terial (1; BIB; WO2); Anticystic (1; WO2); Antidote, beryllium (f; WO2); Antiparalytic (f; HAD); Antiviral (1; WO2); Aperitif (f; BIB; WO2); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (f; EFS; WO2); Diuretic (f; EFS; SKJ; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Expectorant (f; BIB; EFS; WO2); Fungicide (1; BIB; WO2); Hemostat (1; WO2); Laxative (f; HAD); Stimulant (f; BIB; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS; SKJ). Indications (Caper) — Adenopathy (f; BIB; JLH); Aging (f; BIB); Anorexia (f; BIB; WO2); Arthrosis (f; BIB); Atherosclerosis (f; BIB); Bacteria (1; BIB; WO2); Bleeding (1; WO2); Cancer (1; BIB); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, groin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, head (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cataract (f; BIB); Chill (f; BIB); Cirrhosis (f; WO2); Cold (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; JLF); Dengue (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB); Fracture (f; BIB); Fungus (1; BIB; WO2); Gout (f; SKJ; WO2); Headache (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; JLH; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; BIB; WO2); Infertility (f; BIB); Malaria (f; BIB); Malta Fever (f; BIB); Mycosis (1; BIB; WO2); Nephrosis (f; JLH; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Otosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; BIB; SKJ); Paralysis (f; HAD); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Sciatica (f; BIB); Scurvy (1; WO2); Scrofula (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; BIB); Splenomegaly (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB; WO2); Toothache (f; BIB); Tuberculosis (1; BIB; WO2); Tumor (f; BIB); Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; WO2); Wart (f; BIB; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS; SKJ; WO2). Dosages (Caper) — Food farmacy (JAD). Brandy, honey, or wine decoctions for liver ailments (JLH). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Caper) — Not covered (AHP, KOM; PHR; PH2). Isothiocyanates in overdose can cause problems. Extracts (Caper) — Stachydrine, in animals, hastens coagulation. Shirwaikar et al. (1996) found antihepatotoxic activity in alcoholic, ether, ethyl acetate, and petrol extracts of root bark. All reduced elevated serum transaminases (orally in rats up to 2000 mg/kg with no evident toxicity) (Fitoterapia 67(3):200–4; 1996). CAPSICUM (Capsicum frutescens L. spp.) ++ (Bell Pepper, Capsicum, Cayenne, Hot Chile, Paprika, Red Pepper.) Activities (Capsicum) — Analgesic (2; APA; JAD; WAM); Anesthetic (1; APA; TAD; 60P); Antiaggregant (1; PH2; SKY); Antibacterial (1; PED; PH2; TRA); Anticancer (1; TAD); Antidote (f; IED); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; TAD; WAM; WO2); Antiischemic (1; TAD); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; SKY; TAD; WAM); Antipsoriatic (1; FNF); Antipyretic (1; TAD); Antiseptic (1; 60P; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; PED); Antiulcer (1; APA; BGB; PED); Antiviral (1; WO2); Aperitif (1; APA); Astringent (1; PED); Bradycardic (1; WO2); Bronchoconstrictor (1; TAD); Bronchodilator (1; APA); Calcium Antagonist (1; TAD); Carcinogenic (1; TAD); Carminative (1; 60P; BGB; PED); Catabolic (1; HAD; 60P); Choleretic (1; TRA); Circulostimulant (1; PED); Corticosteronigenic (1; WO2); Counterirritant (2; APA; PED); Dart Poison (f; WBB); Decongestant (1; APA; DAD; RIN; TRA); Diaphoretic (1; BGB; PED); Digestive (1; APA); Diuretic (f; JFM); Fibrinolytic (f; PH2); Gastrogogue (1; APA); Hemolytic (1; BGB); Hemostat (f; 60P); Hyperemic (2; KOM); Hypocholesterolemic (1; APA); Hypoglycemic (1; DAD); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; APA); Insecticide (1; WBB); Irritant (1; APA); Lipolytic (f; TAD); Neurotoxic (1; KOM); Radio- protective (1; WO2); Rubefacient (2; APA; PED; TRA); Sialagogue (1; APA; WBB); Stimulant (1; BGB; IED; PED); Stomachic (f; IED; WBB); Synergist (1; PED); Thermogenic (1; FNF; HAD); Tonic (1; APA; PNC; WAM); Ulcerogenic (1; WO2); Uterocontractant (1; TRA); Vasoconstrictor (f; TRA); Vulnerary (1; WO2); Water Retention (f; JFM). Indications (Capsicum) — Ague (f; IED); Alcoholism (1; PHR; PH2; WO2); Anorexia (1; APA; PHR; WBB; WO2); Anorexia Nervosa (f; PH2); Arthrosis (pain) (1; APA; BGB; SKY); Asthma (1; JFM; JNU); Atherosclerosis (1; PHR; PH2); Backache (1; APA; WBB); Bacteria (1; PED; PH2; TRA); Bleeding (f; DAD; 60P); Boil (f; IED; JFM); Bronchosis (1; APA); Bursitis (1; SKY); Cancer (1; JLH; TAD); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; PHR; PH2); Cataract (1; DAD); Chickenpox (1; APA); Chilblain (1; BGB; PNC; WO2); Childbirth (1; 60P); Chill (f; APA); Cholera (f; IED; PH2; JAF49:3101); Circulosis (1; WAM); Cluster Headache (1; APA); Cold (1; APA; JFM; RIN); Colic (1; APA; JFM; PNC); Congestion (1; APA; DAD; JFM; RIN; TRA); Cough (f; JFM; PH2); Cramp (2; KOM; PED; PH2); Diabetes (1; APA); Diabetic Neuropathy (1; SKY); Diarrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dropsy (f; IED); Dyspepsia (1; APA; BGB; IED; PH2; WO2); Dyspnea (f; DAV); Edema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (1; BGB; IED; PED; PHR; PH2; TAD); Flu (f; DAV); Frostbite (f; BGB; PHR; PH2; SPI); Gas (1; APA; BGB; DAV; PED; 60P); Gastrosis (1; JFM; PH2; TRA; WO2); Giddiness (f; IED); Gout (f; IED; PH2); Hay Fever (1; RIN); Headache (1; APA; WAM); Head Cold (1; RIN); Hemorrhoid (f; IED; JFM; WBB); Hepatosis (f; WBB; WO2); Herpes (1; DAV; SKY); High Cholesterol (1; APA; TRA); High Triglyceride (1; APA); Hoarseness (f; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; DAD); Impotence (f; PHR); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; IED; PH2); Inflammation (1; APA; TAD; TRA; WAM; WO2); Inorgasmia (f; PHR); Itch (2; ABS); Kernel (f; JLH); Laryngosis (f; PNC); Lumbago (1; APA; PHR; PH2; PNC); Malaria (f; IED; PHR; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Myalgia (2; APA; KOM, PNC); Myosis (2; PHR; PH2); Neuralgia (1; APA; SKY; WO2); Neuropathy (1; TAD); Obesity (1; FNF; HAD); Osteoarthrosis (1; TAD); Otosis (f; IED; PH2); Pain (2; APA; BGB; JAD; PH2; TAD; WBB; WAM; 60P); Pharyngosis (1; DAD; PH2); Plague (f; WBB); Prurigo (2; ABS); Psoriasis (1; APA; FNF; SKY); Pulmonosis (f; IED; 60P); Respirosis (f; IED); Rheumatism (2; APA; PHR; PH2; TRA); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scarlet Fever (f; PH2); Sciatica (1; PH2); Seasickness (f; PH2); Shingles (1; APA); Snakebite (f; IED; 60P); Sore Throat (1; JFM; PHR; PH2); Sprain (1; APA); Strains (1; APA); Stomachache (f; JAF49:3101); Stroke (1; PHR; PH2); Swelling (f; DAD; WBB); Tennis Elbow (1; JAD); Tension (2; PH2); Thumb- Sucking (1; APA; BGB); Thyroidosis (f; PED); Toothache (1; DAV; 60P); Typhoid (f; IED); Typhus (f; JAF49:3101); Ulcer (1; APA; BGB; PED); UTI (f; PH2); Varicosis (1; JAD; WBB; WO2); Virus (1; WO2); Wound (1; JFM; WO2); Yellow Fever (f; JAF49:3101; PH2). Dosages (Capsicum) — 0.25–0.5 tsp spice/cup water after meals (APA); 0.25–0.5 dropper tincture (APA); 0.3–1.0 ml fruit tincture (CAN; PNC; SKY); 0.05–0.15 strong fruit tincture (PNC); 1/2 cup fresh fruit (PED); 30–120 mg fruit 3 /day (CAN); 100–300 mg dry fruit (PED); 0.5–1 tsp dry fruit/cup water (SF); 200 mg dry fruit:1 ml alcohol/1 ml water (PED); 30–120 mg powdered cayenne (PNC); 2–3 (450 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH); 1 StX 450 mg capsule 3 /day (NH); 0.6–2 mg capsicum oleoresin (CAN; PNC); topical maximum strength 2.5% (CAN). Topical StX should contain, methinks 0.0225–0.075% capsaicin, but I see reports of 0.25–0.75% capsaicin (SF). Some people work with stronger ointments than mine (0.025–0.075% capsaicin); Steve Foster gives levels 10 times higher, and CAN 100 times higher (for capsaicinoids). I consider these higher levels too strong, if not dangerous. Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Capsicum) — Class 2d. Contraindicated on broken skin or near eyes (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications: damaged skin, hyper- sensitivity; adverse effects: irritant properties, rarely allergic reactions. Not to be used for more than 2 days, with 14-day lapse before reapplying (this is not often followed in this country) (AEH). The Herbal PDR suggests the same. Not for children under 2 years (WAM). CAN reports capsai- cinoids to be irritant, “The toxicity of the capsaicinoids has reportedly not been ascribed to any one specific action but may be due to their causing respiratory failure, bradycardia, and hypoten- sion.” Chronic administration of capsicum extract (0.5 g capsaicin/kg body weight; that would be 50 g (micrograms) for this 100-kilo rat) to hamsters has been reported toxic (CAN). The oral LD50 in rats is 190 mg/kg (CAN). The oral LD50 97–294 in mice is such that led TAD to calculate that for me, a 220-lb (100 kg) rat, I’d need to ingest some 135 to 415 ounces of hot pepper. No way (TAD). Capsicum may interfere with blood pressure medicines and MAOIs (CAN). Paprika and/or capsicum may speed other medications (reading that, I went and tried a mixture of grapefruit juice with black pepper and Tabasco, three well known potentiators of medications). Interesting. Spicy, but good. Sure beats taking my less-spicy herb (or synthetics for those more unfortunate than I). Digestive properties of capsaicin may be attributed to an enhancement of digestive enzyme activities or to indirect effects on vascular endothelia, smooth muscles, and mast cells, resulting in increase of vascular permeability and of mucosal blood flow. Antigens have been associated with anaphylaxis and rhinoconjunctivitis (PH2). Hot spices can promote antigen transfer through epi- thelia and thereby augment sensitization or allergic reactions. Unfortunately, it may also speed up hepatic metabolism of many drugs, effectively rendering them weaker. Many of my correspondents find the capsaicin cure worse than their aching ailment. Fleming et al. (1998) have some heavy duty toxicity info: toxic dosages, possibly leading to life-threatening hypothermia by affecting the thermoreceptors. Excessive consumption may cause gastroenterosis, hepatic or renal damage (CAN), or ulcers (SKY). Prolonged consumption of high doses can cause chronic gastrosis, kidney and liver damage, and neurotoxicity (PHR). Prolonged exposure may deaden the sensitivity to any pain (PED). “Prolonged exposure to mucosa will make the mucosa insensitive to industrial pollu- tion” (PED). I don’t know whether that’s supposed to be a plus or a minus (JAD). CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa carambola L.) ++ Activities (Carambola) — Abortifacient (f; WO2); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; WO2); Antipyretic (f; DEP; SKJ); Emetic (f; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; WO2); Fungicide (f; WO2); Hemostat (f; SKJ); Lactagogue (f; WO2); Parasiticide (f; WO2); Sialagogue (f; SKJ); Vermifuge (f; WO2). Indications (Carambola) — Alactea (f; WO2); Amenorrhea (f; WO2); Angina (f; WO2); Aphtha (f; WO2); Bleeding (f; SKJ); Chickenpox (f; WO2); Colic (f; WO2); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; WO2); Fever (f; DEP; PH2; SKJ); Fungus (f; WO2); Headache (f; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2; WO2); Infection (f; WO2); Inflammation (f; WO2); Malaria (f; PH2); Mycosis (f; WO2); Pain (f; PH2); Parasite (f; WO2); Ringworm (f; WO2); Scabies (f; PH2); Stress (f; SKJ); Thirst (f; PH2); Vomiting (f; PH2); Worm (f; WO2); Wound (f; DAA); Xerostoma (f; DAA). Dosages (Carambola) — Fruits food farmacy (JAD). But see below. Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Carambola) — Not covered (AHP). High oxalate content of fruits, comparable to rhubarb, might be risky for oxalate-sensitive individuals. No evidence of health risks from consuming preserves in moderation (PH2). Seeds possibly emmenagogue, emetic. CARAWAY (Carum carvi L.) ++ Synonym — Carum velenovskyi Rohlena. Activities (Caraway) — Anthelminthic (f; DEP); Antianemic (1; APA); Antibacterial (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TAD; WO2); Anticancer (1; APA; TAD); Antihistaminic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (f; SHT); Antiseptic (1; KOM; PIP; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA; HH2; KOM; PH2; SHT; TAD); Aperitif (1; APA); Candidicide (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Carminative (1; APA; DEP; JAD; SHT); Choleretic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Collyrium (f; DEP); Digestive (1; APA); Diuretic (f; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; PNC; SHT); Fungicide (1; APA; WO2); Lactagogue (f; APA; HHB; MPI; PHR; PH2); Larvicide (1; APA; WO2); Myorelaxant (1; APA); Neurotropic (f; WO2); Stimulant (f; PNC); Stomachic (f; HHB; MPI; PHR); Uterore- laxant (1; APA); Vermifuge (f; EFS). Indications (Caraway) — Alactea (f; EFS); Anemia (1; APA); Anorexia (2; APA; HHB; KOM; PIP); Bacteria (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2; TAD; WO2); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Cancer (1; APA; TAD); Candida (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Cardiopathy (f; PHR; PH2); Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cold (2; APA; PHR); Colic (1; DEP; KOM; PIP; WO2); Cough (2; APA; PHR); Cramp (1; APA; DEP; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT; TAD; WO2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA); Dyspepsia (1; APA; DEP; HHB; KOM; PHR; SHT); Ectoparasite (f; HHB); Enterosis (f; DEP; PH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fungus (1; APA; HH2; WO2); Gas (1; APA; DEP; HHB; JAD; KOM; PHR; SHT); Gastrosis (1; PH2; PIP; PNC; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP); Hepatosis (2; PHR); Incontinence (f; APA); Infection (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2; WO2); Inflammation (f; SHT); Lumbago (f; WO2); Myalgia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; APA; WO2); Nausea (f; APA); Nervousness (f; PHR); Neurosis (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Pleurosis (1; HHB); Rheumatism (1; HHB; WO2); Scabies (1; WO2); Stomachache (1; PNC); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Uterosis (f; DEP);Water Retention (f; EFS; WO2); Worm (f; DEP; EFS); Yeast (1; HH2; PHR; PH2). Dosages (Caraway) — 1.5–6 g fruit (PIP); 1–2 tsp crushed seed/cup water 2–4 /day, between meals (APA); chew 1 tsp seed 3–4 /day (APA); 0.5–2 g powdered seed (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml concentrated seed water (PNC); 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to 3 /day (APA); 3–4 ml liquid extract 3–4 /day (APA); 3–6 drops oil (PIP); 0.05–0.2 ml caraway oil (PNC). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Caraway) — Class 1 (AHP). None known (KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,” since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Overdoses for long periods can lead to kidney and/or liver damage (PHR; PH2). Antispasmodic and carminative effects confirmed; caraway reduces GI foam (PNC). ED50 caraway oil as antispasmodic 20 mg/l (HH2). CARDAMOM (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) ++ Synonym — Amomum cardamomum L. Activities (Cardamom) — Abortifacient (f; KAB); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Anticancer (1; APA); Antimutagenic (1; X7753104); Antinitrosating (1; X7753104); Antiseptic (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; APA; PNC); Antiviral (1; PH2); Aperitif (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; APA); Cardiotonic (f; KAP); Carminative (1; APA; EFS; PNC; SUW); Cholagogue (2; KOM; PH2); Choleretic (1; PH2); CNS-Stimulant (1; FNF); Decongestant (1; FNF); Digestive (f; SKJ); Diuretic (f; EFS; SUW); Emmenagogue (f; KAB); Fungicide (f; PH2); Laxative (f; KAB; KAP); Secretolytic (1; PH2); Stimulant (1; APA; PNC; SUW); Stomachic (1; KAP; PNC; SUW); Tonic (f; KAP); Virustat (2; KOM). Indications (Cardamom) — Ague (f; DAD); Alcoholism (f; DAD); Anorexia (2; EFS; HHB; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; APA; KAP; SKJ); Bacteria (1; PH2); Biliousness (f; KAP); Bleeding (f; DAD); Bronchosis (2; KAP; PHR; PH2; SKJ); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (1; APA; FNF; JLH; X7753104); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH; KAB); Catarrh (f; DAD); Cholecystosis (2; PHR; PH2); Cholera (f; DEP); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic, liver (1; APA); Congestion (1; FNF); Constipation (f; KAB; KAP); Cough (f; PH2); Cramp (1; APA; PNC); Cystosis (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Debility (f; DAD); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; APA; KAP; KOM; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAD); Dysuria (f; APA; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Enuresis (f; DAD); Fatigue (1; APA); Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Fungus (f; PH2); Gas (1; APA; EFS; KAP; PH2; PNC; RIN; SUW); Gastrosis (1; JLH; PH2); Halitosis (1; APA; DAD); Headache (f; DEP); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; KAP); Hepatosis (2; JLH; PHR; PH2); Hyper- acidity (f; DAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; FNF; KAB); Intoxication (f; DAD); Malaria (f; DAD); Morning Sickness (f; PH2); Mycosis (f; PH2); Nausea (f; DEP; PH2); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Otosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; DAD); Pharyngosis (2; KAB; PHR; PH2); Proctosis (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; DAD); Roemheld Syndrome (f; PH2); Scabies (f; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Spermatorrhea (f; DAD); Stomachache (1; APA; PH2); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2); Strangury (f; KAP); Toothache (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f; DAD; SKJ); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Urogenitosis (f; DAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; DEP; PH2); Virus (1; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; SUW). Dosages (Cardamom) — 0.5–2 g powdered fruit (PNC); 0.625–1.750 g powdered seed (KAP); 15 crushed seed/half cup water up to 5 /day (APA); individual dose 0.5 g; daily dose 1.5 g (HHB); 1–2 g (KOM; PH2); 2–4 ml tincture (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid cardamom extract (PNC); 0.03–0.2 ml cardamom oil (PNC). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cardamom) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). No side effects or interactions reported (KOM). Patients with gallstone should consult a physician before taking (KOM). Can trigger gallstone colic (PH2). Fleming et al. give a much longer Commission E approval list than Blumenthal et al. (who list only dyspepsia in 1998, and dropped it in BGB). There’s something very repetitive about the caveats that a compiler like me is liable to notice. There are probably a dozen species like this where the Blumenthal and Fleming et al. templates are parallel to this one case. Good computer jocks can seek them out. Accentuating the negative, Rinzler notes that borneol, eucalyptol (= cineole), and limonene are irritants; limonene is a photosensitizer. CARLINE THISTLE (Carlina acaulis L.) ++ Activities (Carline Thistle) — Anthelminthic (f; HHB); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antispasmodic (1; PH2); Cholagogue (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Emetic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; HHB); Laxative (f; HHB); Stomachic (f; EFS; HHB); Vermifuge (f; EFS). Indications (Carline Thistle) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PH2); Cold (f; PH2); Constipation (f; EFS); Cramp (1; PH2); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EFS); Lichen (f; HHB); Psoriasis (f; HHB); Scabies (f; HHB); Sore (f; HHB); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Toothache (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Worm (f; EFS); Wound (f; HHB). Dosages (Carline Thistle) — 1.5 g (HHB). CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) ++ Activities (Carnation) — Alexeteric (f; WOI); Allergenic (1; X10400858); Anthelminthic (f; WOI); Anti-HIV (1; X7316958); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Cardiotonic (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; WOI); Fungicide (1; X11314958); Vermifuge (f; WOI). Indications (Carnation) — Fever (f; WOI); Fungus (1; X11314958); HIV (1; X10850653; X7316958); Infection (1; X11314958); Mycosis (1; X11314958); Virus (1; X10850653); Worm (f; WOI). Extracts (Carnation) — Showing what variation can be expected in EOs like carnation, my sources show the quantity of EO in the flowers varies from 0.003% (HHB) to 0.29% (WOI). It may contain 12–40% benzyl-benzoate, 2–30% eugenol, 1–11% cis-3-hexenylbenzoate (TAD). CAROB (Ceratonia siliqua L.) +++ Activities (Carob) — Antibacterial (2; SKY; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antitoxic (1; SKY); Antitussive (f; BIB); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astringent (1; SKY; WO2); Demulcent (f; BIB); Digestive (1; PH2); Hemolytic (1; WO2); Hypocholester- olemic (1; BIB; LAF); Hypoglycemic (1; LAF); Hypoinsulemic (1; LAF); Hypolipidemic (1; PH2); Laxative (f; BIB; EFS; LAF); Pectoral (f; BIB; EFS); Resolvent (f; BIB). Indications (Carob) — Asthma (f; BIB); Bacteria (2; SKY; WO2); Catarrh (f; BIB; PNC); Celiac (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; PH2); Colitis (f; PH2); Constipation (f; LAF); Cough (f; BIB; HHB; PH2; WO2); Dehydration (f; WO2); Diabetes (1; LAF; WO2); Diarrhea (2; HHB; SKY); Dyspepsia (2; SKY; WO2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Heartburn (1; SKY); High Cholesterol (1; BIB; LAF); Hyperglycemia (1; LAF); Hyperperistalsis (f; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Obesity (1; LAF; PH2); Sprue (f; PH2); Steatorrhea (f; HHB); Virus (1; PH2); Voice (f; PNC); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH). Dosages (Carob) — 15–20 g carob mixed in applesauce (SKY). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Carob) — Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Infant diarrhea must be monitored by a professional to ensure proper hydration with high electrolyte fluid during acute diarrhea (SKY). Carob tannins inactivate toxins by binding with them; inhibit bacteria (SKY). By making stomach contents more viscous, fibers and sugars may interfere with acid reflux into the esophagus (SKY). CARROT (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) ++ Activities (Carrot) — Abortifacient (f; WBB; WOI); Anthelminthic (1; PH2; WBB); Anti- bacterial (1; CRC; PH2); Antifertility (1; JFM); Antiimplantation (f; CRC); Antilactagogue (f; JFM); Antilithic (f; APA); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; JFM; PH2); Aperitif (f; DEM); Aphrodisiac (1; APA; CRC); Aromatic (f; CRC); Astringent (1; PH2); Cardioactive (1; APA); Carminative (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Chemopreventive (1; APA); Contraceptive (1; APA; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Emollient (f; WBB); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypoglycemic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Hypouricemic (1; WOI); MAOI (1; JFM); Memorigenic (1; JNU); NKC-Booster (1; JNU); Myorelaxant (1; APA; WBB); Ophthalmic (1; PH2); Stim- ulant (f; CRC; PH2); Tonic (f; CRC); Uterocontractant (1; WOI); Vasodilator (1; APA); Vermifuge (1; PHR; PH2). Indications (Carrot) — Acne (f; DEM); Anorexia (f; DEM); Aphonia (f; JFM); Asthma (f; JFM); Bacteria (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Bladder Stone (f; APA); Boil (f; JFM); Burn (f; JFM); Calculus (f; CAN; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; CRC); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, bowel (f; CRC); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; CAN; WOI); Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diabetes (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Diarrhea (f; WBB; PHR); Dropsy (f; CRC; WBB); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; DEM); Eczema (f; JFM); Elephantiasis (f; JFM); Erysipelas (f; JFM); Fever (f; CRC); Gas (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Gout (1; CRC; JAD; WOI); Gravel (f; CRC; JAD); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; PHR; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Hyperglycemia (f; CRC); Infection (f; JFM); Jaundice (f; CRC; JFM); Leukemia (f; JLH); Lithuria (f; CAN); Mastosis (f; JFM); Nephrosis (f; APA; CRC; WBB); Nerve (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Oxyuria (f; PHR; PH2); Parasite (f; PHR; PH2); Photodermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Pinworm (1; APA; WBB); Prolapse (f; DEM); Psoriasis (f; JFM); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scotopia (1; PH2); Scurvy (f; CRC); Stroke (1; JNU); Swelling (f; DEM); Tonsilosis (f; PHR; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC; JFM; WBB); Uterosis (f; CRC); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB); Whitlow (f; JFM); Womb (f; DEM); Worm (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; JFM). Dosages (Carrot) — 1–2 raw carrots (APA); 1–2 cups carrot juice (APA); 2–4 g dry herb, or in tea, 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Carrot) — Seed treated as Class 2b (AHP). CAN caution that furanocoumarins are phototoxic and may cause dermatosis. “In view of the documented estrogenic activity and potentially toxic irritant volatile oil, excessive doses of wild carrot during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided” (CAN). Excessive doses may interfere with blood pressure, cardiac, and hormone medications. Extracts (Carrot) — Weak estrogenic and antiimplantation activity reported for seed extracts. Coumarin is a weak estrogen. Sixty percent antifertility effects in rats are reported. Conversely 20%, 40%, and 10% activities were exhibited by aqueous, alcoholic, and petrol extracts, respec- tively. Seeds contain psychoactive myristicin (APA). Seed oil LD50 = >5000 mg/kg orl mouse; LD50 = >5000 mg/kg der guinea pig, antispasmodic (1/10th papaverine), cardiotonic, CNS-hypnotic, hypotensive, respiradepressant, vasodilator. Cholinergic activity reported for choline, no real sur- prise there. British study showed that two large carrots a day for 3 weeks could lower cholesterol by 11% (JNU). “Although carrots contain more sugar than any vegetable except beets, the fiber in carrots prevents this sugar from surging into the bloodstream and causing insulin spikes, as the fear-mongers would have it” (JNU). A 1995 study of carrot extracts showed that it protected the liver from carbon-tetrachloride damage (APA). My granddaughter turns orange after eating a full bottle of carrot baby food.

CASCARA SAGRADA (Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper) +
Synonym — Rhamnus purshiana DC.
Activities (Cascara Sagrada) — Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antiherpetic (1; APA; HH2); Antileukemic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antiviral (1; APA; HH2); Bitter (1; PED); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (1; APA; DEM); Fungicide (1; FNF); Hepatotonic (f; PED); Hydragogue (1; PH2); Laxative (2; APA; FNF; HH2; PED; PNC; PH2; SKY); Peristaltic (2; PNC); Poison (f; DEM); Prostaglandigenic (1; PH2); Sunscreen (f; APA); Tonic (f; DEM; PNC).
Indications (Cascara Sagrada) — Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; HH2); Biliousness (f; DEM; FEL); Cancer (1; APA); Catarrh (f; FEL); Chickenpox (1; APA); Constipation (2; APA; FEL; HH2; KOM; PH2; PNC; SKY); Cramp (f; PED); Duodenosis (f; FEL); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (1; FEL; PNC); Flu (1; APA); Fungus (1; FNF); Gas (f; PED); Gastrosis (f; DEM; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; FEL); Hemorrhoid (1; PNC); Hepatosis (f; DEM); Herpes (1; APA; HH2); Infection (1; DEM; FNF); Jaundice (f; FEL); Leukemia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; FNF); Proctosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Ringworm (1; FNF); Sciatica (f; DEM); Shingles (1; APA); Sore (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Virus (1; APA; HH2); Water Retention (f; CRC); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM).
Dosages (Cascara Sagrada) — 1/2 tsp powdered bark/cup water, morning and/or night, for short periods (APA); 1–2.5 g powdered bark (PNC); 1 g bark (HHB); 1–3 g dry bark (PED); 2 g dry bark:10 mg alcohol/10 mg water (PED); 100–300 mg dry bark extract (PNC); 2–5 ml liquid bark extract (CAN; PNC); 1/2 tsp tincture (APA); 1–5 ml tincture (SKY); 2–6 ml fluid extract (APA); 1 ml (ca. 10 drops) StX (fluid); 2 (450 mg) capsules at bedtime (NH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cascara Sagrada) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contrain- dicated in hemorrhoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown

causes, any enteritis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, IBS), hemorrhoids, nephropathy, menstruation (AHP). AHP also says not to use in cases of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Discontinue use if or watery stools occur. Consult a health care provider before using in cases of pregnancy or nursing. Not for long- term use or overdosage (AHP). CAN cautions that anthraquinones are laxative and irritant to the GI tract. Because of the anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). Not for children under 12 years old. Do not use bark that has not been heat-treated or aged 1 year (AHP). While widely used, anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic; epide- miological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH). “Some herbal laxative preparations such as cascara, for example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin” (D’epiro, 1997). Chronic use may lead to hypokalemia, increasing efficacy, perhaps dangerously, of cardiac glycosides, perhaps antiarrhythmics. Hypokalemia can be increased with corticosteroids, diuretics, and licorice root (KOM). Cathartic cascarosides induce the large intestine to increased peristalsis, inducing bowel movement. Clinical comparison of patients preparing for colonoscopy showed that GoLytely alone and Senna alone with enema did better than a mix of GoLytely with Cascara. Cascara was last choice for cleanliness and quality of the exam (PH2).

CASCARILLA (Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.) +
Synonym — Clutia eluteria L.
Activities (Cascarilla) — Antiseptic (f; CRC); Aperitif (f; HHB); Astringent (f; JFM); Balsamic (f; CRC); Bitter (f; HHB); Digestive (f; CRC); Hypotensive (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; HHB); Stimulant (f; PH2); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; PH2).
Indications (Cascarilla) — Anorexia (f; HHB); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Debility (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Fever (f; CRC; HHB; JFM); Flu (f; CRC; JFM); Gas (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; HHB); Leprosy (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; HHB); Nocturnal Emissions (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; PH2).
Dosages (Cascarilla) — 1 g bark or 10 g bark decoction (HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cascarilla) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) “Possibly narcotic. As an aromatic additive to tobacco, it is said to have caused intoxication and vertigo” (CRC). Doses more than 2 g may induce headache, insomnia, and nausea (HHB).

CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale L.) +
Activities (Cashew) — Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Alpha-Glucosidase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Amebicide (1; IED); Anesthetic (1; DEP; IED); Anthelminthic (1; MPB); Antibacterial (1; MPI; WO3); Antidiabetic (f; MPB); Antiedemic (1; X2414605); Antihepatomic (1; WO2); Antiin- flammatory (1; MPB); Antiseptic (1; WO2); Antitumor (1; WO3); Aphrodisiac (f; MPB); Astringent (1; MPB); CNS-Depressant (1; MPB); Cytotoxic (1; WO3); Depurative (f; MPB); Diaphoretic (f; MPB); Discutient (f; IED); Diuretic (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; MPB); Fungicide (f; IED); Hypogly- cemic (1; WO2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Insecticide (1; WO2); Invertase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Larvicide (1; WO2); Laxative (f; WO2); 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Molluscicide (1; MPB); Prostaglandase-Synthase-Inhibitor (1; WO3); Rubefacient (1; MPI); Sedative (1; MPB); Stimulant (f; MPB); Tonic (f; MPB); Tyrosinase-Inhibitor (1; X8021657); Vesicant (1; MPI).
Indications (Cashew) — Acne (1; WO3); Ameba (1; IED); Amnesia (f; WO2); Aphtha (f; MPB); Arrhythmia (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; MPI; WO3); Bleeding (f; DAV); Cachexia (f; MPB); Callus (f;

JLH); Cancer (1; WO3); Cancer, breast (1; WO3); Cancer, cervix (1; WO3); Cancer, skin (1; WO3); Cardiopathy (f; WO2); Catarrh (f; MPB); Cholera (f; WO2); Cold (f; IED); Colic (f; MPB); Contra- ceptive (f; DAV); Corn (f; JLH; WO2); Cracked Feet (f; DEP); Debility (f; MPB); Dermatosis (f; MPB); Diabetes (1; MPB; WO2; X9741880); Diarrhea (1; IED); Dysentery (f; DAV); Dyspepsia (f; MPB); Enterosis (f; MPB); Fever (f; IED; MPB); Fungus (f; IED); Gingivosis (f; IED); Glaucoma (1; WO3); Headache (f; IED); Hemoptysis (f; DAV); Hepatoma (1; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Hookworm (f; WO2); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Impotence (f; WO2); Infection (f; IED); Inflammation (1; MPB; X2414605); Insanity (f; WO2); Insomnia (1; MPB); Leishmaniasis (1; X8146389); Leprosy (f; WO2); Malaria (f; IED); Mycosis (f; IED); Nephrosis (f; WO2); Nervousness (1; MPB); Pain (1; DEP; IED); Pericardosis (f; WO2); Psoriasis (f; DEP); Rash (f; IED); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Sore (f; WO2); Sore Throat (1; IED; WO3); Swelling (1; X2414605); Syphilis (f; MPB); Tumor (1; WO3); Vaginosis (f; DAV); VD (f; MPB); Wart (f; WO2); Water Retention (f; WO2); Worm (1; MPB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cashew) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). Alkyl phenols are dermal irritants. May cause poison ivy–like reactions. Fruit juice contains three anti- tumor compounds (JAF41:1012, 1993).

CASSIA (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) +++

Synonym — Cinnamomum cassia auct.
(Chinese cassia, Chinese cinnamon, as distinct from Indian Cassia, Cinnamomum tamala.)
Activities (Cassia) — Analgesic (f; WO2); Anesthetic (1; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; CAN); Anti- allergic (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Anticomplement (1; CAN); Antidiarrheic (1; CAN); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiemetic (1; CAN); Antiproteinuric (1; WO2); Antipyretic (f; WO2); Antiseptic (1; CAN; WO2); Antispasmodic (1; CAN); Antitumor (1; CAN); Antiulcer (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Antiviral (1; BGB; LAF); Astringent (1; AHP; WO2); Cardiotonic (f; WO2); Carminative (f; BGB; CAN; WO2); Diaphoretic (f; AHP); Digestive (f; BGB); Diuretic (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Hepatotonic (f; WO2); Hypotensive

(1; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Larvicide (1; BGB; LAF); Laxative (f; WO2); Sedative (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; AHP; BGB); Tranquilizer (f; WO2).
Indications (Cassia) — Allergy (1; WO2); Amenorrhea (1; PH2; WO2); Anesthetic (1; WO2); Anorexia (2; BGB; KOM; PH2); Ascites (f; WO2); Asthenia (f; BGB); Asthma (1; BGB; WO2); Bacteria (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Bloating (2; BGB; KOM); Bronchosis (1; BGB); Cancer (1; CAN; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Cold (f; BGB; CAN); Colic (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; BGB); Cramp (1; BGB; CAN); Cystosis (f; JLH); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; BGB; CAN; KOM; PH2); Dysuria (f; WO2); Edema (f; WO2); Enterosis (f; BGB; PH2; WO2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; WO2); Fatigue (f; PH2); Fever (f; AHP; BGB; WO2); Fungus (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Gas (1; BGB; CAN;
PH2; WO2); Gastrosis (f; BGB; PH2; WO2); Gray Hair (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hernia (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Immunodepression (1; PH2); Impotence (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Insomnia (f; WO2); Menopause (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; BGB; LAF; PH2); Nephrosis (1; BGB; WO2); Nervousness (f; WO2); Neuralgia (1; WO2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (1; WO2); Orchosis (f; PH2); Pain (1; WO2); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Tracheosis (1; WO2); Tumor (1; CAN); Ulcer (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Urethrosis (f; WO2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; BGB; LAF); Vomiting (1; CAN; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; WO2).
Dosages (Cassia) — 2–4 g ground bark/day (BGB; PH2); 0.7–1.3 g bark in 150 ml water 3 /day (BGB); 0.5–1 g bark as tea, 3 /day (CAN); 0.05–0.2 ml cassia oil 3 /day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 ml fl tincture (1:5 in 90% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cassia) — Class 2b, reportedly abortifacient (AHP). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant (CAN). May interfere with absorption of tetracycline (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Prolonged use of the EO should be restricted during preg- nancy (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications for bark: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam, also contraindicated in pregnancy; adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosa (AEH). Flower not permitted for therapeutic use. EO LD50 = 320 mg/kg der (CAN); should not be used on skin at levels >0.2%. Aqueous extracts of cassia deemed as effective as cimetidine at preventing ulcers (BGB; WO2).

CASSIE (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) ++
Synonyms — A. smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L.
Activities (Cassie) — Alterative (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Astrin- gent (f; CRC); Candidicide (f; JFM); Curare (f; CRC); Demulcent (f; CRC); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Stimulant(f; CRC); Stomachic (f; JFM).
Indications (Cassie) — Bleeding (f; JFM); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Candida (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; JFM); Cramp (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Dysentery (f; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; JFM); Fever (f; CRC; JFM); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Headache (f; CRC; JFM); Inflammation (f; JFM); Leukorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Lumbago (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; JFM); Neurosis (f; JFM); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Pain (f; CRC; JFM); Parasite (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Prolapse (f; CRC); Puerperium (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; JFM); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC; JFM); Tuberculosis (f; JFM); Typhoid (f; JFM); Ulcer (f; CRC); Uterrhagia (f; JFM); Wound (f; JFM); Yeast (f; JFM).

CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) +

Activities (Castor) — Analgesic (1; APA; CRC); Antiabsorptive (f; PH2); Antibacterial (1; CRC; HH2; TRA); Anticholestatic (1; HH2); Antidiabetic (1; HH2); Antidote (f; CRC); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antilactagogue (f; DEP); Antileukemic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; HH2; PH2; TRA); Anti- tumor (1; TRA); Antitussive (f; DAA); Antiviral (1; AAB; PHR); Aperient (f; CRC); Candidicide (1; HH2); Contraceptive (1; HH2; PH2); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Discutient (f; CRC; DAA); Diuretic (f; TRA); Emetic (1; CRC; FAD); Emmenagogue (f; KAB; KAP); Emollient (1; AAB; APA; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC; DAA); Fungicide (1; HH2); Hepatopro- tective (1; HH2); Hypotensive (1; HH2); Immunostimulant (f; HH2); Insecticide (1; CRC); Lactagogue (2; AAB; BIB; CRC; FAD); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (2; APA; CRC; FAD; PH2; SUW; VVG); Lymphocytogenic (f; HH2); Parturient (f; FAD); Peristaltic (1; VVG); Piscicide (f; SUW); Poison (1; CRC); Pyrogenic (1; HH2); Secretagogue (1; PH2); Secretomotor (1; TRA); Spermicide (f; TRA); Tonic (f; CRC; JFM).
Indications (Castor) — Abscess (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Adenopathy (f; DAA; JLH); Amenorrhea (f; DEP; KAP); Anasarca (f; BIB; CRC); Arthrosis (f; CRC; HH2; JFM; PH2); Asthma (f; CRC; TRA); Bacteria (1; CRC; HH2; TRA); Bite (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; DAA; HH2); Boil (f; JFM; PHR; SUW; VVG); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (1; DAD; HH2; TRA); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Carbuncle (f; CRC; PH2); Caries (f; WOI); Catarrh (f; BIB; CRC); Chancre (f; BIB; CRC); Childbirth (f; AAB; CRC; DAA; JFM); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Colic (f; CRC; JFM);
Congestion (f; AAB); Constipation (2; APA; CRC; FAD; PH2); Convulsion (f; CRC); Corn (f; CRC); Cramp (f; JFM); Craw-Craw (f; CRC); Cyst (f; APA); Dandruff (f; FAD); Deafness (f; CRC; DAA); Delirium (f; BIB; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC; FAD; JFM; PH2); Diabetes (1; HH2); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dyslactea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dystonia (1; DAD); Edema (f; JFM); Elephantiasis (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; CRC; HH2; JFM; PH2); Epilepsy (f; BIB; CRC; UPW); Erysipelas (f; BIB; CRC; JFM); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (f; AAB; CRC; DAV; HH2; JFM); Flu (f; CRC); Fungus (1; HH2); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gas (f; DEP);
Gingivosis (f; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; HH2); Gout (f; CRC; DAA); Guinea Worm (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC; JFM; PH2; SUW); Heatstroke (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; FAD; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2); HIV (1; APA; DAD); Immunodepression (f; HH2); Induration (f; CRC); Infection (1; HH2; TRA); Inflammation (f; CRC; PH2); Ischiosis (f; HH2); Itch (f; AAB; FAD); Leprosy (f; BIB; IED); Leukemia (1; APA); Lichen (f; MAD); Lumbago (f; HH2; KAP);

Measles (f; AAB); Migraine (f; PHR); Mole (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC; DAV); Mycosis (1; HH2); Neurosis (f; BIB; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; PNC); Osteomyelosis (f; BIB; CRC); Otosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Pain (1; APA; CRC; JFM; PH2); Palsy (f; CRC; DAA); Paralysis (f; PH2);
Pleurodynia (f; DEP); Pneumonia (f; SKJ); Proctosis (f; DAA); Prolapse (f; CRC; DAA); Prostatosis (f; JFM); Rash (f; BIB; CRC); Rheumatism (f; BIB; CRC; JFM; KAP); Ringworm (f; BIB; FAD); Salmonella (1; TRA); Scald (f; CRC); Sciatica (f; DEP); Scrofula (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f; BIB; CRC); Schistosomiasis (f; UPW); Sciatica (f; KAP); Shigella (1; TRA); Sinusosis (f; AAB); Sore (f; APA; FAD; VVG); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; HH2; TRA); Sting (f; CRC; SUW); Stomachache (f; CRC; IED; VVG); Strabismus (f; CRC; DAA); Swelling (f; BIB; CRC; DAA; JFM; KAP); Tapeworm (1; JFM); Toothache (f; CRC; DAA; JFM; KAP); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; CRC); Tumor (1; CRC; JFM; TRA); Typhus (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; BIB); Urethrosis (f; CRC; DAA); Uterosis (f; CRC; DAA); Vaginosis (f; AAB); VD (f; CRC; DAA; JFM); Virus (1; AAB; PHR); Wart (f; APA; CRC); Water Retention (f; TRA); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm (1; CRC; PH2; TRA); Wound (f; CRC; DAA; VVG); Yeast (1; HH2).
Dosages (Castor) — 5–20 ml oil (PNC); 15–60 ml oil (APA); 5–28 ml castor oil (KAP); 9–15 g leaf paste (KAP); 3–6 g root paste (KAP); 5 (2 g) or 10 (1 g) capsules (PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Castor) — Class 2b, 2d. Contraindicated in intestinal obstruction and abdominal pain of unknown origin, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease; do not use more than 8–10 days (AHP; PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages of the oil” (PH2). Overdoses can cause colic, drastic diarrhea, gastralgia and gastrosis, queasiness, and vomiting (PHR). The seeds contain 2.8–3% toxic substances, requiring 2.5–20 seed to kill a man (chewing a single seed may be fatal to a child), 4 to kill a rabbit, 5 a sheep, 6 an ox, 6 a horse, 7 a pig, 11 a dog, but 80 for a cock or duck. The principal toxin is the albumin, ricin (DAD). Though some recommend in preg- nancy, others do not. Midwives sometimes use the oil to induce labor (AHP). Refined oil contraindications: intestinal obstruction, unexplained stomachache; adverse effects: frequent use produces electrolyte losses (interaction with cardiac glycosides), also gastric irritation, and allergic skin reactions. Should not be used for prolonged periods (AEH). Not for children under 12 years old (PHR). May induce dermatosis as well as cure it (FAD).
Extracts (Castor) — Ricin, the deadly poison, can be attached to monoclonal antibodies that attack only cancer cells, a technique reportedly tried in 1000 patients with cancer (DAD). The AIDS virus can infect an immune cell by locking onto its cell receptor protein “CD4.” By genetically attaching the ricin to genetically engineered CD4 proteins, one obtains CD4-ricin, which will lock onto the external viruses of infected cells, 1000 times more often than onto healthy cells, possibly killing enough infected cells to prevent the spread of the disease symptoms. Like the botulism toxin, ricin can be used to kill overstimulated nerve endings in patients with dystonias (DAD). Ricinoleic acid has served in contraceptive jellies (DAD).

CATECHU, BLACK CUTCH (Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.) ++
Synonym — Mimosa catechu L. f.
Activities (Catechu) — Abortifacient (f; DEP); Anaphrodisiac (f; DEP); Anthelminthic (f; KAB); Antiinflammatory (f; DAA); Antioxidant (1; WO2); Antipyretic (f; DAA; KAB); Antiseptic (f; HH2; PH2); Aperitif (f; KAB); Astringent (f; DAA; PH2); Digestive (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; DAA; DEP; KAB); Hemostat (f; DAA; PH2); Hypotensive (1; HH2; PNC); Lactagogue (f; DEP); Sialagogue (f; DAA); Stimulant (f; DAA); Tonic (f; DEP); Vasodilator (1; PNC).

Indications (Catechu) — Alactea (f; DEP); Anemia (f; KAB); Anorexia (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; DAA; PH2); Boil (f; KAB; WO2); Bronchosis (f; DEP; KAB); Burn (f; DEP); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2; PNC); Chancre (f; DEP); Childbirth (f; SKJ); Colitis (f; HH2; PH2); Congestion (f; DEP); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP); Cough (f; DEP; WO2); Depression (f; KAB); Dermatosis (f; DEP; PH2); Diarrhea (f; BRU; DEP; WO2); Dysentery (f; DEP; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; KAB); Elephantiasis (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Fever (f; DAA; KAB); Gingivosis (f; PH2); Gleet (f; DEP); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; KAB); Gravel (f; SKJ); Hemoptysis (f; DEP; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2; PNC); Infection (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; DAA; DEP); Itch (f; DEP); Leprosy (f; KAB; WO2); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; DEP; KAB); Malaria (f; DEP); Menorrhagia (f; DEP; KAB); Mucososis (f; PH2); Otosis (f; DEP); Pharyn- gosis (f; HH2; PH2); Proctosis (f; DEP); Prolapse (f; DEP); Psoriasis (f; KAB); Ptyalism (f; DEP); Puerperium (f; DEP); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Satyrism (f; DEP); Scurvy (f; DEP); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; PH2; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; DEP); Stomatosis (f; DEP; PH2); Syphilis (f; DEP); Tonsilosis (f; DEP); Toothache (f; HH2; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; SKJ); Uvulosis (f; DEP); VD (f; DEP).
Dosages (Catechu) — 5–20 grains to 1 drachm gum, only 1–4 grains as expectorant (DEP). 0.3–2 g gum to 3 /day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Catechu) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). But 100 years ago, “Believed to be anaphrodisiac and to cause impotence when used in excess” (DEP).

CATGUT (Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.) +
Synonym — Cracca virginiana L.
Activities (Catgut) — Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Anticancer (1; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; CRC); Antileukemic (1; CRC); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Insecticide (1; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC); Piscicide (1; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Catgut) — Alopecia (f; CRC; DEM); Cancer (1; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC; DEM); Cystosis (f; CRC); Debility (f; DEM); Dysmenor- rhea (f; DEM); Fever (f; CRC; DEM); Impotence (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; CRC); Pain (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; DEM); VD (f; CRC); Worm (1; CRC; DEM).

CATNIP (Nepeta cataria L.) ++

Activities (Catnip) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF); Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS; PHR; PH2; PNC); Antiseptic (1; ABS); Antisialagogue (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Antitussive (f; SKY); Astringent (f; DEM); Carmina- tive (f; APA; CRC; PED; WOI); Cholecotropic (f; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PNC; WAM); Digestive (1; CRC; WAM); Diuretic (f; PHR; PH2); Emmen-
agogue (1; AHP; APA; CRC; PED); Euphoric (f; APA); Hallucinogen (f; APA); Insectifuge (f; APA); Laxative (f; DEM); Nervine (1; CRC; WAM); Neurotonic (f; EFS); Pectoral (f; CRC); Psychotropic (1; CRC); Pyrogenic (f; DEM); Rodentifuge (f; CRC); Sedative (1; APA; PHR; PH2; WAM); Soporific (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; APA); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (f; PH2); Uterotonic (1; AHP); Vermifuge (f; DEM).
Indications (Catnip) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; CRC; PED); Anemia (f; CRC); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC); Cancer (1; COX; CRC; FNF); Catarrh (f; CRC); Chill (f; DEM); Cold (f; APA; PHR; PH2; PNC); Colic (1; APA; PHR; PH2;
WAM); Constipation (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC); Corn (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; CRC; SKY); Cramp (1; APA; PHR; PH2; PNC; WAM); Debility (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC;
PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Fever (1; APA; CRC; EFS; PED; PHR; PH2; PNC; WAM); Fit (f; CRC); Gas (f; APA; CRC; PED; WOI); Gastrosis (f;
CRC); Glaucoma (1; FNF; TGP); Headache (f; CRC); Hive (f; CRC); Hypothermia (f; DEM); Hysteria (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; COX; FNF); Insanity (f; CRC); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2; SKY; WAM); Measles (f; DEM); Migraine (f; PHR; PH2); Nausea (f; DEM); Nerve (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; APA; PHR; PH2; WAM); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Nightmare (f; CRC);

Pain (f; DEM); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Respirosis (f; APA); Rheumatism (1; COX; DEN; FNF); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC); Scurvy (f; CRC); Smallpox (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Spasm (f; DEM); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; APA); Stress (f; CRC); Swelling (f; APA; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC; WOI); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; PHR; PH2); Worm (f; CRC; DEM).
Dosages (Catnip) — 1–2 tsp fresh herb (PED); 0.5–1 g dry herb (PED); 2–4 g dry herb (PNC); 1–2 tsp dry herb/cup water up to 3 /day (SKY); 2 tsp herb/cup water to 3 /day (APA); 10 tsp herb/liter, 2–3 cups/day (PHR; PH2); 0.5–1 tsp tincture up to 3 /day (APA); 5 ml tincture 3 /day (children with cough) (SKY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Catnip) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Emmenagogues should be avoided in pregnancy. As a mild uterine stimulant, avoid in pregnancy (PH2; WAM). An important source of the COX-2-Inhibitor, ursolic-acid (COX).

CAT’S CLAW (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.) ++

Synonym — Nauclea tomentosa Willd. ex Schult.
Activities (Cat’s Claw) — Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiedemic (1; APA; HH3; PH2); Anti-HIV (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; SKY); Antileukemic (1; PH2); Antimelanomic (1; APA; 60P); Antimutagenic (1; APA; HH3; 60P); Antioxidant (f; 60P); Antipyretic (1; HH3); Antiradicular (f; 60P); Antirhinoviral (1; HH3); Antisarcomic (1; HH3; 60P); Antistomatitic (1; HH3); Antithrombic (1; PH2); Antitumor (1; APA; HH3); Antiviral (1; APA; HH3; 60P); Apoptotic (1; PH2); Calcium Antagonist (1; PH2); Contraceptive (1; HH3; PH2; 60P); Cytostat (1; 60P); Dopaminergic (1; FNF); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; APA; HH3; SKY); Interleuki- nogenic (1; PH2); Phagocytotic (1; APA; HH3; 60P).
Indications (Cat’s Claw) — Allergy (1; APA; HH3); Arthrosis (1; APA; HH3; 60P); Ascites (1; HH3); Asthma (f; APA; PH2); Bacteria (1; APA); Cancer (1; APA; HH3; PH2; 60P); Candida (f;

APA); Dermatosis (f; HH3); Diabetes (f; 60P); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Edema (1; APA; HH3; SKY); Enterosis (f; APA); Fever (1; HH3); Gastrosis (f; APA; HH3); Gout (1; JAD); Hemorrhoid (1; APA); Herpes (1; HH3); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); HIV (1; APA); Immun- odepression (1; APA; HH3; SKY); Immune Dysfunction (1; APA; SKY); Infection (1; HH3); Inflammation (1; APA; PH2; SKY); Leukemia (1; PH2); Melanoma (1; APA; 60P); Neurodermatosis (f; HH3); Prostatosis (1; APA); Rhinovirus (1; HH3); Stomatosis (1; HH3); Swelling (1; APA; HH3; PH2); Thrombosis (1; PH2); Tumor (1; APA; HH3); Ulcer (f; APA); Virus (1; APA; HH3; 60P); Wound (f; HH3); Yeast (f; APA).
Dosages (Cat’s Claw) — 1 g root/cup tea 3 /day (SKY); 20 g root bark/liter water (HH3); 30 g powdered root/800 ml water simmered to 500 ml (PH2); 1–2 (500 mg) bark capsules 3 /day (APA); 1–2 (500 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH); 2 (505 mg) StX capsules/day (NH); 20–60 mg StX; 1 tbsp decoction (SF); 1–2 ml tincture 1–2 /day (SKY). Fernando Cabieses seems to believe the folk contraceptive dosage, boiling 11–13 pounds root until it is reduced to 1 cup (pretty tricky).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cat’s Claw) — Class 4 (AHP). Too new to have much toxicity data, I think it is as innocuous as coffee. But only time will tell. Foster cautions that, like other immunostimulants, including his favorite, echinacea, cat’s claw should be avoided in such immune disorders as HIV, multiple sclerosis, and tuberculosis. Not shown safe in children and lactating or pregnant women (SF). Yet APA reports the folklore of European reports suggesting that cat’s claw, taken with AZT, can be beneficial in patients with AIDS (APA). AHP cites Ken Jones, who contraindicates for patients receiving organ transplants or skin grafts, hemophiliacs prescribed fresh blood plasma; simultaneous administration of certain vaccines, hormone therapies, insulin, and thymus extracts (AHP). Not for children under 3 years (AHP). PH2 warns of precipitous drops in estradiol and progesterone serum levels following 8 weeks use. Extracts prevent estrogen from binding to estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells.
Extracts (Cat’s Claw) — Oxyindole alkaloids stimulate the immune system (SKY). Isopteropodine stimulates phagocytosis EC13.6 = 1 g/l; EC55.3 = 10 mg/l; isomitraphylline, isorhynchophylline, and peropodine only half as effective at 1 g/l (HH3). Alkaloids and glycosides may account for antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities (SKY). Sterols antiinflammatory (PH2). Hirsutine blocks ganglia and induces dopamine release. Tanniniferous extracts contraceptive(6.25–25 mg/kg mouse) (HH3). Quinovic-acid-glycosides, antiviral, antirhinoviral with MIC ca 20-30 g, but toxic at around 80 g/ml (TD50 = 80 g/ml) (HH3). LD50 (acidic extract) = >300 iprl mouse (HH3), LD50 (acidic extract) = >16,000 orl mouse (HH3).

CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) +++
The USDA lists only two varieties of cauliflower, the darker purple one, Brassica oleracea var. italica, probably richer in anthocyanins. Activities and indications below largely based on phy- tochemical constituents that are widespread in Brassica and Brassicaceae.
Activities (Cauliflower) — Antiatherosclerotic (1; SN159:391); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antima- culitic (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antinyctalopic (1; JNU); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); Antioxidant (f; JN126:2098); Antiradicular (f; JN126:2098); Antiretinitic (1; JNU); Antitumor, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Antitumor, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Antitumor, lung (1; JNU); Antitumor, skin (1; JNU); Antiviral (1; JNU); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Estrogenic (1; JNU); Glucu- ronidase-Inhibitor (1; M11); Goitrogenic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Prooxidant (1; JAF44:2096); Quinone-Reductase-Inducer (1; PS131:95).

Indications (Cauliflower) — Atherosclerosis (1; SN159:391); Bacteria (1; WO2); Cancer, bladder (1; JNU); Cancer, breast (1; PS131:95; JNU); Cancer, cervix (1; JNU); Cancer, colon (1; ACN71:575; JNU); Cancer, liver (1; JNU); Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cardi- opathy (1; SN159:391); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Maculosis (1; JNU); Nyctalopia (1; JNU); Papilloma (1; JNU); Pellagra (f; WO2); Stroke (1; JNU); Virus (1; JNU).
Dosages (Cauliflower) — Food farmacy. Eat some almost every day but don’t overdo it.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cauliflower) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Don’t overdo it. In huge quantities, glucosinolate/isothiocyanate-containing crucifers might upset the thyroid. And in huge doses, hard to get dietarily, indole-3-carbinol might stimulate breast cancer rather than prevent it because it does so at levels reasonably attainable through dietary consumption of crucifers (Brassicaceae). If broccoli is the master antioxidant, white cauliflower may be low on the nutritive totem pole, yet sharing in many of the phytochemicals, activities, and indications.

CEDAR OF LEBANON (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) ++

Activities (Cedar of Lebanon) — Diuretic (f; BIB); Expectorant (1; HHB; PH2); Fungicide (1; ABS); Insecticide (f; BIB).
Indications (Cedar of Lebanon) — Asthma (f; BIB); Blennorrhagia (f; BIB); Boil (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Burn (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Catarrh (1; PH2); Cough (1; FNF; HHB); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Fungus (1; ABS); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (1; ABS; BIB); Mycosis (1; ABS); Phthisis (f; BIB); Rash (f; BIB); Respirosis (f; BIB); Tuberculosis (1; BIB; HHB); Water Retention (f; BIB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cedar of Lebanon) — “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). EO fungitoxic at 1000 ppm (FFJ4(1):1).

CELANDINE (Chelidonium majus L.) +

Activities (Celandine) — Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Anthelminthic (f; MAD); Antiaggregant (1; MAB); Antianaphylactic (1; PNC); Anti- bacterial (1; PNC); Anticancer (f; CRC); Antiherpetic (1; MAB); Antiinflammatory (1; MAB; PNC); Antileukotriene (1; MAB); Antimutagenic (1; MAB); Antisarcomic (1; MAB); Antiseptic (1; MAB; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; KOM; MAB; SHT); Antithromboxane (1; MAB); Antitussive (1; PNC); Antitumor (1; MAB); Antiviral (1; BRU; MAB); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Candidicide (1; HH2; MAB); Cholagogue (1; BRU; PH2; SHT); Cholekinetic (1; MAB; SHT); Choleretic (1; BRU; MAB; SHT); CNS-Depressant (1; HHB; PH2); Collyrium (f; CRC); Cytotoxic (1; KOM; MAB; PH2); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; MAD); Diuretic (1; MAD; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; HH2; MAB); Hepatoprotective (1; CRC; MAB); Hepatotoxic (1; BRU); Hypoglycemic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; KOM; PH2; PNC); Immunostimulant (1; KOM; PH2); Keratopreventive (1; MAB); Laxative (f; CRC); 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; MAB); 12-Lipoxy- genase-Inhibitor (1; MAB); Myocontractant (f; PH2); Myorelaxant (1; PNC); Protisticide (1; MAB); Sedative (f; CRC; HHB); Trichomonicide (1; MAB); Uterocontractant (1; PH2); Vulnerary (1; MAB).
Indications (Celandine) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (f; FAD; MAD); Anaphylaxis (1; PNC); Angina (f; HHB; PHR); Anorexia (2; PHR); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Ascaris (f; CRC); Asthma (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Bacteria (1; BRU; PNC); Biliary Dyskinesia (2; KOM; SHT); Bleeding (f; MAD); Bronchosis (1; MAB; MAD; PNC); Bronchospasm (1; PNC); Callus (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; MAB; PHR); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, jaw (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lung (1; MAB); Cancer, mouth (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; CRC; FNF; JLH; PH2); Cancer, ovary (f; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, parotid (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, penis (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, pharynx (1; FNF; PH2); Cancer, rectum (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1;

CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; CRC; FNF; JLH; PH2); Cancer, testicle (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tongue (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, urethra (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; HH2; MAB); Catarrh (f; HHB; PHR); Cholangosis (2; MAB); Cholecystosis (2; CRC; HHB; MAB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cholelithiasis (2; MAB); Colitis (1; MAB); Colonic Polyposis (2; MAB); Condylomata (1; CRC; HH2; MAB); Corneal Opacity (f; MAB; MAD); Corn (f; CRC; PNC); Cramp (2; HHB; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT);
Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (1; PHR); Dyspepsia (f; MAB); Eczema (f; CRC; FAD); Edema (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Egilops (f; CRC); Enterosis (2; HHB; KOM; MAB); Epithelioma (f; MAD); Escherichia (1; HH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; CRC; MAD); Fistula (f; MAD); Freckle (f; CRC; MAD); Frigidity (f; CRC); Fungus (1; HH2; MAB); Gallstone (f; MAD); Gastrosis (2; BRU; HHB; KOM; MAB); Gastrospasm (2; KOM); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Gout (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; MAB); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC; FAD); Hepatosis (2; CRC; MAB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Herpes (1; MAB); High Blood Pressure (1; KOM; PHR; PH2; PNC); Hyperglycemia (f; CRC); Hypertonia (f; KOM; PH2); Hypochondria (f; MAD); IBS (2; MAB); Immunodepression (1; KOM; PH2); Induration (f; CRC); Infection (1; HH2; MAB); Inflammation (1; FAD; MAB; PNC); Insomnia (f; CRC; HHB); Jaundice (f; CRC; HHB; MAB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Lupus (f; MAD); Malaria (f; MAD);
Mastosis (f; JLH; PH2); Migraine (1; MAB); Myalgia (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; HH2; MAB); Nervousness (f; CRC; HHB); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Pain (1; CRC; HHB; PH2; PNC); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pertussis (2; MAB; MAD; PNC); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Phimosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Pneumonia (f; HHB; MAD); Polyp (2; CRC; MAB; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (1; CRC; MAB; MAD); Rash (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; MAD); Rheuma- tism (f; HHB); Rhinosis (f; JLH; PH2); Ringworm (f; CRC; FAD); Scabies (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Scurvy (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC); Sore (f; MAD); Shigella (1; HH2); Splenosis (f; MAD); Staphylococcus (1; HH2; MAD); Stomachache (f; HHB); Stone (f; HHB; MAD; PHR); Tenesmus (f; MAD); Toothache (f; MAD; PHR); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (1; CRC; MAB); Ulcer (f; CRC); Vaginosis (1; MAB); Vertigo (f; MAD); Virus (1; BRU; MAB); Wart (f; CRC; HHB; MAB; MAD; PHR); Water retention (1; MAD; PNC); Wen (f; CRC); Wound (f; CRC; FAD); Yeast (1; HH2; MAB). “Spastic discomfort of the bile ducts and gastrointestinal tract” (KOM).
Dosages (Celandine) — 0.5 g herb single dose (HHB); 3–9 g herb/day (MAB); 2–5 g crude herb (or 12–30 mg total alkaloids) (KOM; SHT); 0.5 g root (PHR); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 1–2 ml/day fluid extract (1:2) (MAB); 2–4 ml/day tincture (1:5) (MAB); 1.8–7.5 g juice (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Celandine) — Class 2b, 2d (AHP). None known (KOM). Not to be used by children (AHP). Canadian regulations do not allow celandine in food. Australians counsel that it “may affect glaucoma treatment.” Germans report that it takes more than 500 g celandine to cause toxic effects in cattle and horses (AHP). Side effects include dry mouth and dizziness (PNC). Overdoses can cause dizziness, hematuria, intestinal colic, stomach pain, and urinary urgency (SHT). Consumption of fresh herb may cause GI distress (AHP). Stem juice allergenic, irritant, and paralytic (FAD). “Thought to be hepato- toxic” (BRU).
Extracts (Celandine) — Extracts, as well as chelidonine, chelerythrine, protopine, and sangui- narine have antibacterial and antitussive activities (PNC). Chelidonine lowers arterial blood pres- sure, relaxes smooth muscle spasms and bronchial spasm, increases urine production, and delays or inhibits the development of anaphylactic shock in vivo. Alpha-allocryptopine, chelidonine, and sanguinarine have in vivo analgesic activities (PNC). LD50 (decoction) 9500 mg/kg ipr mouse (MAB); LD50 (alkaloids) 300 mg/kg scu mouse (MAB).

CELERY (Apium graveolens L.) +++

Activities (Celery) — Abortifacient (f; CAN; KAB); Analgesic (1; FEL; FNF; KAB; PED); Anthelminthic (f; KAB; PH2); Antiaggregant (1; FNF; CAN); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; FNF; PNC); Antibacterial (1; CAN; FNF; PH2); Anticancer (1; APA; COX); Anticonvulsant (1; APA; KAP; MPI; PH2); Antidepressant (f; CAN; PED); Antidiabetic (f; MAM); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiepileptic (1; PNC); Antigalactic (f; JFM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FNF; PNC); Antioxidant (1; FNF; PED); Antirheumatic (1; FNF; PED; PNC); Antiseptic (1; FNF; KAP; PED); Antispasmodic (1; CRC; KAP; PED; WO2); Antitumor (1; APA); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; KAB; KAP; PNC); Astringent (f; KAB); Cancer (1; APA; COX); Carminative (1; CRC; FNF; KAB; PNC; WO2); Cercaricide (1; SPI); Choleretic (1; JAD); Depurative (f; PED); Digestive (f; MBB); Diuretic (2; APA; CAN; FNF; KAB); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; DEP; KAP); Fungicide (1; PH2; PNC); Hepatoprotective (1; APA); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; CAN; FNF); Hypotensive (2; APA; FNF; MAM; PNC); Lipolytic (1; APA); Nervine (f; WO2); Neurotonic (f; FEL; KAP; WO2); Sedative (1; CRC; PED; PNC); Stimulant (1; CRC; KAB; WO2); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (1; CRC; KAB; PNC); Tranquilizer (1; KAP; WO2); Urinary Antiseptic (1; CAN; PED; FNF); Uterotonic (1; CAN).
Indications (Celery) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Anasarca (f; CRC; DEP; KAB; WO2); Anorexia (f; KAB; PHR; PH2); Anxiety (1; APA); Arthrosis (1; APA; FNF; PNC); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma (f; DEP; JFM; KAB); Bacteria (1; CAN; FNF; PH2);
Bronchosis (f; DEP; KAB); Cancer (1; APA; COX; CRC; FNF); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, eye (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, feet (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, liver (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, penis (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, spleen (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, stomach (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, testis (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, uterus (1; CRC; FNF); Cancer, vulva (1; CRC; FNF); Cardiopathy

(1; APA; KAB); Catarrh (f; KAB); Cholecystosis (f; PH2); Colic (f; DEP; MBB; WO2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Congestion (f; JFM); Convulsion (1; APA; KAP; MPI; PH2); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; KAB; PH2); Cramp (1; CRC; KAP; PED; WO2); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN; FNF; MBB);
Depression (f; CAN; PED); Diabetes (f; APA; MAM); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dysuria (f; KAB); Edema (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; KAB); Epilepsy (1; PNC; WO2); Fatigue (f; PH2); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Fever (f; FEL; KAB); Fungus (1; PH2; PNC); Gallstone (f; PHR); Gas (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; KAB; PNC; WO2); Gout (1; CAN; FNF; MBB; MPI; PH2); Hepatosis (f; APA; CRC; DEP; JLH); Hiccup (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (2; APA; CRC; FNF; MAM; PNC); High Cholesterol (1; APA); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CAN; FNF); Impostume (f; JLH); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; PH2; PNC); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF; KAB; PNC); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; FNF; PED; PNC); Jaundice (f; JFM); Kidney Stone (f; PHR); Lumbago (f; CRC); Malaria (f; FEL); Mycosis (1; PH2; PNC); Nausea (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; APA; PH2); Nervousness (1; APA; CRC; KAP; PED; PHR; PNC; WO2); Obesity (f; APA); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Ovary (f; PH2); Pain (1; FEL; FNF; KAB; PED); Proctosis (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Rheumatism (1; CAN; CRC; FEL; FNF; MPI; PED; PH2; PNC); Rhinosis (f; KAB); Scabies (f; KAB); Schistosoma (1; SPI); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sore (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC; DEP; JLH; KAB; WO2); Sting (f; KAB); Stomachache (f; CRC; JFM); Stone (f; DEP; PHR; PH2); Stress (1; APA); Swelling (1; CAN; FNF; MBB); Toothache (f; KAB); Tumor (1; APA; CRC; JLH); Uterosis (f; JFM); UTI (1; CAN; FNF); Water Retention (2; APA; CAN; FNF; KAB); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; CRC; JLH).
Dosages (Celery) — 200 g root boiled in 500 g water taking 1 cup every 3 hours as antigalactic (JFM); 1–2 leaves for colic (DEP); 1–4 g powdered seed (KAP; PNC); 1–2 tsp seed/cup water (APA); 1–2 g dry seed (PED); 2 g dry seed:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 1 g mashed seed/cup hot water (PH2); 1.75 tsp crushed seed/cup water (APA); 0.05–0.1 ml (PNC); 0.5–1 tsp tincture to 3 /day (APA; WIC); 0.3–1.5 ml liquid extract (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 60% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–2 g or by decoction 1:5, 3 /day (CAN); 2 (500 mg) capsules (450 mg celery extract StX to contain at least 9.9 mg volatile oil in 50 mg synergistic base of whole celery seed powder) 2 /day, before meals (NH). Often standardized to 2.2% volatile oil.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Celery) — Class 2b[5], 2d. Individuals with renal disorders should use with caution. Commission E reports potential allergenicity, including anaphylactic shock. Photosensitizing. Contains phototoxic furanocoumarins (AHP). CAN cautions that the furanocoumarins may cause phototoxicity and dermatosis. Still, they summarize that no side effects or toxicity are documented for celery seed. Photosensitivity reactions have been reported as a result of external contact with celery stems. Even anaphylactic reactions are reported following oral ingestion of the stems. Archives of Dermatology (1990) reported severe phototoxicity in a woman consuming celeriac and then going to a tanning parlor. The new Herbal PDR (Gruenwald et al., 1998) notes that levels of phototoxic furano- coumarins can rise 200-fold under storage conditions, especially if the root is fungally or yeast infected (PHR). No side effects, toxicity documented for celery fruit (CAN). Persons with kidney problems should be cautious. The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys, since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation. Con- traindicated during pregnancy (uterotonic activity demonstrated for the EO (CAN)). Celeryseed oil abortifacient (JFM). Oil, though stated to be nonirritant, nonphototoxic, and nonsensitizing in humans, is also reported to have uterotonic activity; the seeds are said to affect the menstrual cycle and even to be abortifacient (CAN). There’s a rare allergy, Birch-Celery Syndrome; people sensitive to birch or mugwort (watch out moxibustionists) pollen may have an immediate reaction just eating celery or taking celery seed products. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (But, regrettably, it doesn’t give those therapeutic dosage levels.) So far, in my 5.5 years on celery seed extract, I have not knowingly suffered

any side effects from the 2–4 capsules or tablets I take a day, every day, without fail, for the prevention of the gout crisis. Celery herb, seed, and root unapproved for therapeutic application, as far as Germany’s Commission E is concerned.
Extracts (Celery) — Extracts antiedemic, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypotensive. LD50
>5000 mg/kg orl rat (CAN). Juice choleretic. Chamomile is a better source of the COX-2 inhibitor apigenin (to 0.8% ZMB), but celery stalks may contain to 0.2%, making it the best food farmacy source (COX). Celery seed oil bacteriostatic against Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Coryne- bacterium diptheriae, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphy- lococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Vibrio cholerae. The seed oil shows a chemotactic effect and cercaricidal activity of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni (SPI).

CELERY-LEAVED BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus sceleratus L.) +
Activities (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) — Allergenic (1; FNF); Analgesic (f; WOI); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Anticancer (f; DAA); Antiseptic (1; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; WOI); Antiviral (1; WOI); Diuretic (f; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; SKJ); Irritant (1; FNF); Lacrimatory (1; WOI); Lactifuge (1; WOI); Lactagogue (f; EFS; SKJ); Poison (1; DEP; WOI); Rubefacient (1; WOI); Sialagogue (1; PH2); Stomachic (f; WOI); Tonic (f; KAB; WOI); Vasoconstrictor (1; WOI); Vermifuge (1; WOI); Vesicant (1; WOI).
Indications (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) — Arthrosis (f; HHB; PH2); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; WOI); Cancer (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida (1; WOI); Cold (f; DAA); Cramp (f; WOI); Debility (f; DAA); Dermatosis (f; PH2; WOI); Diphtheria (1; WOI); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysuria (f; WOI); Escherichia (1; WOI); Gout (f; MAD); Grippe (f; WOI); Halitosis (f; KAB; WOI); Headache (f; MAD); Hemiplegia (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; WOI); Leukoderma (f; HHB; PH2); Mange (f; MAD); Myosis (f; HHB; PH2); Nephrosis (f; KAB; MAD; WOI); Pain (f; WOI); Pancreatosis (f; MAD); Pleurisy (f; KAB); Pneumonia (f; WOI); Rheumatism (f; WOI); Scabies (f; HHB; PH2); Side Ache (f; KAB); Sniffles (f; MAD); Sore (f; KAB); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (1; WOI); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Streptococcus (1; DAA); Swelling (f; JLH; PH2); Virus (1; WOI); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; WOI); Worm (1; WOI); Yeast (1; WOI).
Dosages (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) — Boiled herb is dangerous if consumed as food (DEP; WOI).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) — Not cov- ered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Like most buttercups, it is acrid, causing burning of mouth and mucous membranes; blistering skin. Fatal if eaten in large quantities (WOI).
Extracts (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) — Protoanemonin antibacterial (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative, Candida, diphtheria toxin, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus) antiviral, cytopatho- genic, vesicant, vermicide (WOI). Plant contains the vasoconstrictor serotonin, with six other tryptamine derivatives and “two unidentified anti-5-hydroxytryptamine derivatives.”

CENTAURY, EUROPEAN CENTAURY
(Centaurium erythraea Rafn) ++
Synonyms — Centaurium minus auct., Centaurium umbellatum Gilib., Erythraea centaurium auct.

Activities (Centaury) — Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR); Antimalarial (1; CAN); Antipyretic (1; CAN; PHR; PH2); Bitter (1; CAN; HHB; PHR); Secretagogue (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; CAN); Sialagogue (1; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (f; CAN); Tonic (f; PNC).
Indications (Centaury) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anemia (f; HHB); Anorexia (2; CAN; KOM; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; HHB; PNC); Diabetes (f; PHR; PH2); Dropsy (f; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (2; CAN; KOM; PH2); Fever (1; CAN; HHB; PHR; PH2); Fibroid (f; JLH); Gastrosis (1; JLH; PH2); Gout (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; JLH; PNC); High Blood Pressure (f; PHR; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; PHR; PH2); Insomnia (f; CAN); Jaundice (f; HHB); Kidney Stone (f; PHR; PH2); Malaria (1; CAN); Mastosis (f; JLH); Nervousness (f; CAN); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Otosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; HHB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; HHB); Swelling (1; CAN); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; HHB); Wart (f; JLH); Worm (f; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Centaury) — 2–4 g herb as tea 3 /day (CAN); 1 g/cup tea (HHB); 1–2 g single dose; 3–6 g/day (HHB); 6 g/day (KOM); 2–4 ml (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN, PNC); 1–2 g extract (KOM; PHR).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Centaury) — Class 1, 2b (AHP; CAN). “In view of the lack of toxicity data, use of centaury during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided
… excessive use should be avoided” (CAN). Sources report contraindication of GI ulcer (AEH; PHR). None reported (PIP).

CHAFF-FLOWER (Achyranthes aspera L.) ++
Activities (Chaff-Flower) — Abortifacient (1; DEP; SKJ; WO2; ZUL); Alterative (f; MPI); Ana- leptic (1; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; MPI); Antifertility (1; DAA; ZUL); Antiimplantation (1; ZUL); Antiperspirant (f; WO2); Antipyretic (1; ZUL); Antisecretory (1; ZUL); Antiseptic (1; WO2; ZUL); Antispasmodic (f; DAA); Antiviral (f; WO3); Astringent (f; DEP; SUW); Cardiodepressant (1; ZUL); Cardiotonic (1; ZUL); Contraceptive (1; ZUL); Digestive (f; ZUL); Diuretic (1; DAA; DEP; MPI; SUW; ZUL); Emetic (f; SKJ); Emmenagogue (f; WO2); Estrogenic (1; ZUL); Fungicide (f; WO3); Hemostat (f; WO2); Hypertensive (1; MPI); Hypoglycemic (1; MPI; ZUL); Hypotensive (1; MPI; ZUL); Laxative (1; ZUL; SUW); Myocontractant (1; MPI; ZUL); Respiradepressant (1; MPI); Respirastimulant (1; MPI); Spasmogenic (1; MPI; ZUL); Tonic (1; ZUL); Tranquilizer (f; WO3); Uterotonic (1; WO3); Vasodilator (1; ZUL).
Indications (Chaff-Flower) — Abscess (f; ZUL); Adenopathy (f; ZUL); Anasarca (f; DEP; KAP); Ascites (f; DEP); Atrophy (f; SKJ); Bacteria (1; HH2; MPI; WO2); Biliousness (f; WO2); Bite (f; SUW); Bladder Stone (f; WO2); Bleeding (f; DAA; WO2; ZUL); Boil (f; DEP; SUW; ZUL); Bronchosis (f; MPI; ZUL); Bug Bite (f; ZUL); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; WO2); Caries (f; SKJ); Chest Ache (f; ZUL); Childbirth (f; DAA; ZUL); Chill (f; ZUL); Colic (f; SUW); Constipation (f; ZUL); Corneal Opacity (f; WO2; ZUL); Cough (f; ZUL); Cramp (f; DAA; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; DEP; SUW; ZUL); Diarrhea (1; WO3; ZUL); Dropsy (f; DEP; SUW; ZUL); Dysentery (f; DEP; WO2; ZUL); Enterosis (f; SKJ; ZUL); Escherichia (1; HH2; WO2); Fever (1; SKJ; ZUL); Fistula (f; WO3); Fungus (1; WO3); Gastrosis (f; WO2; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Headache (f; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; SUW; WO2); Hepatosis (1; WO3); High Blood Pressure (1; MPI; ZUL); Hyperglycemia (1; MPI; ZUL); Infection (1; WO3; ZUL); Inflammation (f; ZUL); Jaundice (f; ZUL); Leprosy (1; MPI; SKJ; ZUL); Leukoderma (f; SKJ); Low Blood Pressure (1; MPI); Malaria (f; DEP; SKJ); Menorrhagia (f; WO2; ZUL); Mycosis (1; WO3); Nephrosis (f; WO2; ZUL); Nervousness (f; WO3); Odontosis (f; WO3); Ophthalmia (f; WO2); Pain (f; ZUL); Pleurodynia (f; DEP); Pneumonia (f; WO2); Pulmonosis (f; ZUL); Rabies (f; DEP; SKJ); Rheumatism (f; SKJ);

Rhinosis (f; ZUL); Scabies (f; SKJ); Snakebite (f; DEP; SUW; ZUL); Sore (f; DEP); Sprain (f; ZUL); Sting (f; DEP); Stitches (f; ZUL); Stomachache (f; ZUL); Stone (f; WO2); Syphilis (f; SKJ; ZUL); Tetanus (f; WO2); Toothache (f; DEP; ZUL); VD (f; SKJ; ZUL); Virus (1; WO3); Wart (f; DEP); Water Retention (1; DAA; DEP; MPI; SUW; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL).
Dosages (Chaff-Flower) — 28–56 ml decoction (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chaff-Flower) — Estrogenic activity damp- ens potential as interceptive contraceptive (ZUL). LD50 (aqueous root extract) = 7.16 ml/kg ivn rat (HH2).

CHAMOMILE (Matricaria recutita L.) +++

Synonyms — Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, M. chamomilla auct.
Activities (Chamomile) — Analgesic (1; CAN; PNC); Anorectic (f; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; CRC); Antiaggregant (PED); Antiallergic (1; APA; CAN); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (2; JBU; KOM, SHT); Antidepressant (1; PH2); Antiedemic (1; PNC); Antiherpetic (1; CAN); Antihistaminic (1; MAB); Antiinflammatory (2; APA; KOM, WAM); Antilac- tagogue (f; FEL); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antipeptic (1; CAN); Antipyretic (f; PIP); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; HHB); Antispasmodic (2; APA; KOM, WAM); Antiulcer (1; CAN; MAB); Antiviral (1; CAN); Anxiolytic (1; MAB); Candidicide (1; APA; MAB; SHT); Cardiodepressant (1; CAN); Carmi- native (1; HHB; MAB; SHT); Cholagogue (f; HHB); CNS-Depressant (1; BGB; MAB; WHO); COX- 2-Inhibitor (1; FNF); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; SHT; WHO); Demulcent (f; SHT); Deodorant (2;

KOM, PIP); Diaphoretic (1; MAB); Digestive (1; WAM); Emetic (f; WHO); Emmenagogue (f; WHO); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; APA; PNC; SHT); Gastroprotective (f; PH2); Hepatoregenerative (1; CAN; MAB); Hypnotic (1; BGB); Hypotensive (1; CAN); Hypouremic (1; CAN); Immunostimulant
(1; APA; CAN); Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (1; SHT; WHO); MAOI (1; PH2); Musculotropic (2; KOM, PIP); Myorelaxant (1; APA; CAN; SKY); Nervine (1; PED; WAM); Radioprotective (1; WHO); Respiradepressant (1; CAN); Sedative (1; CAN; MAB); Serotoninergic (1; CAN); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Vulnerary (2; KOM; PIP; WHO).
Indications (Chamomile) — Acne (1; MAB); Aegilops (f; JLH); Allergy (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (1; FEL; MAB); Anorexia (2; PHR); Anxiety (1; APA; MAB); Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Arthrosis (1; APA; COX; FAD; FNF); Bacteria (2; CRC; JBU; KOM; SHT); Bite (2; CRC; WHO); Bloating (f; WHO); Bronchosis (2; KOM; PHR); Bruise (2; CRC; WHO); Bunion (1; FNF); Burn (2; PHR; PNC); Cancer (1; COX; FAD); Cancer, breast (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; COX; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; COX; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; COX; PH2); Cancer, stomach (1; COX; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; APA; MAB; PH2; SHT); Canker (1; CRC; SKY); Catarrh (f; CAN; FEL; HHB; MAB);
Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cold (2; FEL; PHR; WHO); Colic (1; CRC; FEL; MAB; SHT); Colitis (2; KOM); Conjunctivosis (f; FEL); Convulsion (f; CRC; FEL; PNC); Cough (2; PHR); Cramp (2; APA; JNU; KOM, WAM); Croup (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; CRC); Decubitis (2; SHT); Dention (f; FEL); Depression (1; PH2); Dermatosis (2; KOM, SHT; WOI); Diarrhea (1; CAN; FEL; MAB; WHO); Diphtheria (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (1; CRC; MAB); Dyspepsia (2; APA; CAN; WHO); Eczema (1; APA; SHT; WHO); Edema (1; SHT); Enterosis (1; APA; FEL; PIP; WHO); Epigastrosis (2; WHO); Erythema (1; MAB); Fever (2; APA; MAB; PHR; PIP); Flu (1; FAD); Frostbite (2;
WHO); Fungus (1; APA; PNC; SHT); Gas (2; FEL; HHB; MAB; SHT; WHO); Gastroenterosis (f; SHT); Gastrosis (2; SHT; WHO); Gingivosis (2; KOM, SHT; WHO); Gout (1; COX; CRC; PNC);
Heartburn (f; SKY); Hemorrhoid (2; APA; CAN; WHO); Hepatosis (2; FEL; HHB; PHR); Herpes (1; CAN); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); Hyperacidity (f; CRC); Hysteria (f; CRC; FEL); IBS (SKY); Immunodepression (1; APA; CAN); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CAN; JBU; PNC; SHT); Inflammation (2; APA; CRC; FEL; KOM, WAM; WHO); Insomnia (2; CAN; CRC;
MAB; SKY; WHO); Leukorrhea (1; FEL; MAB); Lumbago (f; CRC); Mastosis (1; CAN; FEL; HHB; PNC); Motion Sickness (1; MAB); Mucososis (2; CAN; KOM; PIP); Mycosis (1; APA; FNF; PNC; SHT); Nausea (1; WAM); Nervousness (1; CAN; MAB); Neuralgia (f; FEL); Neuro- dermatosis (1; BGB); Neurosis (2; WHO); Oligolactea (f; FEL); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Otosis (1; FEL; PNC); Pain (1; CAN; COX; FEL; MAB; PNC); Parapyloric Ulcer (1; SHT); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Pregnancy (f; MAB); Proctosis (1; KOM; PHR); Pulpitis (f; PHR); Radiation (1; WHO); Respirosis (2; PIP; WHO); Rheumatism (1; COX; FEL; HHB); Salmonella (1; CRC); Sciatica (1; FAD); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sore (1; MAB; SKY); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; PH2); Stomatosis (2; KOM, PIP; WHO); Stress (f; APA); Sunburn (1; PNC); Swelling (1; HHB; PNC); Toothache (1; PNC); Ulcer (1; APA; CAN; JNU; MAB; SHT); UTI (f; WHO); Vaginosis (1; APA); Virus (1; CAN); Yeast (1; APA; FNF; MAB; PH2; SHT); Wound (2; PHR).
Dosages (Chamomile) — 2–4 tbsp fresh flower (PED); 3–6 g dry flower (PED); 4.5 g dry flower:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 2–8 g flower (PNC); 2–8 g flower 3 /day (WHO); 2–8 g flower as tea 3 /day (CAN); 2–3 tsp flower/cup water; 0.5–1 tsp tincture to 3 /day (APA); 1–5 g several /day (HHB); 2–4 g 3 /day (MAB); 2–3 g per cup 3–4 /day; 10–40 drops tincture 3 /day (SF); 4–6 ml tincture 3 /day between meals (SKY); 7–14 ml tincture (1:5)/day (MAB); 1–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 3–6 ml/day liquid
extract (1:2) (MAB); 1–4 ml, 1:1 fluid extract, 3 /day (WHO); 0.5–4 ml liquid floral extract
(PNC); 2–3 (350 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chamomile) — Class 1, 2b (AHP; CAN; KOM). No contraindications, drug interactions, or side effects known (KOM). None reported (PIP).

Some people advise, perhaps overadvise, that sensitive people may have an allergic reaction to this. I don’t take chamomile daily, but almost daily I ingest a whole lot of peanuts, which are more dangerous, anaphylactically killing two people a year in the U.S. Patients who are allergic to ragweed, however, may experience cross-reactivity with chamomile, which can produce intense itching in the mouth if the mucosa becomes highly irritated (O’Brien, 1998). CAN cautions that the sesquiterpene lactones can cause allergic reactions. They add that cross-sensitivities with other aster relatives (WAM) and celery exist. Because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle and to be a uterine stimulant, with excessive use, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). But SKY says no contraindications during pregnancy or lactation (SKY). Not recommended for teething babies. Because of coumarin content, may interfere with anticoagulant therapy (CAN). Highly concentrated hot tea is reportedly emetic. Some advise against daily use, but I would not. Keep all hot teas at a distance from the eyes (AHP). Oral administration of chamomile extract induced a deep sleep in 10 of 12 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization (CAN). Reported as an effective treatment for mucosal infections. Diluted extracts used as a mouthwash 5 to 6 times daily provided astringent and cooling effects (CAN). Chamomile preparations and their components worked on the inflammatory mediators of the arachidonic acid cascade; they inhibit cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. Chamomile is so far my best source of COX-2 inhibitor apigenin (to 0.8% ZMB) followed by celery (to 0.2%), making celery stalks the best food farmacy source (COX).
Extracts (Chamomile) — Chamomile oils analgesic, antianaphylactic, antiinflammatory, anti- pyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, bactericidal, and fungicidal (PED). Azulenes, documented as aniinflammatory and hypoallergenic, may prevent allergic seizures in guinea pigs, perhaps through antihistaminic activity. EO LD50 = >5000 orl rabbit (CAN); LD50 = >5000 der rabbit (CAN); LD50 = 2.5 ml/kg orl mouse (CAN). High molecular weight polysaccharides are immunostimulant; choleretic, hypouremic, and hypocholesterolemic at 0.1 ml/kg in cats and dogs, cardiodepressant, hypotensive, and respiradepressant at 0.2 ml/kg (CAN). Bisabolol and flavonoids are responsible for antispasmodic activities. Apigenin was three times as effective as papaverine; bisabolol was comparable. Smooth muscle relaxant properties documented for a cis-spiroether. Antiinflammatory activity documented for the sesquiterpene bisabolol compounds. (–)-alpha-bisabolol protects against the gastric effects of aspirin (PH2). Flavonoids antiinflammatory. Chamomile oil (25 mg/ml; bisabolol at 1 mg/ml) was active against bacteria (especially Gram positive), fungi, and Candida albicans. Apigenin and luteolin are more active antiinflammatories than indomethacin and phe- nylbutazone (WHO). “Chamazulene, a-bisabolol, and flavones such as apigenin were the single components that were found to have the strongest antiinflammatory activity, but most studies found that the whole extracts were more active than their individual components” (SHT). Chamomile extract in a cream base was superior to hydrocortisone 0.25% for reducing skin inflammation. For eczema, chamomile was as good as hydrocortisone (0.25%), and better than fluocortin butyl ester (0.75%) and bufexamac (5%) (WHO). Extracts based on fresh flowers equaled antiinflammatory activity of benzydamine (MAB).

CHAMPAC (Michelia champaca L.) ++
Activities (Champac) — Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antifertility (f; SKJ); Anti- pyretic (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Antispasmodic (f; KAB; SUW); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB; SUW); Bitter (f; KAB; SUW); Carminative (f; SKJ; SUW); Demulcent (f; KAP); Deobstruent (f; KAP); Deodorant (f; KAB); Depurative (f; KAB); Diaphoretic (f; KAB; SKJ); Diuretic (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Emmenagogue (f; KAB; SUW); Expectorant (f; DEP; KAB); Hypertensive (1; KAP); Hypoglycemic (1; KAP); Laxative (f; KAB); Stimulant (f; DEP; KAB; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Stomachic (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Tonic (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Vermifuge (f; DEP; KAB).
Indications (Champac) — Amenorrhea (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Colic (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Constipation

(f; KAB); Cough (f; KAB); Cramp (f; KAB; SUW); Delirium (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diabetes (1; KAP); Dysmenorrhea (f; SKJ); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epigas- trosis (f; KAB); Fever (f; DEP; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Gas (f; DEP; SKJ; SUW); Gastrosis (f; KAB; KAP); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; SUW); Gout (f; DEP; KAB; SUW; WOI);
Headache (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Hyperglycemia (1; KAP); Inflammation (f; KAB); Leprosy (f; KAB); Low Blood Pressure (1; KAP); Malaria (f; DEP); Mania (f; DEP); Nausea (f; DEP; KAB); Nephrosis (f; DEP; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Ozena (f; KAB); Podiatry (f; SUW); Rheumatism (f; DEP; KAB); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; KAB; SUW); Vaginosis (f; KAB); VD (f; SUW); Vertigo (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Water Retention (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Worm (f; DEP; KAB).

CHAPARRAL, CREOSOTE BUSH
(Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville) X
Synonyms — L. mexicana Moric., Zygophyllum tridentatum Sessé & Moc. ex DC.
Activities (Chaparral) — Allergenic (1; APA; CRC); Alterative (f; PED); Amebicide (f; CAN); Antiaging (f; APA); Antibacterial (1; CRC; PED); Anticancer (1; APA); Anti-HIV (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA; CRC; PED); Antiseptic (1; APA; CRC; PED); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antitumor (1; CRC); Antiviral (f; CRC); Antiyeast (1; APA); Bitter (1; PED); Decongestant (f; DEM); Deodorant (f; DEM); Depurative (f; PED); Diuretic (f; CRC; DEM; PED); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Estrogenic (f; APA); Expectorant (f; PED); Hepatotoxic (1; APA); Lactagogue (f; DEM); LSD-Chelator (f; PED); Larvicide (1; APA); Panacea (f; DEM); Parasiticide (1; CRC; PED).
Indications (Chaparral) — Acne (f; APA); Alcoholism (f; APA); Ameba (f; CAN); Arthrosis (f; CRC; DEM; PED); Asthma (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; CRC; PED); Bite (f; DEM); Bone (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; APA); Bruise (f; CRC; DEM); Burn (f; APA; DEM); Cancer (1; APA; CRC; PED); Cancer, kidney (f; CRC, JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC, JLH); Cancer, lung (f; CRC, JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC, JLH); Chafing (f; CRC); Chickenpox (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Congestion (f; DEM); Cramp (f; CRC; DEM; PED); Dandruff (f; CRC; DEM); Debility (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; APA); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DEM); Dysuria (f; CRC; DEM); Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; CRC); Foot (f; DEM); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Hematochezia (f; CRC); HIV (1; APA); Impetigo (f; DEM); Infection (1; APA; CRC); Inflammation (1; APA; CRC); Itch (f; CRC); Leukemia (f; CRC; JLH); Melanoma (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Obesity (f; APA); Pain (f; APA; DEM); Parasite (1; CRC; PED); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; PED); Scabies (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Sore (f; CRC; DEM); Spasm (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; DEM; PED); Tumor (1; CRC); Urethrosis (f; CRC); VD (f; APA; CRC; PED); Virus (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; DEM; PED); Wound (f; CRC; DEM); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Chaparral) — Do not use (APA); 1 tsp shoot/qt water for mouthwash (APA); 2–4 tbsp herb (PED); 3–6 g dry herb (PED); 4.5 g dry herb:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chaparral) — Class 2d. Not for use in large amounts by persons with pre-existing kidney disease and liver conditions, such as hepatosis and cirrhosis (AHP). “Seek advice from a health care practitioner before use if you have any history of liver disease. Discontinue use if nausea, fever, fatigue, or jaundice occur (e.g., dark urine or yellow discoloration of the eyes)” (AHP). CAN cautions that the lignans may be hepatotoxic and cause dermatosis. Because of its hepatotoxic and uterine activity, its

use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with MAOI therapy, due to the documented amino acid constituents. However they list mostly ubiquitous amino acids; does this mean that we should attach the MAOI warning to all herbs (CAN)? Canadian regulations do not allow chaparral as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use products (Michols, 1995). NDGA may induce mesenteric lymph node and renal lesions in rats. NDGA, with many reported biological activities, has LD50 = 4000 mg/kg orl mouse, 5500 mg/kg orl rat, and 830 mg/kg orl guinea pig. Removed from the generally listed as safe (GRAS) list in 1970 (LRNP, August 1993).

CHASTEBERRY (Vitex agnus-castus L.) ++

Activities (Chasteberry) — Analgesic (1; BGB); Anaphrodisiac (f; BRU; MAB); Anorectic (f; PH2); Antiandrogenic (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; APA; MAB; WOI); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antilactagogue (1; PH2); Antiprolactin (1; MAB; PHR; SHT); Antiseptic (1; MAB; WOI); Can- didicide (1; APA; MAB); Dopaminergic (1; BGB; MAB; PH2; SHT); Emmenagogue (f; BGB; BRU; MAB; PH2); Fungicide (1; MAB); Lactagogue (1; APA; BRU; CAN; MAB); Progesterogenic (1; MAB; SKY; WOI); Sedative (f; BRU; PH2).
Indications (Chasteberry) — Acne (2; BRU; CAN; MAB); Alactea (2; MAB); Amenorrhea (1; APA; MAB); Anemia (1; PH2); Bacteria (1; APA; MAB; WOI); BPH (1; MAB; PH2); Breast

Pain (2; KOM; SHT); Candida (1; APA; MAB); Constipation (f; BGB); Cramp (1; BGB; SHT); Dementia (f; MAB); Depression (1; MAB; PH2); Dyslactea (1; CAN; SHT); Dysmenorrhea (2; KOM; MAB; SHT); Endometriosis (1; MAB); Enterosis (1; MAB); Epilepsy (f; MAB); Fatigue (f; BGB); Fever (f; BGB); Fibrocystic Breast Disease (1; MAB; SKY); Fibroid (1; MAB; SKY); Frigidity (f; MAB); Fungus (1; MAB); Gas (f; BGB; PH2); Hangover (f; BGB); Headache (2; BGB; MAB); HRT-Withdrawal (1; MAB); Hypogonadism (f; MAB); Hyperprolactinemia (1; MAB); Herpes (1; MAB); Impotence (f; MAB; PH2); Infection (1; MAB; WOI); Infertility (1; MAB; PH2; SKY); Inflammation (1; APA); Insomnia (f; BRU; PH2); Irregular Cycle (1; MAB); Lactorrhea (1; MAB); Mastosis (2; APA; KOM; MAB; PH2); Melancholia (f; MAB); Menopause (1; APA; MAB; PH2; SKY); Menorrhagia (1; CAN; SKY); Menstrual Distress (1; MAB; SKY); Mycosis (1; MAB); Nervousness (f; BRU; PH2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); Neurosis (1; CAN); Oligomenorrhea (2; MAB); Pain (1; BGB; PH2); PMS (2; APA; KOM; PH2; SHT); Polymen- orrhea (2; MAB); Spermatorrhea (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; MAB); Uterosis (f; PH2); Vaginosis (1; APA); Yeast (1; APA; MAB).
Dosages (Chasteberry) — 20 mg fruit/day (APA); 30–40 mg fruit/day (MAB; PH2); 0.5–1 g fruit 3 /day (CAN); 40 drops/day/3 months (CAN); hydroalcoholic extracts corresponding to 30–40 mg fruits (KOM); 1–4 ml/day liquid extract (1:2) (MAB); 1–5 ml/day tincture (1:5) (MAB); 40
drops StX tincture (SF); 175 mg/day tincture (1:5) (SHT); 2 (560 mg) capsules 2 /day (NH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chasteberry) — Class 2b. CAN cautions that it may cause allergic reactions. May counteract the effectiveness of birth control pills (AHP). Contrain- dicated in pregnancy and nursing (PH2). Because of its hormonal action, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). It may interfere with endocrine therapies (hormone replacement, oral contraception, sex hormones). The use of agnus castus to treat symptoms of corpus luteum deficiency is only recommended in patients not on any other hormonal therapy.” Commission E reports no contraindications or interactions for the fruit. Adverse effects: skin reactions, GI distress (AEH; KOM; SKY). Schulz et al., 1998, are more positive, reporting no serious side effects. High-dose experiments evoked some dose-dependent side effects but so mild as to generate no fears (SHT). May interfere with metabolism of dopamine-receptor antagonists (APA). Vitex acting on the pituitary increasing luteinizing hormone, helping reduce prolactin and increase progesterone (SKY). I suspect there was an idiomatic problem leading PH2 to suggest that chaste tree inhibits lactation (main active principles aucubin and agnoside. More people seem to spell it agnuside and I have entered agnuside as antipro- lactin). I suspect they meant these compounds inhibit prolactin rather than inhibit lactation. Chaste tree treatment is twice as good for PMS symptoms (abdominal tension, breast tenderness, constipation, depressed mood, edema, and headache) as treatment with pyridoxine.

CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnocarpus spp.) X
The medicinally most important species in this taxonomically difficult genus are Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Laness, H. kurzii (King.) Warb. (a.k.a. Taraktogenos kurzii), and H. pentandrus (Buch. Ham) Oken (formerly H. wightianus Bl.). Rightly or wrongly, PH2 and EFS took the generic approach so entries do not necessarily apply to a given species. HHB and WOI maintain them as distinct, but I have followed the expedient but sloppy generic approach. Without voucher specimens, none of us really know what was intended.
Activities (Chaulmoogra) — Anthelminthic (f; HHB); Antibacterial (f; KAP); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antipyretic (1; EFS; PH2); Antiseptic (1; FNF; PH2); Antitumor (1; PH2); CNS- Depressant (f; MAD); CNS-Stimulant (f; MAD); Cyanogenic (f; PH2); Emetic (f; DEP); Laxative (1; DEP); Lipolytic (1; PH2); Parasiticide (f; EFS); Piscicide (f; HHB); Sedative (f; EFS; PH2).
Indications (Chaulmoogra) — Adenopathy (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Bacteria (f; KAP); Bruise (f; DEP); Cancer (1; JLH; PH2); Dermatosis (f; HHB; KAB; PH2); Diabetes (f; PH2);

Eczema (f; PH2); Fever (1; EFS; PH2; WOI); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gas (f; PH2); Gout (f; MAD); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Insomnia (f; EFS; PH2); Itch (f; DEP; PH2); Leprosy (1; EFS; KAP; PH2); Leukoderma (f; PH2); Lupus (f; EFS); Obesity (1; PH2); Nervousness (f; EFS; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; KAB; PH2); Parasite (f; EFS); Phthisis (f; DEP); Psoriasis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; DEP); Rheumatism (f; DEP; MAD); Scabies (f; PH2); Scald (f; KAB); Sciatica (f; DEP); Scrofula (f; EFS); Sore (f; DEP; KAB); Sprain (f; DEP); Syphilis (f; DEP; MAD); Tuber- culosis (1; HHB; KAP); Tumor (1; PH2); Wound (f; DEP; KAB).
Dosages (Chaulmoogra) — 0.3 ml oil 3 /day, to a max dose of 4 ml/day (HHB); 1–4 ml oil (KAP); 1–3 g powdered seed (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chaulmoogra) — Not covered (AHP). Over- doses may induce CNS ups and downs, cramping, dyspnea, headache, myalgia, nausea, nephrosis, respiratory problems, and visual disorders (MAD).

CHAYOTE (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) ++
Synonyms — Chayota edulis Jacq., Sicyos edulis Jacq.
Activities (Chayote) — Diuretic (f; JFM); Hypotensive (f; JFM); Litholytic (f; JFM).
Indications (Chayote) — Atherosclerosis (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Dysuria (f; JFM); Entero- sis (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (f; JFM); Inflammation (f; JFM); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Stone (f; JFM); Water Retention (f; JFM); Wound (f; JFM).
Dosages (Chayote) — Boil 3 leaves with 5 of Casimiroa for high blood pressure (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chayote) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Peeling the fruit may cause inflammation or even numbness if a number are peeled. Leaf extracts exert transient depressor effect when injected in laboratory animals.

CHEBULIC MYROBALAN, HARITALI (Terminalia chebula Retz.) +
Unfortunately, PH2 gives the common name, tropical almond (more usually applied to the edible
Terminalia catappa) for Terminalia chebula.
Activities (Chebulic Myrobalan) — Alterative (f; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Anthelminthic (1; KAB; WOI); Antibacterial (1; ABS; FNF; HH2; PH2); Antiherpetic (1; ABS); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; HHB; WOI); Antitumor (1; FNF; JLH); Antiviral (1; ABS; FNF); Astringent (1; FNF; HH2; MBB; KAP; PH2; SUW; WOI); ATPase-Inhibitor (1; HDN); Cardio- tonic (1; HHB; HH2; KAB; PH2; WOI); Carminative (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Dentifrice (f; SUW); Digestive (f; MBB); Diuretic (f; HHB; KAB; WOI); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hypoc- holesterolemic (1; ABS; FNF; PH2); Laxative (1; KAP; MBB; WOI); Stomachic (f; WOI); Tonic (f; WOI).
Indications (Chebulic Myrobalan) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anemia (f; KAB); Anorexia (f; PH2); Aphonia (f; PH2); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB; KAP; WOI); Atherosclerosis (1; HH2; PH2); Bacteria (1; ABS; FNF; HH2; PH2); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; HH2); Bleeding (1; PH2); Bronchosis (1; FNF; SKJ); Burn (f; KAB; WOI); Calculus (f; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lung (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; MBB; PH2; WOI); Caries (f; HH2; KAB; SUW); Colic (f; KAP); Conjunctivosis (f; WOI); Constipation (1; MBB; SKJ; WOI); Cough (1; FNF; HH2; KAP; SKJ; PH2); Cramp (1; HHB; WOI); Cytome-
galovirus (1; ABS); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (1; FNF; HH2; KAP; PH2; SKJ); Dysentery

(1; FNF; KAP; PH2); Dyspnea (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; KAB; KAP); Eczema (f; SKJ); Elephantiasis (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; KAB; KAP; PH2); Gas (f; KAB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Gingirrhagia (1; FNF; WOI); Gingivosis (1; FNF; HH2; KAB; KAP; PH2; SUW; WOI); Gout (f; KAB); Head Cold (f; KAB); Hematochezia (1; PH2); Hemorrhoid (1; FNF; KAB; KAP; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH; KAP; MBB; PH2); Herpes (1; ABS); Hiccup (f;
KAB; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; ABS; FNF; HH2; PH2); Hoarseness (f; HH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; FNF); Jaundice (f; PH2); Lacrimosis (f; JLH); Leprosy (f; PH2); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Malaria (f; PH2); Measles (f; SKJ); Nephrosis (f; MBB); Neuropathy (f; PH2); Night Sweats (f; PH2); Odontosis (f; SUW); Ophthalmia (f; KAB; MBB; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Paralysis (f; KAB); Pharyngodynia (f; PH2); Proctosis (f; HH2; PH2); Prolapse (f; HH2; PH2); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; HH2; SUW); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Spermatorrhea (f; PH2); Splenomegaly (f; SKJ); Splenosis (f; KAB; KAP; PH2); Stomatosis (f; HH2; KAP; SKJ); Tumor (1; FNF; JLH); Typhoid (f; KAB); Ulcer (f; HHB; PH2); Virus (1;
ABS; FNF); Water Retention (f; HHB; KAB; WOI); Worm (f; PH2); Wound (1; HHB; HH2; PH2; SUW).
Dosages (Chebulic Myrobalan) — 3–9 g/day (HH2; PH2); 1.5–6 g powdered bark (KAP); 56–112 ml decoction (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chebulic Myrobalan) — Class 2d. Contraindicated in acute coughs, acute diarrhea, and early stage dysentery (AHP). As one of the best sources of tannin (over 30%), chebula may have many of the activities proven for tannin (see FNF).

CHEKEN (Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray.) ++
Synonyms — Eugenia chequen Molina, Myrtus chequen.
Activities (Cheken) — Antibacterial (1; PH2); Astringent (1; HHB; PH2); Digestive (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; HHB; PH2); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Fungicide (1; PH2); Hypotensive (f; PH2); Tonic (f; HHB; PH2).
Indications (Cheken) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Bronchosis (f; EFS); Catarrh (f; HHB); Conjunctivosis (f; HHB); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Fungus (1; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Mycosis (1; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Hyperlipoproteinemia (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; HHB; PH2); Xanthinoxydasis (1; PH2).
Extracts (Cheken) — Leaf oil effective against Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas aeruginsa, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (PH2).

CHERRY-LAUREL (Prunus laurocerasus L.) +
Synonyms — Cerasus laurocerasus (L.) Loisel., Laurocerasus officinalis M. Roem., L. ottinii
Carriè, L. vulgaris Carriè, Prunus grandifolia Salisb.
Activities (Cherry-Laurel) — Analgesic (f; CRC; FEL); Antiirritant (f; PHR; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; CRC; EFS; PHR); Antitussive (f; CRC; PNC); Cardiodepressant (1; MAD); Cyanogenic (1; CRC); Gastrotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Narcotic (1; CRC; EFS); Poison (f; CRC; EFS); Respirastimulant (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (f; PNC); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Cherry-Laurel) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Apoplexy (f; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; MAD); Congestion (f; MAD); Cough (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2; PNC); Cramp (1; CRC; EFS; PHR; PH2); Cyanosis (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Diarrhea

(f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Dyspnea (f; MAD); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Hiccup (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Insomnia (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Migraine (f; MAD); Nausea (f; CRC; MAD; WOI); Nervousness (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Neurosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC; FEL); Pertussis (f; CRC; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Priapism (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Syncope (f; MAD); Tetanus (f; MAD); Tremor (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH).
Dosages (Cherry-Laurel) — 1.5–6 g cherry laurel water (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cherry-Laurel) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PHR; PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Overdoses can cause cyanide poisoning.

CHICKPEA, GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) +++
Activities (Chickpea) — Anthelminthic (f; WO2); Antianemic (1; FNF); Antiatherogenic (1; MPI); Antibilious (f; DEP; MPI); Anticervisotic (1; FNF); Anticheilitic (1; FNF); Anticoronary (1; FNF); Antidementic (1; FNF); Antidepressant (1; FNF); Antigingivitic (1; FNF); Antigout
(1; FNF); Antiinfertility (1; FNF); Antileukemic (1; WO3); Antimetaplastic (1; FNF); Antimy-
elotoxic (1; FNF); Antineuropathic (1; FNF); Antiperiodontotic (1; FNF); Antiplaque (1; FNF); Antipolyp (1; FNF); Antipsychotic (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; WO2); Anti-Spina Bifida (1; FNF); Antistomatitic (1; FNF); Antistress (1; WO3); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; WO2); Astringent (f; WO2); Cardioprotective (1; WO3); Diuretic (1; WO2); Estrogenic (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; WO2); Hemopoietic (1; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (2; MPI; WO2); Hypolipidemic (1; WO2; WO3); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Lactagogue (f; JAD); Laxative (f; MPI); Lipolytic (2; MPI); Soporific (f; JAD); Stimulant (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; MPI); Tonic (f; DEP; WO2); Xanthine-Oxidase- Inhibitor (1; FNF); Uricosuric (1; FNF).
Indications (Chickpea) — Alactea (f; JAD); Anemia (1; FNF); Atheroclerosis (1; MPI; WO3); Biliousness (f; DEP; MPI; WO2); Bite (f; DEP; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; DEP; WO2); Cancer, colon (1; FNF); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; MPI; WO3); Catarrh (f; DEP); Cervicosis (1; FNF); Cheilosis (1; FNF); Cholera (f; JAD); Cirrhosis (1; FNF); Consti- pation (f; MPI; SKJ); Cough (f; WO2); Cutamenia (f; DEP); Dandruff (f; WO2); Dementia (1; FNF); Depression (1; FNF); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diarrhea (f; WO2); Dislocation (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; WO2); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; WO2); Edema (f; WO2); Fever (f; WO2); Fracture (f; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Gas (1; JAD); Gingivosis (1; FNF); Gout (1; FNF); Headache (f; WO2); Hepatosis (1; FNF); High Cholesterol (2; MPI; WO2); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Impotence (f; DEP; WO2); Infection (1; WO2); Infertility (1; FNF); Leprosy (f; DEP; WO2); Leukemia (1; WO3); Mycosis (1; WO2); Nausea (f; DEP); Neuropathy (1; FNF); Obesity (1; WO2; WO3); Orchosis (f; JLH); Periodontosis (1; FNF); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); Plaque (1; FNF); Polyp (1; FNF); Snakebite (f; DEP; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; WO2); Spina Bifida (1; FNF); Splenosis (f; DEP); Sprain (f; WO2); Stomatosis (1; FNF); Stress (1; WO3); Stroke (f; DEP; SKJ); Toothache (f; WO2); Vomiting (f; DEP); Wart (f; JAD); Water Retention (1; WO2).
Dosages (Chickpea) — Food farmacy at its best (JAD). Seeds, sprouts, young pods, young leaves, and the vinegar off the leaves all eaten by humans. Best for the heart say I; hummus with plenty of garlic and olive oil; sesame and parsley optional, but good.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chickpea) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). The oxalic acid may be contraindicated in people with calculus (DEP). Boulos notes that

inadequately cooked chickpeas can cause paralysis such as the lathyrism. Looks to be every bit as health-giving as soy without the high fat. The germinated seeds (sprouts) contain the flavonoids, daidzein, formononetin, pratensin, liquiritgenin, isoliquiritigenin, and its 4′-glucoside, 4′,7-dihy- droxyflavonol, garbanzol, biochanin-7-glucoside, and p-coumaric acid.

CHICKWEED (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) ++

Synonym — Alsine media L.
Activities (Chickweed) — Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antiitch (f; PNC); Antipyretic (f; PED); Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Bitter (f; PED); Demulcent (f; CRC; FAD; PED); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Digestive (f; PED); Diuretic (f; EFS; PED); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; DAA); Emollient (PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC; EFS; FAD; PED); Lactagogue (f; CRC; DAA); Poison (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; PNC).
Indications (Chickweed) — Abscess (f; APA; CRC; GMH); Angina (f; MAD); Anasarca (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; APA; CRC); Boil (f; CRC; MAD; PNC); Bronchosis (f; APA); Bruise (f; CRC); Bug Bite (SKY); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; GMH); Childbirth (f; DAA); Circulosis (f; DAA); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; DEM; PHR; PH2); Constipation (f; APA; CRC); Convulsion (f; MAD); Cough (f; CRC; FAD); Cramp (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Diphtheria (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; SKY); Elephantiasis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CRC); Erysipelas (f; CRC; FEL); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PED); Fracture (f; CRC; WOI); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gout (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; HHB; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Hoarseness (f; CRC); Hydrophobia (f; CRC); Infection (f; CRC); Inflammation (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Itch (f; APA; FAD; PNC); Mucososis (f; APA); Obesity (f; APA; CRC; GMH; HAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; MAD); Pain (f; FEL; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Psoriasis (f; PNC); Pulmonosis (f; APA); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Sore (f; APA; CRC; FEL; PH2); Sore Throat (f; APA); Spasm (f;
CRC); Swelling (f; CRC; DEM; WOI); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; PNC); Ulcus cruris (f; FEL); Urogenitosis (f; CRC); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS; PED); Wound (f; DEM; FAD; PHR).
Dosages (Chickweed) — 3 (389 mg) capsules 3 /day (APA); 1 tsp plant juice 6–8 /day (MAD); 2–3 tsp herb in cold or hot tea (MAD); 0.25–0.5 cup fresh herb (PED); 6–12 g dry herb (PED); 9 g dry herb:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 1–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 1–5 ml tincture/day (SKY).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chickweed) — Class 1 (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). None reported (SKY). One alleged case of nitrate toxicity (AHP). Which raises a question: If high nitrate/high nitrites are dangerous in combination with Viagra, maybe that plant group once called Centrospermae (which includes, e.g., chickweed, lambs quarter, poke, pigweed, purslane), might also chickweed be contraindicated with Viagra? Alternatively, they might, along with garlic, make a viagroid nitric-oxide-generating mess of greens. Saponins enhance transdermal absorption of other chemicals and may solubilize other medicines internally. I am still trying to confirm European studies that cited genistein in chickweed.

CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.) +++
Synonyms — C. intybus var. foliosum Hegi, C. intybus var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch.
Activities (Chicory) — Antibacterial (1; FAD; WO2); Antibilious (f; WO2); Antiexudative (1; PHR; PH2); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Antimutagenic (1; APA); Antispermatogenic (1; WO2); Aperitif (1; APA; VAG; VVG); Bifidogenic (1; FNF); Bitter (1; HHB); Bradycardic (1; WO2); Cardiodepressant (1; PNC); Cardiotonic (1; FAD); Carminative (f; WO2); Cholagogue (1; PHR; PH2; VVG; WO2); Choleretic (2; ABA; KOM; PH2; VVG); Demulcent (f; WBB); Depurative (f; HHB; VVG); Digestive (1; APA; WBB; WO2); Diuretic (1; FAD; PNC; VVG; WO2); Emme-
nagogue (f; WBB; WO2); Hepatoprotective (1; APA; VVG; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; PHR; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; FAD); Laxative (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Negative Chronotropic (1; PH2); Negative Inotropic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; DEM); Peristaltic (1; WO2); Prebiotic (1; FNF); Sedative (1; APA; FAD); Stomachic (f; HHB; WO2); Tonic (f; APA; PNC; VVG).
Indications (Chicory) — Acne (f; WO2); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anorexia (2; APA; KOM; PH2; VAG; VVG); Arrhythmia (1; APA); Asthma (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; FAD; WO2); Biliousness (f; WBB); Cancer (1; APA; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; JLH); Cancer, face (1; JLH); Cancer, gum (1; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Cancer, tongue (1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; APA); Catarrh (f; HHB; WBB); Chancre (1; DEM); Cholecystosis (2; HHB; PHR); Constipation (1; APA; FAD; FNF; PNC); Cramp (f; PH2); Deafness (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; APA; FAD; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PH2; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f; WBB; WO2); Dyspepsia (2; APA; KOM; PH2; VVG); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; DEM; WO2); Gas (f; WO2); Gastrosis (f; HHB; JLH; WBB); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Gout (f; PNC; WO2); Headache (f; PH2; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; PH2; WBB); Hepatosis (2; JLH; PHR; PNC; VVG); Hypercholesterolemia (1; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; FAD); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; APA; FAD; PNC; WO2); Insomnia (1; APA; FAD); Jaundice (f; FAD; VVG; WO2); Lacrimosis (f; JLH); Melancholy (f; PH2); Nausea (f; WBB); Nephrosis (f; VVG); Nervousness (1; APA; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); Rash (f; PH2); Respiro- sis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; PNC; WO2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; PH2; WO2); Splenomegaly (f; WO2); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Swelling (1; APA); Tachycardia (1; APA); Tuberculosis (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; PH2; WO2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; FAD; PNC; VVG; WO2).
Dosages (Chicory) — 3 g root (KOM); 3–5 g powdered root (PHR); 2–4 g/150–250 ml water (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chicory) — Class 1 (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications of hypersensitivity to chicory and other Asteraceae and adverse effects of rare allergic skin reactions. Patients with bilestones or gallstones should first consult a physician (AEH; KOM). Cadot et al. report “a first case of occupational allergy to chicory (Cichorium intybus) in a vegetable wholesaler. Symptoms occurred after oral, cutaneous, or inhalatory exposure.” Reactions were also noted after ingestion of the botanically related endive (Cichorium endivia) and lettuce (Latuca satiua). The responsible protein

allergen was identified by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot with no cross-reactivity with mugwort (Arte- misia vulgaris), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen, suggesting the vege- table is the allergenic material (Cadot et al., 1996). Carcinogens, viz. 1,2-benzoperylene, 3,4,benzopy- rone, and floranthene occur in chicory, increasing on roasting, especially above 175 (WOI). Ingestion of 100 g may cause slight bradycardia.

CHINABERRY (Melia azedarach L.) +
Synonyms — M. azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino, M. toosendan Siebold & Zucc.
Activities (Chinaberry) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; CRC; DEP; KAB; MPI; SUW); Antibacterial (1; KAP); Antifeedant (1; JFM); Antipyretic (f; CRC; JFM); Antiseptic (1; CRC; KAP); Antispasmodic (1; KAP; MPI); Antiviral (1; KAP); Aperitif (f; KAP); Astringent (1; CRC; KAB; SUW; WBB); Bitter (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; SUW); CNS-Depressant (1; MPI); Deobstruent (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Depu- rative (f; CRC; KAB; SUW); Diuretic (f; CRC; KAB; SUW); Emetic (f; AHP; CRC); Emme- nagogue (f; CRC; JFM; KAB; SUW); Emollient (f; KAP); Hemostat (f; KAB); Insecticide (1; CRC; DEP; WOI); Insectifuge (f; CRC); Larvicide (1; WOI); Laxative (f; CRC; SUW); Litholytic (f; KAB); Narcotic (f; CRC; DEP); Parasiticide (1; WBB); Pediculicide (f; CRC; MPI); Piscicide (1; CRC; JFM); Poison (1; CRC); Pulicide (f; CRC); Resolvent (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Vermicide (1; CRC; DEP; JFM; WBB).
Indications (Chinaberry) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; KAP); Ascaris (1; WOI); Asthma (f; CRC; WBB; WOI); Atrophy (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; KAP); Biliousness (f; KAB; ZIM); Bite (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; KAB); Cancer (1; JLH; KAB; KAP); Cardiopathy (f; KAB); Cold (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC; SUW); Convulsion (f; WBB); Cough (f; CRC); Cramp (1; KAP; MPI); Cystosis (f; CRC); Debility (f; KAP); Delirium (f; CRC); Dermatosis (1; CRC; JFM; KAP); Diarrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Dysentery (f; CRC; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; KAB); Dysuria (f; SUW); Eczema (f; CRC; KAP; WBB); Enterosis (f; CRC; ZIM); Epistaxis (f; KAB); Fever (f; CRC; JFM; SUW); Fontanelle (f; ZIM); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; ZIM); Headache (f; CRC; DEP; KAB; SUW); Heart (f; KAB); Hernia (f; CRC); Hysteria (f; CRC; JFM; KAB); Hookworm (1; KAP); Infection (f; CRC; KAB); Inflammation (f; CRC; KAB); Insomnia (f; CRC); Leprosy (f; CRC; KAB; KAP; WBB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; KAP); Lice (f; CRC; MPI); Malaria (f; KAB; KAP); Marasmus (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; KAB); Neurosis (f; DEP); Pain (1; CRC; DEP; ZIM); Parasite (1; JFM; KAP; WBB); Pemphigus (f; KAP); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Rash (f; CRC; JFM); Rheumatism (f; CRC; JFM; KAB); Ringworm (f; CRC; DEM; KAP); Scald (f; DEP); Scabies (1; KAB; KAP); Scrofula (f; CRC; KAP; WBB); Spasm (f; WBB); Splenosis (f; CRC; KAB); Stomachache (f; CRC); Stone (f; CRC; KAB); Swelling (f; CRC; KAB); Syphilis (f; WBB); Tapeworm (1; DEP; KAP); Thirst (f; KAP); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Typhoid (f; KAB); Ulcer (f; CRC; KAB); Uterosis (f; CRC; KAB); VD (f; WBB); Virus (1; KAP); Water Retention (f; CRC; KAB; SUW); Worm (1; CRC; DEP; JFM; WBB).
Dosages (Chinaberry) — 5 g leaf/500 g water for parasites (JFM); 1–1.9 g root for parasites (JFM); 1–2 g powdered root (KAP); 1–2 g powdered fruit (KAP); 56–112 ml bark decoction (KAP); 56–112 ml leaf decoction (KAP); 56–112 ml root bark decoction (KAP); 4–12 ml tincture (KAP); 28–84 ml flower tea (KAP); 4–10 minims oil (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinaberry) — Class 3 (AHP). Not covered (PHR). Fatality reported in a child who ate the berries (DEP). Six to eight seeds said to cause choleraic symptoms, nausea, and spasm, sometimes followed by death (DEP). LD50 (50% ethanolic extract) = 250 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI).

CHINA ROSE (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) ++
Activities (China Rose) — Analgesic (1; TRA); Antiestrogenic (1; AAB; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; TRA); Antipyretic (1; TRA); Antispermatogenic (1; TRA); Antitussive (f; DAV); CNS-Depres- sant (1; TRA); Collyrium (f; JFM); Contraceptive (1; TRA; ZUL); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Embry- otoxic (1; AAB); Emollient (1; WBB); Hypotensive (1; AAB; TRA).
Indications (China Rose) — Asthma (f; JFM); Bleeding (f; AAB); Boil (f; WBB); Cancer (f; JLH; WBB); Cataract (f; IED); Childbirth (f; IED); Cold (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (1; JFM; TRA); Cough (f; JFM; TRA); Dermatosis (f; AAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; AAB); Fever (1; AAB; JFM; TRA); Flu (f; DAV; JFM; TRA); Headache (f; TRA); Hernia (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; AAB; TRA); Hoarseness (f; JFM); Inflammation (1; TRA); Metrorrhagia (f; AAB); Miscarriage (f; AAB); Mumps (f; WBB); Nausea (f; IED); Pain (1; TRA); Pulmonosis (f; DAV; JFM); Stomachache (f; IED); Swelling (f; WBB); Tumor (f; JLH); Wound (f; JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (China Rose) — Internal uses contraindi- cated in small children and pregnant or lactating women (TRA). Hydroethanolic extract LD50 1000 ppm (TRA).

CHINESE CLUB MOSS (Huperzia serrata) +
Activities (Chinese Club Moss) — Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; ABS; BRU); Antiamnesic (1; BRU); Antiglutamate (1; BRU); Memorigenic (1; ABS).
Indications (Chinese Club Moss) — Alzheimer’s (1; ABS); Amnesia (f; BRU); Fever (f; BRU); Glaucoma (1; ABS); Inflammation (f; BRU); Myasthenia Gravis (1; ABS; BRU); Senile Dementia (1; ABS; BRU).
Dosages (Chinese Club Moss) — 200–300 g huperzine A/day.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Club Moss) — Pregnant women, and people with hypertension or pulmonary problems due to increased bronchial secretions should not take it. Said to have a high therapeutic index with few side effects (ABS).
Extracts (Chinese Club Moss) — Huperzine A reversibly binds acetylcholinesterase (AChE), “preventing it from breaking down acetylcholine, and thus preventing a deficiency and improving mental function” (ABS). It binds with a half-life of 4.8 hours. Its effect may persist 8 hours, longer than donepezil and tacrine, FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer’s. Huperzine A’s distinct mode of action is said to maintain and improve memory.

CHINESE CUCUMBER (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.) X
Activities (Chinese Cucumber) — Abortifacient (1; FAY); Antiseptic (f; FAY); Antitussive (f; DAA); Antiviral (1; FAY); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Emollient (f; DAA); Expectorant (f; FAY); Hyper- glycemic (f; FAY); Laxative (f; FAY); Sialagogue (f; FAY); Suppurative (f; FAY).
Indications (Chinese Cucumber) — Abscess (f; FAY); Alactea (f; DAA); Amenorrhea (f; FAY); Anasarca (f; DAA); Angina (f; FAY); Bacteria (1; FAY); Boil (f; DAA; FAY); Bronchosis (f; DAA; FAY); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FAY); Childbirth (f; DAA); Choriocarcinoma (1; FAY); Chorioepithelioma (f; DAA); Congestion (f; DAA; FAY); Con- stipation (f; DAA; FAY); Cough (f; FAY); Diabetes (f; DAA; FAY); Dysuria (f; DAA; FAY); Enterosis (f; FAY); Fever (f; FAY); Fungus (1; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; FAY); Herpes (f; FAY); HIV (1; FAY); Hypoglycemia (f; FAY); Infection (1; FAY); Jaundice (f; DAA; FAY); Laryngosis (f; FAY); Mastosis (f; FAY); Mole (f; FAY); Mycosis (f; FAY); Parotosis (f; FAY); Polyuria (f; DAA); Pulmonosis (f; FAY);

Shingle (f; FAY); Sore (f; FAY); Sore Throat (f; DAA); Swelling (f; FAY); Syphilis (f; DAA); Thirst (f; FAY); Trauma (f; FAY); Trophoblastoma (1; FAY); VD (f; DAA); Virus (1; FAY); Wound (f; FAY).
Dosages (Chinese Cucumber) — 9–12 g (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Cucumber) — Class 1. Rare cases of diarrhea and gastrosis (AHP). Trichosanthin is quite dangerous, leading to acute pulmonary edema, cerebral edema and hemorrhage, and myocardosis. Severe side effects, also antigenic (FAY).

CHINESE MOTHERWORT (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) +
Synonyms — L. artemisia (Lour.) S.Y. Hu, L. heterophyllus Sweet, L. sibiricus auct. pl., Stachys artemisia Lour.
Activities (Chinese Motherwort) — Alterative (f; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; FAY); Antibacterial (1; FAY); Antiedemic (f; FAY; PH2); Antifertility (f; DAA); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; DAA); Bitter (f; HHB); Cardiotonic (f; PH2); Circulotonic (1; FAY); CNS-Stimulant (1; FAY); Diuretic (1; DAA; FAY); Emmenagogue (1; AHP; DAA); Fungicide (1; FAY); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAY; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Peristaltic (1; FAY); Sedative (1; DAA); Spermatogenic (f; DAA); Uterocontractant (f; PH2); Uterotonic (1; AHP; DAA); Vasoconstrictor (1; DAA; FAY); Vasodilator (f; DAA); Vulnerary (f; DAA).
Indications (Chinese Motherwort) — Abscess (f; DAA); Angina (1; FAY); Anxiety (f; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; DAA); Bacteria (1; FAY); Bite (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; DAA); Bruise (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; DAA; FAY); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA; FAY); Constipation (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; PH2); Dyspnea (f; FAY; PH2); Edema (1; FAY); Embolism (1; FAY); Encephalosis (f; FAD); Fungus (1; FAY); Hemoptysis (f; HHB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAY; PH2); Impotence (f; DAA); Infection (1; FAY); Inflammation (f; PH2); Insomnia (1; DAA); Ischemia (f; FAY); Itch (f; DAA); Lochiastasis (f; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Metrorrhagia (f; DAA); Mycosis (1; FAY); Myocardosis (f; FAY); Nephrosis (f; FAY; PH2); Nervousness (1; DAA; PH2); Nyctalopia (f; DAA); Obesity (f; DAA); Ophthalmia (f; DAA; FAY); Pain (f; FAY); Palpitation (f; FAY); Retinosis (f; PH2); Shingle (f; DAA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Swelling (f; FAY; PH2); Uterosis (f; FAY); Water Retention (1; DAA; FAY).
Dosages (Chinese Motherwort) — 9–30 g herb; 6–9 g seed (FAY); 4–10 g in tea (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Motherwort) — Class 2b (AHP). Emmenagogue and uterotonic (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper thera- peutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses (30 g or more) may generate chest oppression, debility, diaphoresis, dyspnea, and increased sensitivity to pain (PH2).

CHINESE OLIVE (Canarium vulgare Leenh.) ++
Synonym — C. commune auct.
The herbal PDR takes the easy way out and calls Chinese Olive Canarium species. USDA refers to Chinese Olive as C. vulgare. Some Chinese scholars translate Canarium album to Chinese Olive.
Activities (Chinese Olive) — Demulcent (f; WO2); Expectorant (f; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Rubefacient (1; EFS; WO2); Stimulant (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; PH2).
Indications (Chinese Olive) — Cold (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Immun- odepression (1; PH2); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Sore (f; WO2); VD (f; WO2).

Dosages (Chinese Olive) — Topical ointments using 25% resin are used (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Olive) — Not covered (AHP; HHB; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). EO reported to cause GI and kidney complaints and hemorrhagic erosion (PH2).

CHINESE PEONY (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) +
Synonyms — P. edulis Salisb., P. fragrans Redoute.
Activities (Chinese Peony) — Analgesic (1; APA; FAY; HHB; PNC; WOI); Antiaging (f; LAF); Antiaggregant (2; KEB; LAF; WHO; WOI); Antiallergic (1; KEB); Antianaphylactic (1; KEB); Antiatherogenic (1; KEB); Antibacterial (1; APA; KEB; LAF); Anticholinergic (1; KEB); Anti- convulsant (1; APA; KEB); Antidiaphoretic (f; FAY); Antiedemic (1; KEB); Antifatigue (f; LAF); Antiherpetic (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; LAF; PNC; WOI); Antimutagenic (1; APA; LAF); Antioxidant (1; X10616967); Antiradicular (1; X10616967); Antipyretic (1; LAF); Antiseptic (1; APA; LAF); Antispasmodic (1; HHB; PNC; WHO; WOI); Antistress (1; APA; KEB); Antitest- osterone (1; KEB); Antitumor (1; APA; LAF); Antiulcer (1; KEB); Antiviral (1; APA; LAF; PNC); Astringent (1; APA; LAF); Bitter (1; FAY; KEB); Cardioprotective (1; APA); CNS- Depressant (1; LAF; PNC); Fibrinolytic (1; KEB); Fungicide (1; LAF); Hepatoprotective (2; APA; KEB; WOI); Hypotensive (1; KEB); Immunostimulant (1; APA; PNC); Memorigenic (1; APA; LAF); Myorelaxant (1; PNC); Phagocytotic (1; KEB; LAF); Tonic (1; APA; PNC); Sedative (1; APA); Uterocontractant (1; KEB); Vasodilator (1; KEB; PNC).
Indications (Chinese Peony) — Allergy (1; KEB; WHO); Amenorrhea (1; WHO); Anaphylaxis (1; KEB); Angina (f; KEB); Appendicitis (f; FAY); Arthrosis (1; APA; LAF); Bacteria (1; APA; KEB; LAF); Bleeding (f; FAY); Boil (f; WHO); Bruise (1; LAF); Burn (f; WHO); Cancer (1; APA; LAF); Carbuncle (1; LAF); Cardiopathy (1; APA); Contusion (1; LAF); Convulsion (1; APA; KEB); Cramp (1; HHB; LAF; PNC; WHO; WOI); Dementia (f; LAF; WHO); Dermatosis (f; LAF); Diarrhea (1; FAY; KEB); Dysentery (f; FAY); Dysmenorrhea (1; FAY; KEB; LAF; WHO); Eczema (f; WHO); Enterosis (1; FAY; HHB; LAF; WHO); Epilepsy (f; KEB); Erythema (f; KEB); Fatigue (1; LAF); Fever (1; FAY; LAF; WHO); Flu (1; LAF); Fungus (1; LAF);
Gastrosis (f; FAY; HHB); Gingivosis (1; LAF); Headache (1; APA; FAY; LAF; WHO); Hepatosis (1; WHO); Herpes (1; PNC); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY; KEB; LAF); Hot Flash (1; APA); Immunodepression (1; APA; PNC); Infection (1; LAF); Infertility (1; KEB); Inflammation (1; LAF; PNC; WOI); Insomnia (1; APA); Leukorrhea (f; FAY; KEB); Measles (1; LAF); Menopause (1; APA); Metrorrhagia (1; APA); Migraine (f; KEB); Mycosis (1; LAF); Nervousness (1; APA); Night Sweats (f; FAY; LAF); Pain (1; APA; FAY; HHB; LAF; PNC; WOI); Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (f; KEB); Senile Dementia (1; APA; KEB); Sore (f; WHO); Swelling (1; KEB); Systremma (f; FAY); Tumor (1; APA; LAF); Ulcer (1; FNF; KEB); Uterosis (f; FAY); Vertigo (f; APA; LAF; WHO); Virus (1; APA; LAF; PNC); Wound (f; FAY).
Dosages (Chinese Peony) — 1 tsp flower/cup water (WIC); 20 g root/750 ml water sipped through the day (APA); Chinese report 3–12 g peony root (FAY); 2–6 g dry root/day or 4–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (KEB); 6–15 g standardized for paeoniflorin (WHO).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Peony) — Class 1 (P. lactiflora and
P. officinalis) (AHP). No peonies were approved by Commission E but they did say, “No risks known” (KOM). The Physicians Desk Reference was a bit more explicit regarding P. officinalis, “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). “Side effects that may occur, particularly in cases of over dosages, include gastroenterosis with vomiting, colic, and diarrhea” (PHR). Much of the indicated uses and biological activity is attributed to paeoniflorin.

CHINESE PINK (Dianthus chinensis L.) ++
Synonyms — D. heddewigii hort., D. laciniatus hort. ex Makino.
Dianthus superbus is used interchangeably.
Activities (Chinese Pink) — Abortifacient (f; HHB; LMP); Analgesic (1; X6505089); Anthelm- inthic (f; DAA; HHB); Antifertility (1; DAA; X5365593); Antimutagenic (1; X3278214); Anti- pyretic (f; DAA); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Astringent (f; DAA); Circulotonic (F; LMP); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DAA; HHB; LMP); Ecbolic (f; DAA); Emmenagogue (f; DAA); Hemostat (f; DAA; LMP); Hepatoprotective (1; X6505089); Propecic (f; DAA); Resolvent (f; DAA); Vulnerary (f; DAA).
Indications (Chinese Pink) — Abscess (f; DAA); Alopecia (f; DAA); Amenorrhea (f; FAY; LMP); Bleeding (f; DAA; LMP); Boil (f; FAY); Bubo (f; DAA); Calculus (f; FAY); Cancer (1; DAA; X3278214); Cancer, skin (f; DAA); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Childbirth (f; LMP); Conjunctivosis (f; FAY); Dermatosis (f; FAY); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; LMP); Eczema (f; FAY); Edema (f; DAA; FAY); Fever (f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; DAA; FAY); Gravel (f; DAA); Hematochezia (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; DAA); Hepatosis (1; X6505089); HIV (1; X10850653); Ophthalmia (f; DAA; LMP); Pain (1; X6505089); Sore (f; DAA; FAY); Stone (f; FAY); Swelling (f; FAY); UTI (f; FAY); VD (f; DAA); Virus (1; X10850653); Water Retention (f; DAA; FAY; HHB; LMP); Worm (f; DAA); Wound (f; LMP).
Dosages (Chinese Pink) — 4.5–9 g in decoction (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Pink) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Contraindicated in kidney and/or spleen deficiency, and during pregnancy (FAY).

CHINESE QUININE, FEVER FLOWER (Dichroa febrifuga Lour.) +
Activities (Chinese Quinine) — Antiarrhythmic (1; DAA); Anticancer (1; DAA); Antiinflammatory (1; X10661882); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Emetic (1; DAA); Expectorant (f; DAA); Hypotensive (1; DAA); Laxative (1; DAA); NO-Inhibitor (1; X9644055; X10661882); Parasiticide (1; WOI);
Sialagogue (1; DAA); TNF-Inhibitor (1; X10661882).
Indications (Chinese Quinine) — Arrhythmia (1; DAA); Bronchosis (f; DAA); Cancer (1; DAA); Cancer, stomach (1; DAA; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Gastrosis (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA); Inflammation (1; X10661882); Malaria (1; DAA; X9644055); Palpitation (1; DAA); Parasite (1; WOI); Tachycardia (1; DAA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chinese Quinine) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Though 100 times more antimalarial than quinine, gamma (not alpha, as reported in DAA) dichroine can cause diarrhea, GI hypersecretion, hemorrhage, hyperperistalsis, hypotension, tachypnea, and death (DAA). Gamma dichroine is highly emetic, causing hydropic hepatic degen- eration. WOI ranks the alkaloids a bit different, re chick malaria; alpha-, beta-, and gamma-dichroine are, respectively, 1, 50, and 100 times as antimalarial as quinine (WOI). Febrifugine is 64 times as powerful. Leaf material shows more antimalarial material than roots., though leaves have lower alkaloid content. Other active principles may lie in the leaves.

CHINESE SENEGA ROOT (Polygala tenuifolia Willd.) ++
Activities (Chinese Senega Root) — Anticonvulsant (1; KEB); Anxiolytic (1; KEB); Bitter (1; KEB); Cardiotonic (f; DAA); Cerebrotonic (f; DAA); Expectorant (1; KEB); Sedative (1; KEB); Tonic (f; DAA); Tranquilizer (f; DAA).

Indications (Chinese Senega Root) — Abscess (f; DAA); Amnesia (f; DAA); Anxiety (1; KEB); Asthma (f; KEB); Bronchosis (f; KEB); Catarrh (f; KEB); Cold (f; KEB); Convulsion (1; KEB); Cough (f; DAA); Fright (f; DAA); Insomnia (1; KEB); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Nervousness (1; DAA; KEB); Neurosis (f; DAA); Nightmare (f; DAA); Palpitation (f; KEB); Sore (f; DAA); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Stress (f; KEB); Swelling (f; DAA).
Dosages (Chinese Senega Root) — 1.5–6 g dry root/day or 3–12 ml fl extract (1:2) (KEB).

CHIRATA (Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst.) ++
Synonyms — Gentiana chirata Wall., G. chirayita Roxb. ex Fleming, Swertia chirata (Wall.) C.
B. Clarke.
Activities (Chirata) — Alterative (f; DEP; EFS); Anthelminthic (f; DEP; EFS; SKJ; SUW); Anticholinergic (1; HH3; PH2); Antiedemic (1; HH3); Antiinflammatory (1; KAB; LAF; PH2); Antimalarial (1; LAF); Antipyretic (f; DEP; KAB; LAF; HHB; SKJ; SUW); Antitubercular (1; LAF); Astringent (f; KAB); Bitter (1; HHB; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Cholagogue (f; DEP); Choleretic (f; KAB); CNS-Depressant (1; HH3; PH2); Emollient (f; DEP); Hepatoprotective (1; LAF); Hyp- notic (f; EFS); Hypoglycemic (1; HH3; PH2); Laxative (f; DEP; EFS; LAF; SUW); Secretagogue (1; FNF; PH2); Stomachic (1; EFS; HH3; KAB; SUW); Tonic (f; EFS; HHB; KAB; SUW);
Uterosedative (f; KAB); Vermifuge (f; HHB; KAB).
Indications (Chirata) — Anemia (f; WOI); Anorexia (1; FNF; PH2); Arthrosis (1; KAB; LAF); Asthma (f; DEP; KAP; SKJ); Atony (f; DEP); Biliousness (f; DEP; SKJ); Bleeding (f; SKJ); Bron- chosis (f; DEP; KAP; SKJ); Cancer (f; JLH; LAF); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH; LAF); Childbirth (f; SKJ); Cholera (f; HHB); Cold (f; DEP); Constipation (f; DEP; EFS; LAF; SUW); Debility (f; DEP; WOI); Dermatosis (1; FNF; KAB; LAF); Diabetes (1; PH2); Diarrhea (f; SUW; WOI); Dyspepsia (1; DEP; FNF; PH2); Dysuria (f; SKJ); Edema (1; FNF; HH3; LAF); Emaciation (f; SKJ); Enterosis (f; KAP; JLH; SKJ); Fever (f; DEP; KAB; LAF; HHB; SKJ; SUW); Gastrosis (f; WOI); Gingirrhagia (f; SKJ); Gonorrhea (f; SKJ); Gout (f; DEP; SUW; WOI); Gravel (f; SKJ); Hepatosis (f; HHB; SKJ); Hiccup (f; KAP); Hyperglycemia (1; HH3; PH2); Inflammation (1; KAB; LAF; PH2); Itch (f; DEP); Leprosy (f; SKJ); Leukoderma (f; KAB; SKJ); Malaria (1; KAP; LAF; HHB); Nausea (f; KAP); Neurosis (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Rheumatism (1; LAF); Scabies (f; KAB; SKJ); Sting (f; KAB; KAP); Swelling (1; HH3); Thirst (f; SKJ); Tuberculosis (f; LAF; SKJ); VD (f; SKJ); Vomiting (f; KAP); Worm (f; DEP; HHB; KAB; LAF).
Dosages (Chirata) — 300–2000 mg (HHB); 600–2000 mg (HH3); 14–28 ml tea (with cinnamon and clove) (KAP); 0.5–2 g root in decoction with honey for hiccup or nausea (KAP);10–20 drops 3 /day, between meals (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chirata) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Not for patients with duodenal or gastric ulcers (PH2).

CHIRICSANANGO (Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don.) X
I have aggregated the three most popular Amazon species, doubting that they are valid species.
Activities (Chiricsanango) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alterative (f; CRC); Anesthetic (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC; WO2); Antirheumatic (f; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; WO2); Convulsant (1; WO2); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; DAV); Diuretic (f; CRC; DAV; PH2); Emme- nagogue (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; WO2); Hypertensive (f; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC); Lympho- tonic (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Piscicide (f; WO2); Poison (f; CRC; WO2).

Indications (Chiricsanango) — Arthrosis (f; CRC; DAV; PH2); Chill (f; DAV); Constipation (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; DAV; WO2); Impotence (f; WO2); Inflammation (f; CRC); Low Blood Pressure (f; CRC); Lymph (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DAV; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC; PH2); Snakebite (f; DAV); Syphilis (f; CRC; PH2); VD (f; CRC; DAV; PH2); Water Retention (f; CRC; DAV; PH2); Yellow Fever (f; DAV).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chiricsanango) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (not designated)” (PH2, speaking of B. hopeana). Overdoses may cause death, with anxiety, convulsions, increased cardiac and pulmonary activity, muscle tremors, salivation, spasms, and vomiting (PH2, speaking of B. hopeana). Hallucination accompanied by serious side effects (e.g., chills, cold sweats, heavy tongue, itchiness, nausea, stomachache, temporary insanity, tingling, and vomiting) (DAV). I have experi- enced alternating chills and fever, numbness, heavy feet, torpor myself.

CHIVES (Allium schoenoprasum L.) +++

Synonyms — A. schoenoprasum var. alpinum DC., Allium sibiricum L.
Activities (Chives) — Anthelminthic (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; EFS); Aphrodisiac (f; SKJ); Car- diodepressant (1; WO2); Carminative (1; EFS); Digestive (1; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; SKJ); Expec- torant (f; SKJ); Hematinic (f; EFS); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Stimulant (f; SKJ).
Indications (Chives) — Blister (1; SKJ); Boil (1; SKJ); Cancer (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; SKJ); Dysentery (1; SKJ); Gas (1; EFS; SKJ); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Hyperlipidemia (f; SKJ); Infection (1; EFS); Obesity (f; SKJ); Ophthalmia (f; SKJ); Otosis (f; SKJ); Parasite (1; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS; SKJ); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (1; PH2).
Dosages (Chives) — Food farmacy (JAD).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chives) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Poison to mammals (USDA nomenclature database).

CHLORELLA (Chlorella spp.) ++
Activities (Chlorella) — Allergenic (1; APA); Antiaggregant (f; APA); Antibacterial (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA); Antitumor (1; APA); Antiviral (f; APA); Deodorant (f; APA); Depurative (f; APA); Immunostimulant (1; APA); Photodermatitic (f; APA); Radioprotective (f; APA).
Indications (Chlorella) — Bacteria (f; APA); Cancer (1; APA); Immunodepression (1; APA); Infection (f; APA); Tumor (1; APA); Virus (f; APA).
Dosages (Chlorella) — 2–3 (414 mg) capsules 3 /day (APA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chlorella) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; LAF; PHR; SKY; etc.) Largely imported from Asia, this unicellular alga is said to interfere with clotting and augment other anticoagulant activity; one patient taking warfarin experienced clotting irregular- ities when he took Chlorella. APA reports severe anaphylactic reactions and photodermatosis.

CHOCOLATE-VINE (Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne.) ++
Activities (Chocolate-Vine) — Analgesic (f; DAA; PH2); Antiedemic (1; PH2); Antifertility (f; DAA); Antiinflammatory (f; DAA); Antipyretic (1; DAA; HH2; PH2); CNS-Depressant (1; PH2); Depurative (f; DAA; LMP); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DAA; LMP); Emmenagogue (f; LMP); Lactagogue (f; DAA); Laxative (f; DAA); Litholytic (f; PH2); Peristaltic (1; HH2); Resolvent (f; DAA); Stimulant (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; DAA); Tonic (f; DAA); Uricosuric (1; PH2); Vulnerary (f; DAA).
Indications (Chocolate-Vine) — Amenorrhea (f; DAA); Anemia (f; PH2); Ascites (f; PH2); Cold (f; DAA; LMP); Constipation (f; DAA); Convulsion (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; DAA; HH2; PH2); Debility (f; DAA; LMP); Dermatosis (1; HH2); Diabetes (f; DAA); Dropsy (f; DAA); Edema (1; DAA; HH2; PH2); Fever (1; DAA; HH2; PH2); Galacturia (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; LMP); Goiter (f; DAA); Gout (1; PH2); Headache (f; DAA); Hematuria (f; PH2); Hernia (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; DAA; PH2); Lumbago (f; DAA); Mastosis (f; LMP); Nephrosis (f; DAA; LMP); Pain (1; DAA; HH2; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DAA); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (1; HH2; PH2); Urethrosis (f; DAA); UTI (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; DAA; LMP).
Dosages (Chocolate-Vine) — 3–9 g in decoction (HH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chocolate-Vine) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses may induce colic, diarrhea, enterosis, and gastrosis. Not for pregnant women (PH2).

CHOKECHERRY, BITTER BERRY (Prunus virginiana L.) ++
Indications (Chokecherry) — Anorexia (f; DEM); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Burn (f; DEM); Candida (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chill (f; DEM); Cholera (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM; MIC); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM; MIC); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; DEM); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hair (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; DEM); Measles (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Scrofula (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Ulcer (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM).

CHRISTMAS ROSE, BLACK HELLEBORE (Helleborus niger L.) X

Activities (Christmas Rose) — Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); Anthelminthic (1; EFS); Cardiotonic (1; CRC; EFS; PH2); Choleretic (f; MAD); CNS-Depressant (1; MAD); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS); Emetic (f; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS; MAD); Expectorant (f; MAD); Hydragogue (f; EFS); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (f; CRC; EFS; HHB; PHR; PH2); Longevigenic (f; MAD); Mydriatic (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC; EFS); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); Poison (1; CRC); Rodenticide (f; CRC); Sternutator (f; CRC); Toxic (1; HH2; PH2); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Christmas Rose) — Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Anasarca (f; MAD); Angina (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Collapse (f; CRC); Confusion (f; PH2); Constipation (f; PHR; PH2); Dementia (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmen- orrhea (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Edema (f; MAD); Encephalosis (f; CRC; MAD); Epilepsy (f; CRC; MAD); Gout (f; MAD); Head Cold (f; PHR; PH2); Heart (f; CRC); Hydrocephaly (f; CRC; MAD); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Jaundice (f; MAD); Lichen (f; MAD); Mange (f; MAD); Mania (f; CRC; MAD); Melancholy (f; CRC); Meningosis (f; CRC); Nausea (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Neurosis (f; MAD); Otosis (f; MAD); Psychosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; CRC; JLH); Syncope (f; MAD); Toothache (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Uremia (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; MAD); Vertigo (f; MAD); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC; EFS); Worm (f; CRC; HH2; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Christmas Rose) — Dangerous (JAD). 50-mg root or rhizome; maximum single dose 200 mg; largest daily dose 1000 mg (HHB; HH2; PHR); 250–1000 mg powdered root (MAD).

CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM
(Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) ++
Synonyms — Anthemis grandiflorum Ramat., A. stipulacea Moench, Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine, C. stipulaceum (Moench) W. Wight, Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., D. morifolium Tzvelev., Matricaria morifolia Ramat.
Activities (Chrysanthemum) — Allergenic (f; WO2); Antibacterial (1; AKT; DAA); Antiinflam- matory (f; X8987908); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antiseptic (1; AKT; DAA); Antiviral (1; AKT);

Aperient (f; WO2); Carminative (f; FAY); Collyrium (f; WO2); Depurative (f; WO2); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Digestive (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; AKT; FAY); Laxative (f; HHB); Sedative (f; DAA); Stomachic (f; WO2); Tonic (f; WO2).
Indications (Chrysanthemum) — Adenopathy (f; WO2); Allergy (f; AKT); Alopecia (f; WO2); Amen- orrhea (f; WO2); Angina (2; FAY); Anxiety (f; FAY); Atherosclerosis (1; FAY); Bacteria (1; AKT; DAA; FAY); Boil (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bubo (f; DAA); Burn (1; FAY); Cancer (f; DAA; WO2); Cancer, breast (f; DAA); Carbuncle (f; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; AKT; FAY); Cold (f; FAY; WO2); Congestion (f; AKT); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA; FAY); Constipation (f; HHB); Cough (f; AKT); Dizziness (f; DAA); Dysmenorrhea (f; WO2); Fever (f; DAA); Flu (f; DAA); Fungus (1; AKT; FAY); Gas (f; FAY); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Gray Hair (f; WO2); Headache (f; FAY); Hepatosis (f; AKT); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Infection (1; DAA; FAY); Inflammation (f; X8987908); Insomnia (f; DAA); Mastosis (f; DAA); Menopause (f; DAA); Migraine (f; WO2); Mycosis (1; AKT; FAY); Nervousness (f; DAA); Numbness (1; FAY); Ophthalmia (f; AKT; DAA); Palpitation (1; FAY); Parkinson’s Disease (f; WO2); Respirosis (f; FAY); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Scrofula (f; DAA); Sinusosis (f; AKT); Sore Throat (f; FAY); Stomachache (f; WO2); Swelling (f; FAY); Tinnitus (f; DAA); Tonsilosis (1; FAY); Tuberculosis (1; DAA); VD (f; WO2); Vertigo (1; FAY); Virus (1; AKT); Wound (f; DAA).
Dosages (Chrysanthemum) — 4.5–12 g flower (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Chrysanthemum) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2). Unfortunately, Tillotson has mixed feverfew in with the mums, such that I don’t know to which he means his warning to apply, “Should not be used during pregnancy as it is a uterine stimulant. Some scientists voice concern about potential allergic reactions or cross
reactivity with blood thinning agents such as warfarin or Ticlopidine” (AKT).

CILANTRO (Eryngium foetidum L.) +

The name cilantro is also applied to leaves of coriandrum.
Activities (Cilantro) — Abortifacient (f; JFM); Analgesic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; TRA); Anticonvulsant (1; TAD); Antiplasmodial (1; TRA); Antipyretic (1; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antiviral (1; TRA); Aperitif (f; JFM); Aphrodisiac (f; JFM); Carminative (1; DAV; FNF); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Emmenagogue (f; HHB; JFM); Expectorant (1; TRA); Fungicide (1; TRA); Hemostat (f; JFM); Hypotensive (1; JFM; TRA); Laxative (f; JFM); Pectoral (f; DAV); Stimulant (f; HHB; JFM); Vermifuge (f; JFM).

Indications (Cilantro) — Anemia (f; MPG); Anorexia (f; JFM); Arthrosis (f; DAV; MPG); Asthma (f; IED; MPG); Bacteria (1; TRA); Biliousness (f; JFM); Bleeding (f; JFM); Bronchosis (f; DAV); Cardiopathy (f; IED; MPG); Catarrh (f; IED); Cold (f; DAV; JFM); Colic (f; DAV); Constipation (f; JFM); Convulsion (1; JFM; TAD); Cough (f; DAV; JFM); Cramp (1; TRA); Debility (f; MPG); Diabetes (f; JFM; MPG); Diarrhea (f; DAV); Fever (1; DAV; JFM; TRA); Fits (f; JFM); Flu (f; DAV; JFM); Fungus (1; TRA); Gas (1; DAV; FNF; JFM); High Blood Pressure (f; DAV; IED; JFM;
MPG; TRA); High Cholesterol (f; MPG); Infection (1; TRA); Insomnia (f; DAV); Malaria (1; TRA); Mycosis (1; TRA); Nausea (f; DAV; TRA); Obesity (f; MPG); Otosis (f; MPG; TRA); Pain (1; TRA); Parasite (f; IED); Pneumonia (f; DAV); Rheumatism (f; DAV; JFM); Snakebite (f; HHB; JFM); Stomachache (f; DAV; MPG); Syncope (f; JFM); Tumor (f; DAV; JLH); Virus (1; TRA); Water Retention (f; HHB); Worm (f; IED; JFM); Yellow Fever (f; JFM).
Dosages (Cilantro) — Take juice of leaves before meals for anorexia (JFM); infuse root in rum or wine as a vermifuge (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cilantro) — Not covered (AHP). The emme- nagogue folklore might suggest caution for use, if at all, by pregnant women.

CINCHONA, QUININE, REDBARK (Cinchona pubescens Vahl) +
Synonym — C. succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch.
USDA prefers this species be called redbark; and that C. callisaya be called quinine, or yellowbark, or yellow cinchona, or yellow quinine. Both seem to share many morphological, chemical, and folkloric attributes. They are probably pretty tough to distinguish when reduced to powdered bark. Consider the entries below as likely to accrue to one as the other. FEL entries below are sometimes based on medical uses of quinine at the beginning of the 20th century.
Activities (Cinchona) — Abortifacient (1; FEL; WO2); Analgesic (1; CRC; PNC; WO2); Anesthetic (f; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; FNF; JAD); Antiarrhythmic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiin- flammatory (f; HAD); Antimalarial (1; CRC; PNC); Antiperiodic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (1; CRC; FNF; JAD); Antiseptic (1; CRC; FNF; MPI); Antitumor (1; JFM); Aperitif (2; HHB; KOM); Astringent (1; CRC; FNF; HHB); Bitter (2; CRC; JAD; SHT); Cardiodepressant (1; PNC; WO2); Cardiotonic (1; 60P); CNS-Depressant (1; WO2); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Dentifrice (f; CRC); Digestive (f; 60P); Gastrostimulant (2; KOM); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Insecticide (f; CRC); Oxytocic (1; CRC; WO2); Schizonticide (f; CRC); Sialagogue (2; KOM; PH2); Stimulant (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); Teratogenic (1; WO2); Tonic (f; CRC; 60P); Uterotonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Cinchona) — Adenopathy (f; CRC; JLH); Ague (f; FEL); Alcoholism (1; PH2); Allergy (f; FEL; MPI); Alopecia (f; CRC); Amebiasis (f; CRC; WO2); Anemia (f; FEL; HHB; PH2); Anorexia (2; HHB; KOM; PHR; PH2); Arrhythmia (1; CRC; WO2); Arthrosis (f; 60P); Asthma (f; HHB); Bacteria (1; WO2); Bleeding (1; HHB); Cachexia (f; FEL); Cancer (1; CRC; JFM; JLH; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, gland (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, mesentery (f; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC); Carcinomata (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; MPI); Childbirth (f; FEL); Chill (f; 60P); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Cold (1; CRC; PNC; 60P); Conjunctivosis (f; FEL); Cough (f; WO2); Cramp (1; CRC; PH2; PNC; 60P); Debility (f; FEL; GMH; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; WO2); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PH2; 60P); Diphtheria (f; FEL); Dysentery (1; CRC; MPI; WO2); Dyspepsia (2; FEL; KOM; PHR; PH2; 60P); Elephantiasis (f; WO2); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Fever (1; CRC; FNF; JAD; PH2); Flu (1; CRC; PH2; PNC; WO2); Gas
(2; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PHR); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Hangover (f; CRC); Headache (f; FEL; WO2); Heart (1; MPG); Heatstroke (f; FEL); Hemicrania (f; MPI); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC; WO2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Hydrocele (f; CRC); Hyperg- lycemia (1; WO2); Infection (1; MPI); Inflammation (f; HAD; PH2); Lumbago (f; CRC); Malaria (2; CRC; FNF; PHR; PH2; PNC; 60P); Metastasis (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; FEL); Myotonia (1; WO2);

Neuralgia (f; CRC; FEL; HHB; MPI; PH2); Neurosis (f; CRC; PH2); Pain (1; CRC; FEL; PH2; PNC;
WO2); Palpitation (1; MPG); Pertussis (f; CRC; HHB; MPI); Pinworm (f; CRC; WO2); Pneumonia (f; FEL; CRC; MPI); Pyemia (f; MPI); Rash (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; FEL; MPI); Rhinosis (f; MPI); Sciatica (f; CRC; PH2); Septicemia (f; CRC); Sore (f; JLH; PHR; PH2); Sore Throat (f; CRC; MPI); Splenomegaly (f; PHR; PH2); Splenosis (f; JLH; MPI); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Tachycardia (1; 60P); Tonsilosis (1; MPI); Trachoma (f; FEL); Tumor (1; CRC; JFM); Typhoid (f; CRC; FEL); Ulcer (f; JLH); Varicosis (f; CRC; WO2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Cinchona) — 1 tsp bark boiled 5–10 min, 3 /day (MPG); 1–3 g bark (KOM); 10 grains for hay fever, hemicrania, neuralgia, pertussis, splenomegaly (MPI); 0.3–1 g powdered bark (PNC); 0.3–1 ml liquid extract (PNC); 0.3–1 ml cinchona extract (PNC); 2–4 ml cinchona tincture (PNC); maximum dose 50 mg alkaloids (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cinchona) — Commission E reports contrain- dications; pregnancy and hypersensitivity; adverse effects: allergic reactions, rarely thrombocytopenia; and interaction: potentiation of coumarin derivatives. Other sources report contraindication for GI-ulcer, adverse effects for allergic skin reactions and fever. Overdosing or prolonged use may produce toxic effects (AEH). 8–20 g quinine may be fatal in humans (WO2).
Extracts (Cinchona) — Cinchonidine, cinchonine, hydroquinine, quinidine, and quinine all oxy- tocic in experimental animals at levels of 0.5–10 mg/kg (WO2). Cinchonidine, cinchonine, quini- dine, and quinine are some of the antipyretic compounds in this growing medicine chest called quinine. From an amebicidal point of view, compounds modified from quinine and quinidine were not as potent as emetine and derivatives (I might mix my ipecac and quinine in Amazonia). Chloro- 9-desoxy-quinine and quinidine were least active, while 9-desoxy-dihydro derivatives showed fair activity. More compounds that showed slight in vitro activity were also active in vivo, exceptions being 9-desoxy-dihydro quinine and quinidine, which were active in vivo (MPI).

CINNAMON (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) +++

Synonyms — C. zeylanicum Blume, Laurus cinnamomum L.

I have aggregated cinnamon and cassia here, as do the spice dealers, so who knows which they have studied when it is reduced to powdered bark, in this HDR entry.
Activities (Cinnamon) — Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; APA; CAN; ZUL); Anesthetic (1; APA; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Antibacterial (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Antidiarrheal (1; CAN; TRA); Antiemetic (1; WO2); Antihistaminic (1; WHO); Antileukemic (1; TRA; WO2); Antilymphomic (1; WO2); Antioxidant (1; CRC); Antiprostaglandin (1; TRA); Anti- pyretic (1; CAN; CRC; TRA); Antiseptic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; TRA; WO2; ZUL); Antispas- modic (1; CAN; MPI; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Antiulcer (1; APA; WHO); Antiviral (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Aperitif (f; CAN); Aromatic (f; CRC); Astringent (1; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Can- didicide (1; APA; CAN; WO2); Carminative (1; APA; CAN; TRA; WHO); Choleretic (1; APA); Cordial (f; CRC); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (f; ZUL); Cytotoxic (1; CAN; TRA); Depurative (f; APA); Diaphoretic (f; AHP); Emollient (f; JLH); Estrogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (1; WO2); Fungicide (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Hemostat (f; MPI); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Insectifuge (1; TRA); Insecticide (1; PHR; PH2; WO2); Larvicide (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Lipolytic (1; APA; BGB; LAF; TRA; WO2); Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor (f; ZUL); Mutagenic (1; TRA; WHO; WO2); Myorelaxant (1; TRA; WHO); Nematicide (1; TRA); Neurotonic (f; MPI); Sedative (f; CRC); Sialagogue (1; APA); Stimulant (f; CRC; WO2); Stomachic (f; AHP; MPI); Teratogenic (1; WHO); Tonic (f; IED); Uterorelaxant (f; APA); Uterotonic (f; APA); Vibriocide (1; WO2).
Indications (Cinnamon) — Amenorrhea (1; CRC; WHO; WO2); Amnesia (f; ZUL); Anorexia (2; CAN; KOM; PH2; WHO); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthenia (1; BGB); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO; WO2); Bleeding (1; APA; MPI); Bloating (1; BGB); Bronchosis (2; CRC; PHR); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH; WO2); Cancer, sinus (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Candida (1; APA; CAN; CRC; WO2); Chill (f; PHR; PH2); Cholera (1; CRC; WO2); Cold (2; CAN; PHR; ZUL);
Colic (1; APA; CAN; TRA); Condylomata (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; WHO); Cough (2; CRC; PHR); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; DEP; MPI; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Diarrhea (1; DEP; PHR; TRA;
WHO); Dysentery (f; CRC; DEP; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (1; APA; WHO); Dyspepsia (2; CAN; IED; KOM; PH2; WHO); Dyspnea (f; WHO); Enterosis (1; JLH; WHO); Enterospasm (2; KOM; WHO); Escherichia (1; CRC); Fever (2; AHP; CAN; CRC; PHR; TRA); Fistula (f; CRC); Flu (f; PHR; PH2); Frigidity (f; WHO); Fungus (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Gas (2; APA; CAN;
DEP; KOM; TRA; WHO); Gastrosis (f; DEP; WO2); Gastrospasm (2; KOM); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Halitosis (f; PH2); Headache (1; DEP; WO2; ZUL); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Impotence (f; WHO); Infection (2; CRC; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA; WHO; WO2); Insomnia (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; TRA; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; WHO); Lumbago (f; CRC); Lung (f; CRC); Lymphoma (1; WO2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Menorrhagia (f; CRC); Mycosis (1; CRC; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO; ZUL); Nausea (f; CRC; TRA; ZUL); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; DEP; WHO; WO2); Pain (1; APA; CAN; TRA; WHO; WO2; ZUL);
Paralysis (f; DEP; WO2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Phthisis (f; CRC); Phymata (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Prolapse (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; APA; WHO; WO2; ZUL); Salmonella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomatosis (2; CRC; DEP; JLH; PHR; WO2); Syncope (f; WO2); Toothache (f; DEP; PH2; WHO); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (1; APA; WHO); Vaginosis (f; CRC; JLH; WHO); Virus (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Vomiting (1; CRC; PH2; WO2); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; PHR; PH2); Wound (f; PHR; PH2; WHO); Yeast (1; APA; CAN; WO2).

Dosages (Cinnamon) — 1 tsp bark/cup water 2–3 /day w meals (APA; WIC); 0.5–1 g bark as tea 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 g bark/day (KOM; WHO); 20 grains bark for dysentery (DEP); 0.3–1 g powdered bark (PNC); 0.5–1.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 70% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml cinnamon tincture (CAN; PNC); 0.05–0.2 g EO/day (KOM; WHO); 0.05–0.2 ml cinnamon oil (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml spirit of cinnamon (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cinnamon) — Class 2b, 2d. “Not for long-term use; do not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark/day; 50–200 mg EO/day). May overstimulate the vasomotor center” (AHP). Commission E reports bark contraindications: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam; and adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosae. TRAMIL warns against continued use because of mutagenicity (TRA). Extracts and cinnamaldehyde reported mutagenic in some studies, nonmutagenic in others. Other sources report contraindications: GI-ulcer and pregnancy (AEH). CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant. The allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN). “No known problems with the use of cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods. “May cause some people to break out in a rash” (Castleman, 1996). High doses caused vomiting in experiments with dogs, corresponding with reported side effects in humans. Cinnamaldehyde, 5% in petrolatum, is a skin irritant. Prolonged contact with cinnamon oil on skin may cause burns. Cinnamaldehyde in cosmetics or perfumes may cause allergic reactions. Allergic reac- tions (i.e., swollen lips or tongue, itching, burning sensation, blistering of the oral mucosa, and urticaria) reported from contact with ointments, toothpaste, mouthwash, or foods contain- ing cinnamon oil or cinnamaldehyde (AEH1). Cinnamic aldehyde in perfumes can cause dermatosis. In toothpaste, it can cause sensitivity (DAD). Sensitized and sensitive justifiable chemophobes may develop dermatosis using mouthwash, perfume, soap, or toothpaste flavored with camphor, cassia, or cinnamon (FNF; RIN). May reduce activity of tetracycline (WHO). Following ingestion of cinnamon, contact dermatosis may flare up. Eugenol has been reported to be irritant and a weak tumor promoter. EO LD50 690 mg/kg der (CAN). Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), cinnamon (to 3.8%) is a major source of eugenol.

CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) ++
Synonym — Dioscorea opposita auct.
Activities (Cinnamon-Vine) — Antioxidant (1; PR14:250); Antiradicular (1; PR14:250); Nootro- pic (f; X10925408).
Indications (Cinnamon-Vine) — Asthma (f; DAA); Bite (f; DAA); Cachexia (f; DAA); Cough (f; DAA); Debility (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; DAA); Enuresis (f; DAA); Hypertonia (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Neurasthenia (f; DAA); Night Sweats (f; DAA); Polyuria (f; DAA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Sting (f; DAA).
Dosages (Cinnamon-Vine) — None found.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cinnamon-Vine) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). None found.

CLARY (Salvia sclarea L.) +++

Synonym — S. sclarea var. turkestaniana Mottet
Activities (Clary) — Analgesic (1; TAD); Antibacterial (f; HH2); Antidiaphoretic (f; EFS); Anti- inflammatory (1; TAD); Antiseptic (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; EFS); Balsamic (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Stimulant (f; CRC; EFS); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Clary) — Bacteria (f; HH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Con- junctivosis (f; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC; HH2); Debility (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Gas (f; HHB); Headache (f; CRC; HH2); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (1; TAD); Kidney Stone (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC; HH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; TAD); Swelling (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC).
Dosages (Clary) — Food farmacy? To be eaten for cancer (JLH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Clary) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PHR; PH2). LD50 EO = >5000–5600 mg/kg orl rat (HH2); LD50 EO = >520–550 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH2); LD50 EO = 740 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2); 2000–>5000 mg/kg dml dog (HH2).

CLEAVERS (Galium aparine L.) ++
Activities (Cleavers) — Alterative (f; DAA; EFS; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidyscratic (f; MAD); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; DAA; EFS; PNC; SKJ); Astringent (1; APA; DAA; PNC); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (1; DAA; EFS; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hemostat (f; DAA; MAD); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAD); Immunostim- ulant (1; WAM); Laxative (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Larvicide (1; APA); Litholytic (f; PH2); Lymph Tonic (1; WAM); Poison (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DAA; DEM; PNC).

Indications (Cleavers) — Adenopathy (f; APA; CAN; DAA; MAD); Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Ascites (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; APA); Bleeding (1; APA; DAA; DEM; MAD; PH2); Bite (f; CEB); Burn (1; APA); Calculus (f; PH2); Cancer (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Cancer, breast (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; DAA); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; DAA; MAD); Catarrh (f; HH2; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; HH2); Constipation (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Cramp (f; DAA; EFS); Cystosis (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Dermatosis (1; APA; EFS; HH2; JLH); Dropsy (f; MAD; PH2); Dysuria (f; MAD; PH2; CAN); Eczema (f; MAD);
Enuresis (f; CEB); Epilepsy (f; CEB; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; DAA; TOM); Freckle (f; CEB; DAA); Gastrosis (1; WAM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Gout (f; CEB; TOM); Gravel (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hepatoma (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAD); Hysteria (f; CEB); Immunodepression (1; WAM); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; FAD); Ischuria (1; PH2); Itch (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Kernel (f; DAA; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; APA); Leprosy (f; MAD); Leukemia (f; DAA); Lichen (f; MAD); Lithiasis (f; PH2); Lymphadenosis (f; CAN); Mastosis (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; APA; DAA; DEM; HH2); Obesity (f; DAA; DEM; TOM); Otosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Psoriasis (f; APA; CAN; MAD); Scarlet Fever (f; CEB); Scrofula (f; MAD); Smallpox (f; CEB); Sore (f; APA; MAD); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Stone (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Swelling (f; MAD); Tonsilosis (1; WAM); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; APA); UTI (1; APA); VD (1; APA; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; APA); Yeast (1; APA).
Dosages (Cleavers) — 1 oz leaf/pint water 3 /day (APA); 5–10 ml herb tincture 3 /day (APA); 2–4 g herb as tea 3 /day (CAN); 3–4 tsp (3.3–4.4 g)/day in tea (MAD); 2–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN; PNC); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 3–15 ml expressed juice 3 /daily (CAN); 3.75–7.5 g expressed sap (MAD); 4 tsp (3.3–4.4 g) in 2 glasses water (HH2; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cleavers) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). None known (WAM). Diabetics should use the expressed juice only with caution. Excessive use of cleavers should be avoided, especially during pregnancy (CAN). Lower arterial blood pressure in canines with no slowing of heart and no toxic effects. Like other iridoids, asperuloside is a mild laxative (PNC). It can be converted to prostanoid intermediates. I was surprised to find harmine, 1-hydroxydesoxypeganin, 8-hydroxy-2,3-dehydrodesoxypeganin, and protopine listed for this plant by the Herbal PDR (Gruenwald, et al., 2000). I am reluctant to enter them in my database without checking their original sources.

CLEMATIS (Clematis recta L.) +
EFS, properly methinks, treat C. recta and C. vitalba, as a unity.
Activities (Clematis) — Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Fungicide (1; HHB); Irritant (1; EFS); Laxative (f; EFS); Rubefacient (f; EFS); Vesicant (1; EFS; HHB); Vulnerary (f; PH2).
Indications (Clematis) — Adenopathy (f; HHB); Arthrosis (f; HHB); Blister (f; PH2); Blood (f; EFS); Catarrh (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Eczema (f; HHB); Edema (f; HHB); Fever (f; EFS); Fungus (1; HHB); Gonorrhea (f; HHB); Gout (f; HHB); Headache (f; PH2); Infection (1; HHB); Mycosis (1; HHB); Nephrosis (f; EFS); Osteosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; HHB); Prostatosis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Scrofula (f; EFS); Sore (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HHB); Syphilis (f; HHB); Varicosis (f; PH2); VD (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Clematis) — Not covered (AHP). Hazards and/or side effects not known for therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug (PH2). Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been

observed in animal experiments (PH2). That template warning could apply to many members of the Ranunculaceae. PH2 was kind to the herb, noting that this plant was less dangerous than some other better known Ranunculaceae.

CLIMBING POTATO (Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook. f.) X
Synonym — Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv. ex Hook. f.) Skeels.
Activities (Climbing Potato) — Cardiotonic (1; CRC; VVG; WBB); Collyrium (f; CRC); Emetic (f; VAG; WBB); Irritant (f; WBB); Laxative (f; VVG; WBB); Philtre (f; WBB); Poison (1; CRC); Rodenticide (1; WBB).
Indications (Climbing Potato) — Ascites (f; CRC; WBB); Conjunctivosis (f; VAG; WBB); Constipation (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; VAG); Dropsy (f; CRC); Edema (f; VVG); Headache (f; VAG); Infertility (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); VD (f; WBB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Climbing Potato) — Human fatalities reported (VAG); African medicine men have killed patients with overdoses. Vomiting and purgation were followed by death in 3 hours to 3 days. But death can occasionally occur in minutes (CRC). Internal use may cause fatality (ZUL). One-half ounce bulb fatal to sheep (WBB). Tuber 30 times digitalis, flower 60 times, so don’t eat this flower. 2 g flower = 1 g pure digitoxin. MLD bulb alkaloid 0.28 ppm gastric intubation in cats (WBB).

CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry) +++

Synonyms — Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., E. caryophyllata Thunb.,
E. caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S. G. Harrison.
Activities (Cloves) — Analgesic (2; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2; PIP; WAM); Anesthetic (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; TRA); Anthelminthic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (1; DAD; TRA); Antialzhei- meran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Anticancer (1; APA); Anticonvulsant (1; TRA); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; CAN; HH2); Antiherpetic (1; HH2; TRA); Antihistaminic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF); Anti- mutagenic (1; X7753104); Antinitrosating (1; X7753104); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiperspirant (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; CRC; HHB; KOM; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Antiviral (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Candidicide (1; APA; TRA); Carminative (1;

CAN; CRC); Counterirritant (1; CAN); Deodorant (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Insectifuge (1; CRC; WOI); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasympaticolytic (1; TRA); Peristaltic (f; CRC); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; CRC; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Trichomonicide (1; HH2); Trypsin-Potentiator (1; CAN); Vasodilator (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Cloves) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anorexia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Aspergillus (1; HH2); Athlete’s Foot (15% tincture in 70% alcohol) (2; CAN); Bacteria (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Bug Bite (1; APA); Bunion (1, TGP); Callus (f; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; COX; FNF; X7753104); Candida (1; APA; HH2; TRA); Caries (f;
CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic (1; CAN; PH2); Convulsion (1; TRA); Cough (2; PHR); Cramp (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Dermatosis (1; APA); Diarrhea (1; APA; CRC; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; HH2); Enterosis (f; CRC); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fungus (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Gas (1; CAN; CRC;
HH2; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Gingivosis (1; APA); Halitosis (1, LMP; PH2; TGP); Headache (1; HH2; PH2); Heart (f; CRC); Hernia (f; CRC); Herpes (1; HH2; TRA); Hiccup (f; CRC); Infection (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA); Infertility (f; CRC); Inflammation (2; COX; FNF; KOM); Maculosis (1, TGP); Mucososis (1; APA); Myalgia (f; HH2); Mycosis (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Nausea (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; TRA); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Pain (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; APA; KOM;
PH2; PIP); Phthisis (f; CRC); Polyp (f; CRC); Retinosis (1, TGP); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (PIP); Spasm (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Teething (1; WAM); Toothache (2; APA; CAN; HH2; PH2; TRA); Trichomonas (1; HH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA; HH2); Virus (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Vomiting (f; CAN; HH2); Wart (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA; CRC); Yeast (1; APA; HH2; TRA).
Dosages (Cloves) — 120–320 mg clove (CAN); 100–300 mg powdered clove (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml clove oil (CAN; PNC); Mouthwashes with 1–5% EO (KOM; PH2); 2–4 ml concentrated clove infusion (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cloves) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CAN reports the eugenol in the volatile oil to be an irritant. The oil is a dermal and mucous irritant, sometimes causing cheilitis, dermatosis, and stomatosis. NO undiluted oil on infants’ gums or throat (Dilution: 2–4 drops oil to 1 tsp almond, safflower, or canola oil) (WAM). May interfere with anticoagulant therapy. “There are no known problems with the use of clove during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods” (CAN). Clove bud oil is reported to have an oral LD50 of 2650 mg/kg body weight in rats (equaling that of the major ingredient, eugenol, which sensitizes some people, causing contact dermatosis) (DAD). EO LD50 = 2650 mg/kg orl rat (CRC). Major source of the COX-2 inhibitor, oleanolic acid, with clove up to 2% (COX). As the best source of eugenol, clove (up to 20% eugenol) may share many of its reported biological activities.

CLUBMOSS (Lycopodium clavatum L.) ++
Activities (Clubmoss) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; HHB); Aphrodisiac (f; FAD); Carminative (f; EFS); Depurative (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; HHB); Gastrosedative (f; FEL); Hemostat (f; DEM); Laxative (f; EFS).

Indications (Clubmoss) — Bleeding (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Calculus (f; DEP); Catarrh (f; FEL; PH2); Chafing (f; FAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (f; HHB); Cirrhosis (f; MAD); Constipation (f; DEP; EFS; FEL); Cramp (f; EFS; HHB; WOI); Cystosis (f; PH2); Debility (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; FEL; PH2); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysmen- orrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; FEL; PH2); Dysuria (f; FEL); Eczema (f; FEL; PH2); Enterosis (f; HHB); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Fever (f; DEM; FEL); Furuncle (f; MAD); Gas (f; EFS; FEL); Gastrosis (f; FEL; HHB); Gleet (f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; DEM); Hematuria (f; FEL); Hemoptysis (f; FEL); Hepatosis (f; MAD; PH2); Herpes (f; FEL); Hysteria (f; MAD); Impotence (f; PH2); Itch (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; MAD); Lice (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; HHB); Pain (f; DEM); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Pneumonia (f; MAD); Psoriasis (f; MAD); Rachosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; FEL); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stone (f; DEP; FEL); Tenesmus (f; MAD); Tonsilosis (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Urethrosis (f; FEL); Uterosis (f; PH2); Vaginosis (f; PH2); Varicosis (f; MAD; PH2); Water Retention (f; DEP; EFS; HHB); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Clubmoss) — 1.5 herb (HHB); 1–5 g powder/day (MAD); 2–3 cups tea/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Clubmoss) — Not covered (AHP). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Large doses are emetic (MAD).

CLUSTERLEAF
(Terminalia sericea Burch ex DC.) +
Activities (Clusterleaf) — Antibacterial (1; HDN); Antiemetic (f; ZIM); Antiinflammatory (1; ZUL); Antiulcer (1; ZUL); Aphrodisiac (f; HH2); Bitter (1; WBB); Candidicide (1; HDN); Poison (1; ZUL).
Indications (Clusterleaf) — Abortion (f; HDN); Bacteria (1; HDN); Bilharzia (f; HDN); Biliousness (f; HDN); Candida (1; HDN); Childbirth (f; HDN; WBB); Colic (f; ZUL); Con- junctivosis (f; HDN); Debility (f; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; HDN); Diabetes (f; WBB; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; HH2; ZUL); Dysentery (f; HDN); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Epistaxis (f; ZUL); Fungus (1; HDN); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; HDN); Hematuria (f; HDN); Hydrocele (f; HDN); Impotence (f; HH2); Infection (1; HDN); Infertility (f; ZUL); Inflammation (1; HDN; ZUL); Menorrhagia (f; HH2; ZUL); Mycosis (1; HDN); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Pain (f; HDN); Pneu- monia (f; HDN; ZUL); Proctosis (f; HDN); Schistosomiasis (f; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; HDN; ZUL); Staphylococcus (1; HDN); Swelling (f; HDN); Syphilis (f; HDN); Trachoma (f; HDN); Ulcer (1; HDN; ZUL); VD (f; ZUL); Vomiting (f; HDN; ZIM); Worm (f; HDN); Wound (f; HH2; ZUL); Yeast (1; HDN).

COCA (Erythroxylum coca Lam.) +

Activities (Coca) — Analgesic (f; CRC; HHB); Anesthetic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Antibacterial (1; CRC); Aperient (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC); Carcinogenic (f; PHR); Carminative (f; CRC); CNS-Stimulant (1; CRC; PH2); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC; HHB); Embryotoxic (f; PHR); Euphoriant (f; CRC); Hallu- cinogen (f; CRC); Immunosuppressant (f; PHR); Mydriatic (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Paralytic (1; PH2); Psychedelic (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (1; HHB).
Indications (Coca) — Altitude Sickness (1; CRC; HAD; JAD); Asthma (f; CRC; HHB); Bacteria (1; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; DAV); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; DAV); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; DAV); Eczema (f; CRC); Edema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; DAV); Epistaxis (f; CRC); Fatigue (1; CRC; DAV); Fracture (f; CRC); Gas (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Gingivosis (f; CRC); Gout (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC; DAV); Hem- orrhoid (f; CRC); Hoarseness (f; CRC); Hunger (f; DAV; HHB); Hypochondria (f; CRC; HHB); Itch (f; CRC); Melancholy (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neurasthenia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; HHB; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DAV); Side Ache (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; CRC; DAV); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syncope (f; CRC); Throat (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; HHB); Wound (f; CRC).
Dosages (Coca) — Individual dose, 3 g dry leaf (HHB). Maximum individual dose 30 mg cocaine (HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coca) — Not covered (AHP). Classified as a drug, which, normally, must be registered as a pharmaceutical specialty (AEH). Embryotoxic, cocaine passes into the fetus and mother’s milk (PHR). In high doses it may paralyze motor neuron fibers (PH2).

COCILLANA (Guarea rusbyi (Britton) Rusby) +
Activities (Cocillana) — Emetic (1; HHB; PH2); Emmenagogue (1; HHB; HH2; PH2); Expecto- rant (1; HHB; HH2); Laxative (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; PH2).
Indications (Cocillana) — Amenorrhea (f; HHB; HH2; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Constipation (1; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2).
Dosages (Cocillana) — 0.5–1 g bark 3 /day (HHB; HH2); 1.3–3 g for amenorrhea (HH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cocillana) — Not covered (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Large doses cause diarrhea, fatigue, and nausea (HHB; PH2).

COCKSCOMB
(Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze) +++
Synonym — C. cristata L.
Foster and Yue treat flowers of C. cristata (cockscomb) as Ji Guan Hua + (Pinyin) and seeds of C. argentea (redfox) as Qing Xiang Zi (Pinyin). All species of the genus are also called woolflower (FAY).
Activities (Cockscomb) — Anthelminthic (f; DAA); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; FAY); Antiribosomal (1; X10850653); Antiviral (1; X10850653); Aphrodisiac (f; FAY; WO2); Astringent (f; JLH); Demulcent (f; FAY); Depurative (f; FAY); Diuretic (1; LMP; WO2); Emollient (f; LMP); Hypotensive (1; FAY); UTI (f; FAY); Litholytic (1; WO2); Trichomonicide (f; FAY); Vermifuge (f; DAA).
Indications (Cockscomb) — Abscess (f; LMP); Amenorrhea (f; DAA; LMP); Bacteria (1; WO2); Bite (f; FAY); Bleeding (f; DAA; FAY; LMP); Boil (f; DAA); Cancer (f; JLH; WO2); Conjunctivosis (f; FAY); Corneosis (f; FAY); Cough (f; DAA); Deafness (f; LMP); Dermatosis (f; FAY); Diarrhea (f; DAA; FAY); Dizziness (f; FAY); Dysentery (f; FAY); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; FAY); Dysuria (f; DAA; FAY); Enterosis (f; LMP); Epistaxis (f; FAY); Escherichia (1; WO2); Fever (f; FAY); Fracture (f; LMP); Hematemesis (f; FAY); Hematuria (f; FAY); Hemop- tysis (f; DAA; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; DAA; FAY); Hepatosis (f; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); HIV (1; X10850653); Impotence (f; FAY); Incontinence (f; FAY); Infection (1; FAY; LMP; WO2); Inflammation (f; FAY); Irosis (f; FAY); Itch (f; FAY); Leukorrhea (f; FAY; LMP); Metrorrhagia (f; DAA); Ophthalmia (f; DAA); Pain (f; DAA); Parasite (1; FAY); Protozoa (1; FAY); Sore (f; DAA; FAY); Staphylococcus (1; WO2); Stomatosis (f; FAY; WO2); Stone (1; WO2); Swelling (f; DAA); Trichomoniasis (1; FAY); Uterosis (f; FAY); UTI (f; FAY); Vaginosis (1; FAY); Virus (1; X10850653); Water Retention (1; LMP; WO2); Worm (f; DAA); Wound (f; FAY).
Dosages (Cockscomb) — 4–15 g fl (FAY); 3–15 g seed in decoction (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cockscomb) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Leaves not to be eaten by menstruating women (LMP).

COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) +++

Activities (Coconut) — Anthelmintic (f; DAD; MPI); Antibacterial (f; DAD); Antiblennorrhagic (f; DAD); Antibronchitic (f; DAD); Antidotal (f; DAD); Antigingivitic (f; DAD); Antipyretic (f; DAD; JFM); Antiseptic (1; DAD; MPI); Antitumor (1; PH2); Aperient (f; DAD; EFS); Aphrodisiac (f; DAD); Astringent (f; DAD; JFM); Candidicide (1; MPI); Depurative (f; DAD); Diuretic (1; DAD; MPI); Emollient (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; MPI); Hemostat (f; DAD); Immunomodulator (1; PH2); Lactagogue (f; DAV); Laxative (f; DAD); Pectoral (f; JFM); Pediculicide (f; DAD); Sto- machic (f; DAD); Suppurative (f; DAD); Tonic (f; JFM); Vermifuge (f; DAD).
Indications (Coconut) — Abscess (f; DAD); Alactea (f; DAV); Alopecia (f; DAD); Amenorrhea (f; DAD); Asthma (f; DAD; DAV); Bacteria (f; DAD); Bleeding (f; DAD); Blennorrhagia (f; DAD); Bronchosis (f; DAD; PH2); Bruise (f; DAD); Burn (f; DAD); Cachexia (f; DAD); Calculus (f; DAD); Cancer (1; JLH; PH2); Cancer, breast (1; DAV); Candida (1; JFM; MPI); Caries (f; WO2); Childbirth (f; DAV); Cold (f; DAD; PH2); Constipation (f; DAD); Cough (f; DAD; PH2); Debility (f; DAD); Dermatosis (f; DAD; PH2); Diabetes (f; IED); Dropsy (f; DAD); Dysentery (f; DAD; SKJ); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAD); Dysuria (f; SKJ; WO2); Erysipelas (f; DAD); Fever (f; DAD; JFM; SKJ); Flu (f; DAD); Fungus (1; MPI); Gingivosis (f; DAD); Gonorrhea (f; DAD); Gray Hair (f; PH2); Headache (f; IED); Hematemesis (f; DAD); Hemoptysis (f; DAD); Hepatosis (f; SKJ); High Blood Pressure (f; IED); Impotence (f; DAD); Infection (1; MPI); Inflammation (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; DAD); Mastosis (f; JFM); Menorrhagia (f; DAD); Miscarriage (f; DAV); Mycosis (1; MPI); Nausea (f; DAD; IED); Otosis (f; DAD); Parasite (f; IED); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Phthisis (f; DAD); Pregnancy (f; DAD); Rash (f; DAD); Scabies (f; DAD); Scurvy (f; DAD); Sore (f; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DAD; PH2); Stomach (f; DAD); Swelling (f; DAD); Syphilis (f; DAD); Toothache (f; DAD; JFM); Tuberculosis (1; DAD; MPI); Tumor (1; DAD; PH2); Typhoid (f; DAD); VD (f; DAD); Uterosis (f; SKJ); VD (f; JFM); Vomiting (f; SKJ); Water Retention (1; DAD; MPI); Worm (f; DAD; IED); Wound (f; DAD); Yeast (1; JFM; MPI).
Dosages (Coconut) — Food farmacy (JAD). Four spoons of ginger in coconut water is an emme- nagogue (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coconut) — Not covered (AHP). None listed (PH2). “Health hazards not known when used as a food” (PH2). Coconut meat is hard to digest and may cause dyspepsia. The emmenagogue reports, sketchy though they are, may indicate caution among pregnant women (JAD). Extracts of the shell fibers showed NO antimicrobial activities (MPI).

CODONOPSIS (Codonopsis spp.) +
Activities (Codonopsis) — Adrenolytic (1; LAF); Antiaging (1; APA); Antihistaminic (f; LAF); Aphrodisiac (f; FAY); CNS-Stimulant (1; APA); Digestive (1; FAY); Hemopoietic (f; DAA; FAY); Hepatoprotective (1; ABS); Hyperglycemic (1; FAY); Hypotensive (1; FAY); Immunostimulant (1; APA; FAY); Leukocytogenic (1; APA); Phagocytotic (f; FAY); Splenotonic (f; FAY); Tonic (f; APA; FAY; MAB).
Indications (Codonopsis) — Amnesia (f; DAA); Anemia (1; DAA; FAY); Anorexia (1; APA; DAA; FAY); Anoxia (f; LAF); Arthrosis (f; FAY); Asthma (f; APA; DAA); Bite (1; ABS); Bron- chosis (1; APA); Cachexia (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; APA; DAA); Cough (f; FAY; LAF); Diabetes (f; DAA; FAY); Diarrhea (f; APA; FAY); Dyspepsia (f; FAY); Dyspnea (f; APA); Enterosis (f; DAA); Fatigue (1; APA); Fever (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAY); Hyperacidity (f; DAA; FAY); Hypoglycemia (1; FAY); Immunodepression (1; APA; FAY); Impo- tence (f; DAA); Insomnia (f; DAA); Nausea (f; APA); Nephrosis (f; DAA; FAY); Neurosis (f; FAY); Palpitation (f; DAA); Respirosis (f; APA); Rheumatism (f; FAY); Scleroderma (f; DAA); Snakebite (1; ABS); Stamina (1; APA); Stress (1; APA; LAF); Ulcer (1; APA; LAF); Vertigo (f; FAY); Weakness (f; LAF); Xerostomia (f; LAF).
Dosages (Codonopsis) — Up to 25 g root/day (APA); 30–60 g/day (FAY).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Codonopsis) — Class 1 (AHP).

COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) ++
Activities (Coffee) — Absorbent (2; PHR); Analeptic (1; PHR; PH2); Analgesic (1; CRC; PHR; TRA); Anaphrodisiac (f; CRC; IED); Anorectic (f; CRC); Antidotal (f; CRC); Antiaggregant (1; TRA); Antiallergic (1; TRA); Antiarrhythmic (1; TRA); Anticapillary Fragility (1; TRA); Antidote, atropine (1; CRC); Antidote, opium (f; IED); Antiemetic (f; EFS); Antiherpetic (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; TRA); Antinarcotic (f; EFS); Antioxidant (1; HHB; TRA); Antiseptic (1; TRA); Antitussive (f; DAV); Antiviral (1; TRA); Astringent (2; PHR); Bronchodilator (2; TRA); Bronchorelaxant (1; PHR; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; TRA); Cardiotonic (f; CRC; EFS); Catabolic (1; TRA); Catecholaminogenic (1; PH2); Cerebrotonic (1; EFS; TRA); Chronotropic (1; TRA); CNS-Stimulant (1; CRC; PHR); Counterirritant (f; CRC); Digestive (f; WOI); Diuretic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; TRA); Expectorant (1; TRA); Gastrostimulant (2; PHR; PH2; TRA); Hepatoprotective (1; CRC; TRA); Hypercholesterolemic (2; PHR); Hypertensive (1; PH2); Hypnotic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; TRA); Lactagogue (f; CRC); Masticatory (f; CRC); Mutagenic (1; TRA); Myocardiocontractant (1; TRA); Myorelaxant (1; PHR; PH2; TRA); Natriuretic (1; TRA); Nervine (f; CRC; IED); Peristaltic (f; WOI); Phosphodiesterase- Inhibitor (1; TRA); Positive Chronotropic (1; PH2); Positive Inotropic (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; IED); Teratogenic (1; TRA); Vasodilator (1; TRA); Water Retention (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; TRA).
Indications (Coffee) — Achlorhydria (1; TRA); Allergy (1; TRA); Anemia (f; PH2); Arrhythmia (1; TRA); Asthma (1; CRC; JFM; TRA); Bleeding (f; IED); Bronchosis (1; TRA); Cancer (1; PH2); Capillary Fragility (1; TRA); Childbirth (f; DAV); Cough (f; JFM); Diarrhea (2; IED; KOM; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Fatigue (1; PH2); Fever (f; CRC; IED); Flu (1; DAV; JFM; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (f; JFM); Gout (f; JFM); Headache (f; CRC; HHB); Hepatosis (1; PH2; TRA); Herpes (1; TRA); High Blood Pressure (1; TRA); Hypotonia (f; PH2); Infection (1; HHB); Inflammation (2; KOM; TRA); Insomnia (f; PH2); Intoxication (f; JFM); Jaundice (f; CRC; JFM); Low Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Malaria (f; CRC; IED; JFM); Migraine (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); Narcosis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Opium Poisoning (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; PHR; TRA); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Pulmonosis (1; DAV; HHB; TRA); Rheumatism (f; JFM); Sore (f; CRC; JFM); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Toothache (f; JFM); Typhoid (f; IED); Vertigo (2; CRC; TRA); Virus (1; TRA); Vomiting (f; EFS); Wound (1; IED; PHR; PH2).

Dosages (Coffee) — 9 g crude coffee charcoal/day; the single dose averaging 3 g (KOM) (I suspect that thoroughly carbonized charcoal is pretty well devoid of methyl xanthines); 8 g powdered coffee/720 ml water (TRA); 100–200 mg caffeine or 1.5 cups coffee for bronchodilation (TRA); 250–500 mg caffeine = 3 cups coffee for achlorhydria (TRA).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coffee) — Commission E reports interactions (but talking more about carbonized coffee charcoal than instant or real coffee): absorption of other drugs (and minerals and vitamins) taken simultaneously might be reduced (AEH). Coffee has been implicated in loss of calcium and magnesium in bones, which bodes ominous for osteoporosis candidates. It can also inhibit or interfere with iron absorption and help elevate cholesterol (JLR1(8):4. 1995). Toxicologically harmless (up to 5 cups or 500 mg caffeine) for healthy adults habituated to coffee (but hypertensive in neophytes taking 250 g coffee (1.25 cups), increasing systolic blood pressure some 10 mm Hg). Gruenwald et al. cautions are not exactly the same echos I am used to. They advise caution for those with disposition to convulsions and certain psychic disorders (such as panic anxiety), nephrosis, sensitive cardiovascular system, and thyroid hyperfunction. Side effects attributed in part to chlorogenic acid may include diarrhea, hyperacidity, inappetence, and stomach irritation. Chronic consumption of >1500 mg/day can lead to diarrhea, dizziness, headache, inappe- tence, irritability, palpitations, restlessness, sleeplessness, and vomiting. Higher doses lead to arrhyth- mic spasms of different muscle groups, arrhythmic tachycardia, and opisthotonos. But not to worry! Fatal poisonings “are not conceivable.” They do reiterate the reported death of a child after ingesting 5300 mg caffeine. Ironically, that coffee charcoal that Commission E promotes for mussy mucosa might be the best antidote, along with sorbitol, for overdoses of caffeine. Nursing mothers may pass caffeine-induced insomnia to the nursing baby. Pregnant women should avoid caffeine, never exceed- ing 300 mg caffeine spread out over the day (PHR). LD50 caffeine = 5–10 g orl human (TRA).
Extracts (Coffee) — Not exactly an extract, the carbonized charcoal is described as absorbent and astringent, like most charcoals. I hope that physicians will understand what is said in the Herbal PDR, speaking of caffeine and not the charcoal, “it also increases the psychomotor stamina” (PHR). Chlorogenic acid, like caffeine alone, can double gastric secretion (PHR). In hamsters, 20% green coffee bean in diet impedes DMBA-induced tumors.

COFFEE SENNA (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.) +
Synonym — Cassia occidentalis L.
Activities (Coffee Senna) — Abortifacient (f; JFM; ZUL); Analgesic (f; ZUL); Anthelminthic (1; TRA; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; WO2; ZUL); Antidiuretic (f; JFM); Antiedemic (1; TRA); Antiin- flammatory (1; TRA; WO2); Antipyretic (f; ZUL); Antiseptic (1; TRA; ZUL); Antispasmodic (f; JFM); Cardiotoxic (1; AAB); Cholagogue (1; TRA; ZUL); Cicatrizant (f; ZUL); Depurative (f; JFM; TRA); Diaphoretic (f; WO2); Diuretic (1; WO2; ZUL); Expectorant (f; WO2); Fungicide (1; FNF; WO2; ZUL); Hemostat (f; ZUL); Hepatoprotective (1; TRA); Hypotensive (1; JFM; TRA); Laxative (1; TRA; ZUL); Stomachic (f; WO2); Tonic (f; ZUL); Vermifuge (1; WO2).
Indications (Coffee Senna) — Aging (f; ZUL); Anemia (f; ZUL); Asthma (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; WO2; ZUL); Bed Wetting (f; JFM); Blennorrhagia (f; ZUL); Biliousness (f; ZUL); Bleeding (f; ZUL); Bone Ache (f; IED); Bronchosis (f; IED; ZUL); Bug Bite (f; ZUL); Cardiopathy (f; JFM; ZUL); Caries (f; IED); Cataract (f; IED; JFM); Catarrh (f; IED); Childbirth (f; JFM; ZUL); Cirrhosis (f; WO2); Colic (f; IED); Conjunctivosis (f; IED); Constipation (1; TRA; ZUL); Convulsion (f; WO2; ZUL); Cough (f; ZUL); Cramp (f; IED; JFM; WO2); Debility (f; AAB); Dermatosis (f; DEM; TRA; WO2); Diabetes (f; WO2); Diarrhea (f; WO2); Dysentery (f; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f; AAB; JFM); Edema (1; JFM; TRA); Encephalosis (1; WO2); Enterosis (f; IED; ZUL); Epilepsy (f; IED); Fatigue (f; WO2); Fever (f; AAB; WO2; ZUL); Flu (f; AAB); Fracture (f; WO2); Fungus (1; FNF; WO2; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Gout (f; ZUL); Guinea Worm (f;

ZUL); Headache (f; TRA; WO2); Heart (f; JFM); Hematuria (f; WO2); Hepatosis (1; JFM; TRA; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; JFM; TRA); Hysteria (f; JFM; WO2); Infection (1; FNF; WO2; ZUL); Inflammation (1; TRA; WO2); Itch (f; WO2); Jaundice (f; JFM); Leprosy (f; WO2); Lice (f; ZUL); Malaria (f; ZUL); Mycosis (1; FNF; WO2; ZUL); Nephrosis (f; ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Orchosis (f; ZUL); Pain (f; AAB; ZUL); Palpitation (f; JFM); Pertussis (f; WO2); Rheuma- tism (f; JFM); Ringworm (1; FNF; JFM); Snakebite (f; ZUL); Sore (f; ZUL); Sprain (f; WO2); Steatorrhea (f; WO2); Stomachache (f; ZUL); Swelling (1; TRA; WO2); Syphilis (f; ZUL); Tumor (f; JFM); Typhoid (f; WO2); VD (f; JFM); Virus (1; WO2); Water Retention (1; WO2; ZUL); Womb (f; JFM); Worm (1; WO2; ZUL); Wound (f; WO2; ZUL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coffee Senna) — May cause cardiomyopathy in rabbits. Chrysarobin and toxalbumin may cause kidney and liver damage. Contains the COX-2- Inhibitor, apigenin.

COLA (Cola spp.) ++
Activities (Cola) — Analeptic (1; KOM; PHR; PH2); Anorectic (1; CRC; PHR); Antidepressant (f; CAN); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Antiviral (1; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; APA; CRC); Astringent (1; APA; CAN); Bronchodilator (1; APA; BGB); Carcinogenic (1; CRC); Cardiotonic (1; CAN; CRC); CNS-stimulant (1; BGB; CAN; CRC; PH2); Digestive (f; CRC; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Euphoriant (1; CRC); Gastrostimulant (1; PHR; PH2); Lipolytic (1; KOM; PHR; PH2); Mutagenic (1; CRC); Nervine (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Positive Chronotropic (1; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (1; APA; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Teratogenic (f; CRC); Thymoleptic (1; CAN); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Cola) — Anorexia (1; APA; CAN); Apnea (1; BGB); Asthma (1; APA; BGB); Atony (f; CAN); Cancer (f; CRC); COPD (1; BGB); Depression (f; APA; CAN); Diarrhea (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Dysentery (1; CAN; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; CRC); Fatigue (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2); Flu (1; CRC); Headache (1; APA); Herpes (1; CRC); Hunger (1; BGB; CRC; PH2); Infection (1; CRC); Inflammation (f; PHR; PH2); Lethargy (1; APA); Malaria (f; CRC); Melancholy (f; CAN); Migraine (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Morning Sickness (f; PHR; PH2); Myosis (1; CAN); Nausea (f; CRC); Neuralgia (1; APA; CRC; HHB); Obesity (1; CRC); Polio (1; CRC); Thirst (f; BGB; CRC; PH2); Toothache (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Virus (1; CRC); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; CRC; PH2); Wound (f; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Cola) — 1–2 tsp powdered seed/cup water, up to 3 /day (APA); 1–3 g powdered seed (PNC); 2–6 g seed/day (PHR); 0.5–1 dropper full seed tincture or concentrate (APA); 1–3 g herb as tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.6–1.2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 60% ethanol) (CAN); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5 in 60% alcohol) (CAN); 25–750 mg cola extract (PHR); 1–4 ml kola tincture (PNC); 10–30 g cola tincture (PHR); 60–120 g cola wine; 0.6–1.2 ml liquid seed extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cola) — Class 2b, 2d (AHP). Commission E reports contraindications: gastric and duodenal ulcers; adverse effects: trouble sleeping, hyper- excitability, nervousness; interactions: effect enhanced by psychoanaleptic drugs and caffeine- containing beverages (AEH). CNS stimulant, GI irritant. Contraindicated in high blood pressure, and gastric and duodenal ulcers. Not recommended for excessive or prolonged use (they seem to say this about most caffeine-containing plants) (AHP). CAN cautions that xanthine-containing beverages may cause anxiety, insomnia, palpitations, tremors, and withdrawal headaches. Because of the caffeine, consumption should be restricted in pregnancy and lactation, and in patients with hypertension and cardiac problems. “As with all xanthine containing beverages, excessive con- sumption by lactating mothers should be avoided” (CAN). Cola-containing beverages are said to “provide active doses of caffeine” (CAN). Caffeine has many reported activities, many perhaps shared synergistically with theophylline and theobromine.

COLEUS (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews) ++
Synonyms — Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth., Coleus forskohlii auct., P. forskohlii auct.
Activities (Coleus) — Adrenergic (1; KEB); Antiaggregant (1; APA; KEB); Anticancer (f; APA); Antidepressant (f; APA); Antidiuretic (1; APA); Antiglaucomic (1; KEB); Antimetastatic (f; APA; KEB); Antispasmodic (1; APA); Bronchodilator (1; APA; KEB); Bronchospasmolytic (1; KEB); cAMP-genic (1; APA; KEB); Cardiotonic (1; APA; KEB); CNS-Depressant (1; APA); Gastrostim- ulant (1; APA); Gluconeogenic (1; KEB); Glycogenolytic (1; KEB); Hypotensive (1; APA; KEB;
SKJ); Immunosuppressant (1; APA); Lipolytic (1; KEB); Myorelaxant (1; APA); Neurogenic (1; APA); Pancreatostimulant (1; KEB); Positive Inotropic (1; KEB); Secretagogue (1; APA; KEB); Sialagogue (1; KEB); Thyrotropic (1; AKT; KEB); Vasodilator (1; KEB).
Indications (Coleus) — Asthma (1; APA; KEB); Cancer (f; APA); Cardiopathy (1; APA; KEB); Congestive Heart Failure (1; APA); Convulsion (f; APA); Cramp (1; APA); Depression (f; APA); Dermatosis (f; APA); Dyspepsia (f; KEB); Dysuria (f; APA); Eczema (f; APA); Glaucoma (1; APA; KEB); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; KEB; SKJ); Hypothyroidism (f; APA; KEB); Infertility (f; KEB); Insomnia (f; APA); Ischemia (1; KEB); Myocardosis (1; KEB); Obesity (1; KEB); Psoriasis (f; APA; KEB); Respirosis (f; APA); Thrombosis (1; KEB); Water Retention (1; APA).
Dosages (Coleus) — 50 mg StX (18% forskolin = 9 mg forskolin) 2–3 /day (APA); 6–12 g/day dry root or 6–12 ml fluid extract (1:1) (KEB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coleus) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). I think of this as a food farmaceutical containing a powerful drug with many activities. But as Albert Leung so often and skillfully reminds us, the plant does not necessarily share the activities of its best known chemical constituent (present in tubers at levels ca. 0.45%). Contraindicated in hypotension. Forskolin may potentiate other drugs. Forskolin acts synergistically with calcitonin in inhibiting osteoclastic activity. Acts synergistically with hawthorn, which probably inhibits phosphodiesterase, which breaks down cAMP. Combining coleus and hawthorn should raise cAMP levels by stimulating production and inhibiting decomposition of cAMP. Responses to forskolin are reduced in muscle cells of failing hearts, but since forskolin also raises cAMP, it renders the coleus possibly useful even here.

COLOCYNTH, BITTER APPLE, WILD GOURD
(Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) X
Synonyms — Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad., Cucumis colocynthis L.
Activities (Colocynth) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; WBB); Acaricide (1; BIB); Alterative (f; KAP; MPI); Anthelminthic (f; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Anticholinergic (1; MPI; WO2); Antihistaminic (1; KAB; MPI; WO2); Antipyretic (f; BIB; CRC; KAB); Bitter (1; KAB); Cardiodepressant (1 WO2); Carminative (f; CRC; KAB; WO2); Depurative (f; WO2); Diuretic (1; KAP; MPI; WO2); Ecbolic (f; BIB; CRC); Emetic (1; MPI); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; WBB); Expectorant (1; MPI; WO2); Hepatoprotective (1; WO2); Herbicide (1; WO2); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2); Insecticide (1; BIB; KAP; WBB; WO2); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (1; CRC; MPI; PHR; PH2; WBB); Mucoirritant (1; PHR); Negative Chronotropic (1; MPI); Negative Inotropic (1; MPI); Nematicide (1; WO2); Poison (1; PHR); Protisticide (1; WO2); Repellant (f; CRC); Uterorelaxant (1; WO2); Vermifuge (1; BIB; CRC).
Indications (Colocynth) — Adenopathy (f; CRC; JLH); Alopecia (f; WBB); Amenorrhea (f; BIB; CRC); Anemia (f; CRC; KAB); Arthrosis (f; CRC); Ascites (f; CRC; KAP; PH2; WBB); Asthma (f; CRC; KAB); Bacteria (1; WO2); Biliousness (f; BIB; CRC; KAP); Bite (f; KAP; WBB); Blood (f; WO2); Breast (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC; KAB); Cancer (f; CRC; KAB); Cancer, abdomen

(f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, sinew (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; HHB); Childbirth (f; KAB; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; KAP); Constipation (1; CRC; PHR); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; WO2); Cramp (f; HHB; WO2); Cystosis (f; HHB; JLH); Debility (f; CRC); Diabetes (1; BIB; WO2); Dropsy (f; BIB; CRC; KAP); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; KAB); Dysuria (f; CRC; KAP; WBB); Elephantiasis (f; CRC; KAB; PH2); Encephalosis (f; CRC); Endothelioma (f; CRC; JLH); Enterosis (f; KAP; WO2); Epilepsy (f; CRC; KAP; WBB); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fetal Atrophy (f; CRC); Fever (f; BIB; CRC; KAB; WO2); Frostbite (f; BIB; CRC); Gangrene (f; CRC; WO2); Gas (f; CRC; KAB; WO2); Glaucoma (f; KAP); Gray Hair (f; KAP; WO2);
Headache (f; WO2); Hemicrania (f; CRC; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; WO2); Hepatosis (f; KAP; PHR; PH2; WO2); Hyperglycemia (1; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; WBB); Inflam- mation (f; CRC; WO2); Jaundice (f; BIB; CRC; WBB); Leishmaniasis (1; WO2); Leprosy (f; CRC); Leukemia (f; CRC; JLH); Leukoderma (f; CRC); Migraine (f; KAB; WO2); Nephrosis (f; HHB); Neuralgia (f; HHB; KAP; WO2); Neurosis (f; HHB); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; WO2); Pain (f; JLH); Paralysis (f; WO2); Parasite (f; KAP); Pharyngosis (f; CRC; KAB); Protozoa (1; WO2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; KAB; KAP; WBB); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Sciatica (f; KAP); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; CRC); Splenomegaly (f; CRC); Sting (f; WBB); Swelling (f; WO2); Throat (f; CRC); Ticks (1; BIB); Tumor (f; CRC); Urogenitosis (f; BIB; WO2); Uterosis (f; CRC; KAB); Varicosis (f; BIB; CRC; WO2); Water Retention (1; KAP; MPI; WO2); Worm (1; BIB; CRC; WO2); Wound (f; CRC; WO2).
Dosages (Colocynth) — 120–300 mg individually/day; up to 600 mg/day (HHB); 0.2–0.4 g root powder (KAP); 3–10 ml root tea (KAP); 0.1–0.4 g fruit powder (KAP); homeopathic dilutions only (JAD); allopathic doses no longer defensible (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Colocynth) — The purgative action is so drastic as to have caused fatalities. One woman who took 120 g to induce abortion died in 50 hours. In case of poisoning, stomach evacuation is recommended, followed by oral or rectal administration of tincture of opium, followed by stimulating and mucilaginous beverages (CRC). Toxic doses (600–1000 mg) may cause colic, diarrhea, hematchezia, nephrosis, and vomiting; lethal doses (as low as 2 g) may cause convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death due to circulatory collapse (PH2).

COLOMBO (Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers) +
Synonyms — Cocculus palmatus DC, Jateorhiza calumba Miers., J. miersii Oliv., Menispermum palmatum Lam.
Activities (Colombo) — Anthelminthic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; EFS); Aperitif (f; EFS); Bitter (f; WOI); CNS-Paralytic (1; HH2; WOI); Emetic (1; WOI); Fungicide (1; HHB); Gastrotonic (f; EFS); Hypotensive (1; WOI); Laxative (f; WOI); Narcotic (f; PH2); Stomachic (f; WOI); Tonic (1; WOI).
Indications (Colombo) — Anorexia (f; EFS); Cholera (f; HHB); Colitis (f; PH2); Constipation (f; WOI); Diarrhea (f; HH2; PH2; WOI); Dysentery (f; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; HH2; PH2; WOI); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fungus (1; HHB); Gastrosis (f; PH2; WOI); High Blood Pressure (1; WOI); Infection (1; HHB); Mycosis (1; HHB); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); Sore (f; WOI).
Dosages (Colombo) — 0.5–2 g/day (HHB); 1 tbsp decoction every 2 hours (PH2); 5 g colombo wine (PH2); 20 drops liquid extract (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Colombo) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). High doses can lead to signs of paralysis and unconsciousness (PH2). LD50 (extract) = 2400–5000 mg/kg orl mouse (HH2).

COLORADO FOUR O’CLOCK
(Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray) +
Synonyms — Oxybaphus multiflorus Torr., Quamoclidion multiflorum (Torr.) A. Gray.
Activities (Colorado Four O’Clock) — Anorectic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; DEM); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC).
Indications (Colorado Four O’Clock) — Childbirth (f; DEM); Divination (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Hunger (f; DEM); Plethora (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; CRC); Rheu- matism (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM).

COLTSFOOT (Tussilago farfara L.) +

Activities (Coltsfoot) — Antiaggregant (1; APA; CAN); Antibacterial (1; CAN; CRC; PH2); Anticholinergic (f; CRC); Antiedemic (1; CAN; HH2); Antihistaminic (f; CRC; FAD); Antiinflam- matory (2; CAN; KOM; PH2); Antiirritant (2; PHR); Antimitotic (2; KOM); Antispasmodic (1; CAN; CRC; HH2); Antitussive (1; CAN; CRC; DAA); Calcium Antagonist (1; CAN); Callus- Promoter (2; KOM); Carcinogenic (1; APA; CRC; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; CAN); CNS-Depressant (1; DAA); Collyrium (f; CRC); Demulcent (1; CAN; CRC; FAD; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; MAD; PIP); Diuretic (f; CRC; PIP); Emollient (f; CRC); Expectorant (1; CAN; CRC; FAD); Fumitory (f; PH2); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hepatotoxic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Hypertensive (1; APA); Immunostimulant (1; CAN); Pectoral (f; CRC; MAD); Phagocytotic (1; CAN); Respirotonic (1; CAN); Tonic (f; CRC); Vulnerary (1; PIP).
Indications (Coltsfoot) — Adenopathy (f; PHR; PIP); Ague (f; CRC); Anorexia (F; MAD); Apoplexy (f; CRC; DAA); Asthma (1; APA; CAN; GMH; PHR); Bacteria (1; CAN; CRC; DAA; PH2); Bleeding (f; CRC); Bronchosis (2; CAN; FAD; KOM; PH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, lung (f; CRC; LMP); Carbuncle (f; HAD); Catarrh (2; CAN; CRC; GMH; KOM); Cold (2; CRC; PIP); Congestion (f; CRC; FAD; LMP); Cough (2; FAD; GMH; KOM; PH2; PIP); Cramp (1; CAN; CRC; HH2); Diarrhea (f; CRC; POP); Dyspepsia
(f; CRC); Dysphagia (f; DAA); Edema (1; HH2); Emphysema (f; HH2); Enterosis (f; FEL);

Erysipelas (f; GMH; MAD); Escherichia (f; HH2); Fever (f; CRC; DAA; MAD; PIP); Flu (f; CRC; DAA; LMP; MAD; PHR); Fistula (f; HAD); Gastrosis (f; CRC; FEL); Headache (f; CRC; FEL); Hematemesis (f; HAD); Hemoptysis (f; CRC; DAA; LMP); Hoarseness (2; APA; KOM; MAD; PIP); Immunodepression (1; CAN); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; CRC); Inflammation (2; CAN; FAD; KOM; PH2); Laryngosis (1; CAN; FEL); Low Blood Pressure (1; APA); Mucososis (2; CRC; FAD; KOM; PH2); Neurosis (f; CRC); Nicotinism (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pertussis (f; CAN; FEL); Pharyngosis (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Phthisis (f; CRC; DAA); Plethora (f; CRC); Pleurosis (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; FAD); Respirosis (2; KOM; 2; PIP); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PH2); Rhinosis (f; CRC; FEL); Scrofula (f; CRC; FEL; GMH); Sinusosis (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; PHR; PIP); Stomatosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2; PIP); Swelling (1; CAN; CRC; HH2; MAD); Tonsillosis (f; PHR; PIP); Tracheosis (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; DAA; DEM; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Wart (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; CRC; PIP).
Dosages (Coltsfoot) — 2 tsp powdered leaf/cup water (APA; WIC); 0.3–0.6 g solid leaf extract (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 4.5–6 g leaf, 0.6–2.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.6–2.0 g herb as tea 3 /day (CAN); 2–8 ml tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–8 ml syrup (1:4 liquid extract in syrup) 3 /day (CAN); 4 g root as diaphoretic (MAD); 1.5–2.5 g leaf or flower/cup tea, to 6 g day (PH2); 0.6–2 ml liquid flower extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coltsfoot) — Class 2b, 2d (flower); long- term use discouraged. 2b, 2c, 2d (leaf); do not exceed recommended dose; not for long-term use (AHP). Commission E reports flower, herb, root not permitted for therapeutic use. Contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in all plant parts. Leaf is permitted for oral use. Contraindications in pregnancy and lactation. CAN cautions that the PAs are genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic. Because of the PAs, coltsfoot use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Dosage maximum 10 g PA/day (herbal tea) or maximum 1 g PA/day (extracts, expressed sap) for maximum 4–6 weeks/year (AEH). Commission E advises not to take more than 4 to 6 weeks of the year at 4.5 to 6 g/day. This is the only herb (1.5–6 g leaf/day) except related Petasites with toxic PAs still tolerated by Commission E. Still, CAN cautions that coltsfoot is phototoxic in guinea pig skin. In guinea pig sensitization experiments, it showed weak allergenic capacity, possibly due to the sesquiterpene lactones present in the plant. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg (AEH1). Effective July 1996, the AHP Board of Trustees recommends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) that contain toxic PAs, including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label, “For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing” (AHP). Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). Bisset says there is no danger of acute poisoning when used as prescribed (Bisset, 1994). Hepatotoxicity of coltsfoot may be due to senkirkine (~150 ppm), highlighting the dangers of chronic exposure to even low doses of PAs. Rats fed more than 4% coltsfoot in their diet develop hepatic tumors. Newborn rats are more susceptible than weanlings to hepatotoxicity of senkirkine despite lacking the hepatic microsomal enzymes required to produce the toxic pyrrholic metabolites. Fatal hepatic veno- occlusive disease was documented in a newborn infant whose mother chronically consumed herb teas during pregnancy (coltsfoot and senecio specified). The mother exhibited no signs of hepatic damage again suggesting increased sensitivity of the fetal liver to PA toxicity. Animal studies document placental transfer and secretion into breast milk of unsaturated PAs (CAN). Excessive doses may interfere with blood pressure and heart therapy (CAN).

COLUMBINE (Aquilegia vulgaris L.) +
Activities (Columbine) — Astringent (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; MAD; PHR); Collyrium (f; MAD); Cyanogenic (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; WO2); Diuretic (f; CRC; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Litholytic (f; MAD); Narcotic (f; CRC); Oxytocic (f; WO2); Poison (1; HH2); Resolvent (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (f; HH2; PHR; PH2).
Indications (Columbine) — Agitation (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Debility (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; HH2; MAD; WO2); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; HH2; MAD; PH2); Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; PHR); Erysipelas (f; MAD); Fever (f; CRC; WO2); Fistula (f; CRC; HH2); Fracture (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PHR); Globus Hystericus (f; PH2); Halitosis (f; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD); Hysteria (f; CRC; PH2); Insomnia (f; CRC; MAD); Jaundice (f; CRC; HH2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Measles (f; MAD); Menopause (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; HH2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; HH2); Pertussis (f; MAD); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); Photosensitivity (f; MAD); Psoriasis (f; MAD); Rash (f; MAD); Respirosis (f; MAD); Scurvy (1; PHR; PH2); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC; WO2); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; CRC; HH2; WO2); Stone (f; CRC; MAD); Syncope (f; MAD); Tremor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; WO2); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Columbine) — Only homeopathic doses given (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Columbine) — Not covered (AHP). None known (PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Poisoning due to HCN not observed (PHR). Human fatalities reported (LEL).

COMFREY (Symphytum spp.) +
Most contributors cited S. officinale but few studies are vouchered and the species are difficult to determine.
Activities (Comfrey) — Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; CAN); Antiaging (f; CRC); Antihem- orrhagic (f; CAN); Antiinflammatory (2; APA; KOM; PH2; WAM); Antileukocyte (1; PH2); Anti- mitotic (1; PHR; PIP); Antimutagenic (1; PNC); Antipsoriatic (1; PNC); Antitumor (1; FAD); Astringent (1; APA; FAD; FEL; PNC); Callus-Promoter (1; PHR); Carcinogenic (1; APA; CRC); Demulcent (1; CAN; FEL; PH2; WAM); Emollient (1; CRC; WAM); Expectorant (f; CRC; MAD); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hepatotoxic (1; APA); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Tonic (f; FAD); Uterotonic (1; CAN); Vulnerary (1; APA; CAN; WAM).
Indications (Comfrey) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Anemia (f; FEL); Angina (f; PHR); Arthrosis (1; CRC; PNC; PH2); Asthma (f; CRC); Backache (f; CRC); Bleeding (1; APA; CAN; CRC; MAD); Bronchosis (1; APA; CRC; FAD); Bruise (2; APA; FAD; KOM; PH2;
SHT); Bug Bite (1; APA); Cancer (1; CRC; FAD; FNF; PNC); Cancer, bone (f; CRC); Cancer, lung (1; CRC; FNF); Candida (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; MAD); Chafing (1; APA); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Colitis (1; APA; CAN); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; DEM); Contusion (f; PIP); Cough (f; CRC; FAD); Debility (f; FEL); Decubitis (1; APA; JAD); Dermatosis (1; APA; FAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; FAD; MAD; PH2); Duodenal Ulcer (2; CAN); Dysentery (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (1; PNC); Enterosis (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Epicondylosis (1; PH2); Fracture (1; APA; CAN; WAM); Gallstone (f; CRC); Gastrosis (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Gastric Ulcer (f; CAN); Gingivosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Gout (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; DEM); Hematemesis (f; CAN; FAD); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Hernia (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Hoarseness (f; CRC); Hysteria (f;

FAD); Indolent Ulcer (2; JAD); Inflammation (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2; WAM); Itch (f; APA); Leukorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Mastosis (1; FAD; FEL); Metrorrhagia (f; FEL); Myosis (1; WAM); Nephrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Osteosis (f; PH2); Pain (1; CAN); Pertussis (f; CRC); Pharyngosis (1; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; MAD); Pleurosis (f; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (1; APA; PNC); Pulmonosis (f; CRC); Rash (1; APA); Respirosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Scrofula (f; CRC; FEL); Sore Throat (f; CRC; PH2); Sprain (2; CRC; KOM; PH2; SHT); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Strain (1; APA; SHT); Sunburn (f; APA); Swelling (f; MAD); Tendovaginosis (1; PH2); Tonsilosis (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (1; FAD); Ulcer (f; CRC; MAD); Ulcus cruris (1; FNF; MAD);Vaginosis (f; CRC; PH2); Varicosis (f; PED); VD (f; DEM); Wound (1; APA; CAN; MAD); Yeast (f; CRC).
Dosages (Comfrey) — Do not use (APA); do not use root (JAD); 2–4 g root as tea 3 /day (CAN); 2 tsp (= ~7.4 g) root in hot tea (MAD); 2–4 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–8 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) 3
/day (CAN); 2–8 g leaf in tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.25–0.5 cup fresh leaf (PED); 6–12 g dry leaf (PED); 9 g dry leaf:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 1–3 cups tea/day (5–10 g herb) remem- bering PAs (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Comfrey) — Class 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. Long- term use discouraged (AHP). Commission E reports the herb, leaf, and root permitted for external use only. Skin should be intact and pregnant users should first consult physician. External dosage of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) maximum 100 g/day for a maximum 4–6 weeks/year (AEH). Comfrey root may cause liver damage if taken internally (WAM). Contains PAs. Internal use may cause severe hepatic damage. PAs are toxic to humans, with liver damage with cirrhosis and ascites, or seneciosis, or veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg (AEH1). Chronic comfrey use implicated in at least one instance of hepatic VOD (PNC). Effective July 1996, the AHP Board of Trustees recommends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) that contain toxic PAs, including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label, “For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing” (AHP). CAN cautions the PAs are genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic. Because of the PAs, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. Animal studies document placental transfer and secretion into breast milk of unsaturated PAs (CAN). May speed up metabolism of other drugs (stimulates metabolism of aminopyrine-N-demethylase, a drug metabolizing enzyme) (CAN). Internal use for more than 4–6 weeks is discouraged (SHT). Canadians do not allow in food (Blackburn, 1993). “No human being or animal should eat, drink, or take comfrey in any form” (Br. Med. J. 6163: 596; 1979). According to studies reported in the Lawrence Review of Natural Products, rats fed comfrey roots or leaves for 600 days developed hepatocellular adenomas, with signs of liver toxicity developing within 180 days. Urinary bladder tumors developed also, even in those on the lowest levels of comfrey. The incidence of liver tumors was higher with dietary roots than with dietary comfrey leaves. Alkaloids of Russian comfrey caused chronic liver damage and pancreatic islet cell tumors after 2 years administration in animal models (LRNP, October 1990).
Extracts (Comfrey) — Extracts antiinflammatory in vitro and in vivo, perhaps due to rosmarinic acid (PNC). Allantoin a well known dermatological agent (PNC). Aqueous extract stimulates release of prostaglandin-like material from rat gastric mucosa (PNC). Two nonhepatotoxic PAs, platyphyl- line and sarracine, have been used for GI hypermotility and peptic ulceration. Yes, aqueous extracts increase survival time of mice with spontaneous tumors, and decrease tumor growth, and have antimutagenic activity (PNC). Is comfrey more likely to cause, cure, or prevent cancer? This is what we really should be studying.

COMMON BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus cathartica L.) +

Activities (Common Buckthorn) — Antitumor (1; FNF; HOX; PNC); Collyrium (f; DEM); Depurative (f; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Emetic (f; EFS); Laxative (2; DEM; EFS; KOM; PNC); Peristaltic (f; PHR).
Indications (Common Buckthorn) — Anemia (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Asthma (f; MAD); Cachexia (f; MAD); Cancer (1; FNF; HOX; JLH; PNC); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Constipation (2; EFS; KOM; PHR; PH2; PNC); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Exanthema (f; MAD); Gout (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Herpes (f; MAD); Itch (f; DEM); Nausea (f; MAD); Obesity (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Proctosis (f; PH2); Rheu- matism (f; MAD); Sore (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Tumor (1; FNF; HOX; PNC); Uremia (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; HH2; MAD; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Common Buckthorn) — 0.6–5 g fruit. (HHB); 0–20 berries (MAD); 15–30 g juice; children 0.5–1 tsp syrup (MAD); 4 g dry fruit/cup tea, 2–5 g drug/day corresponding to 20–30 mg hydroxyanthracene (calculated as glucofrangulin A) (PH2); 2–4 ml buckthorn berry syrup (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Common Buckthorn) — Class 2b (AHP). Commission E reports for fruit, contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Contraindicated in obstruction of the bowel or intestines, acute inflammation of the bowels as in appendicitis, colitis, and Crohn’s disease. Do not use if under 12 years of age, or pregnant (KOM; PH2). See anthranoids in introductory section. Berry extract induce tumor necrosis in mice (PNC).

COMMON DAFFODIL (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) X

Activities (Common Daffodil) — Antimitotic (1; HHB); Antispasmodic (f; FEL; GMH); Aphro- disiac (f; GMH); Astringent (f; EFS); Cardiotoxic (1; EFS); Depurative (f; EFS); Emetic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Mydriatic (f; FEL); Narcotic (f; EFS; GMH); Paralytic (f; EFS); Poison (1; EFS; GMH; PH2).
Indications (Common Daffodil) — Alopecia (f; GMH); Asthma (f; PH2); Bronchosis (f; GMH; HHB; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Catarrh (f; FEL; GMH; PH2); Chorea (f; FEL); Cold (f; PH2); Cramp (f; FEL; GMH); Diarrhea (f; FEL; HHB); Dysentery (f; FEL; GMH); Epilepsy (f; FEL; GMH); Fever (f; FEL); Hysteria (f; FEL; GMH); Induration (f; JLH); Malaria (f; FEL); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pertussis (f; HHB; PH2); Rheumatism (f; FEL); Rhinosis (f; HHB); Sore (f; HHB); Swelling (f; JLH); Tumor (1; HHB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Worm (f; FEL).
Dosages (Common Daffodil) — 1/4 to 10 drops tincture (bulb macerated in 98% ethanol) (FEL); 10–60 grains powdered flower or bulb (FEL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Common Daffodil) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Potentially allergenic. Intoxication (confused with onion bulbs) can cause CNS disorders, diarrhea, GI irritation, salivation, and vomiting (FEL; PH2).

COMMON GROMWELL (Lithospermum officinale L.) X
Activities (Common Gromwell) — Antiestrogenic (1; WOI); Antigonadotropic (1; WOI); Anti- thyroid (f; WOI); Contraceptive (1; WOI); Depurative (f; WOI); Diuretic (f; CEB; EFS); Litholytic (f; EFS; WOI); Sedative (f; WOI).

Indications (Common Gromwell) — Bladder Stone (f; EFS); Calculus (f; CEB; FEL); Cystosis (f; WOI); Dermatosis (f; WOI); Gout (f; WOI); Insomnia (f; WOI); Itch (f; WOI); Kidney Stone (f; EFS); Measles (f; WOI); Nephrosis (f; EFS); Nervousness (f; WOI); Smallpox (f; WOI); Stone (f; DEP; EFS; WOI); Water Retention (f; CEB; EFS).
Dosages (Common Gromwell) — 1 oz dry root/pint water; 1 tsp every 3 hours (FEL); 1/2 tsp powdered seed every 44–45 hours (FEL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Common Gromwell) — Not covered (AHP; PH2). If it contains the same shikonins and PAs, or nearly so, as the Chinese Lithospermum, it should probably be avoided.

COMMON REED (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) ++
Synonyms — Arundo phragmites L., A. vulgaris Lam., P. communis Trin., P. communis var. longivalvis (Steud.) Miq., P. longivalvis Steud., P. vulgaris (Lam.) Crép., P. vulgaris var. longivalvis (Steud.) W. Wight.
Activities (Common Reed) — Antiemetic (f; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; HHB; JFM; PH2; WOI); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; JFM; PH2); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; DEM); Litholytic (f; JFM).
Indications (Common Reed) — Bite (f; PH2); Boil (f; DEM); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH; PH2); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; HHB; PH2; WOI); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; EFS); Fever (f; EFS; HHB; JFM; PH2; WOI); Fracture (f; DEM; WOI);
Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gout (f; EFS); Induration (f; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; JFM); Leukemia (f; HHB; JLH; PH2); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; EFS; WOI); Stone (f; JFM); Vomiting (f; WOI); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB; JFM; PH2).
Dosages (Common Reed) — Not covered. Young sprouts eaten as a delicacy in Japan (HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Common Reed) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

CONDOR PLANT, EAGLE VINE (Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f.) +
Synonym — Marsdenia reichenbachii Triana. Often spelled Condurango (Illustrated in HH2).
Activities (Condor Plant) — Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; PH2); Antisarcomic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; HH2; PHR; PNC); Aperitif (1; PH2; PNC); Bitter (1; PH2); Convulsant (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Gastrotonic (2; HH2; KOM; PH2); Hemostat (f; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Paralytic (1; CRC); Sialagogue (2; HH2; KOM; PH2); Stomachic (1; CRC; PNC); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Condor Plant) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Anorexia (2; CRC; KOM; PHR; PH2; PNC); Atonia (f; PH2); Beriberi (f; CRC); Bite (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; HH2; PHR; PNC); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, epithelium (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, esophagus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, face (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, pylorus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH; PH2); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Carcinoma (1; CRC); Catarrh (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; PHR); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Lymph (f; CRC); Nausea (f; PH2); Pain (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Sarcoma (1; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; HHB); Stomatosis (f; PH2); Syphilis (f; CRC);

Tumor (1; HH2; PHR; PNC); Ulcer (f; HHB); VD (f; CRC); Vomiting (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; CRC).
Dosages (Condor Plant) — 1–4 g powdered bark (PNC); 1.5 g bark/cup tea (HHB); average daily dose bark 2–4 g (HH2; PHR); 2–4 g/day (HH2); 0.2–0.5 g aqueous extract (?); 0.5–4 ml tincture (HHB); 2–5 g tincture; 2–4 g liquid extract (PHR); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 1 cup wine 30 minutes before meals (50–100 g/liter wine) (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Condor Plant) — Not covered (AHP). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). No side effects reported during therapeutic use (AEH; PHR).

CONESSI, KURCHI (Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don) +
Synonyms — Chonemorpha antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) G. Don, Echites antidysenterica
Roth, Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) Wall. ex A. DC., H. febrifuga Klotzsch.
Activities (Conessi) — Amebicide (1; WOI); Anesthetic (1; WOI); Anthelminthic (1; KAP; WOI); Antidysenteric (1; WOI); Antiinflammatory (f; KAB); Antipyretic (1; KAP; SUW; WOI); Antis- pasmodic (1; MPI); Antitubercular (f; WOI); Antiviral (f; MPI); Aperitif (f; KAB; SKJ); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (1; KAP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Carminative (f; KAB; KAP; MPI); Diuretic (f; WOI); Hypoglycemic (1; MPI); Hypotensive (1; KAP; MPI); Lactagogue (f; KAB); Narcotic (f; WOI); Protisticide (1; WOI); Stomachic (1; KAP; MPI; WOI); Tonic (1; WOI); Vasodilator (1; MPI); Vulnerary (f; KAB).
Indications (Conessi) — Ameba (1; WOI); Amebiasis (1; MPI; WOI); Anorexia (f; KAB; SKJ); Asthma (f; KAB); Bite (f; MPI); Bleeding (1; WOI); Boil (f; MPI; WOI); Bronchosis (f; WOI); Cancer (1; MPI); Cholera (f; MPI); Colic (f; WOI); Constipation (f; MPI; SKJ); Cramp (1; MPI); Dermatosis (f; WOI); Diabetes (1; MPI); Diarrhea (1; SUW; WOI); Dropsy (f; SUW; WOI); Dysentery (1; KAP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; KAB); Dyspepsia (f; WOI); Dysuria (f; SKJ); Epilepsy (f; SKJ); Epistaxis (1; WOI); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Fatigue (f; KAB); Fever (1; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Gas (f; KAB; KAP; MPI); Gingivosis (f; KAB); Headache (f; KAB); Hematuria (f; MPI; SKJ); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB; WOI); High Blood Pressure (2; KAP; MPI); Hyperglycemia (1; MPI); Infertility (f; WOI); Inflammation (f; KAB); Jaundice (f; MPI); Leprosy (f; SKJ); Leukoderma (f; KAB; SKJ); Lumbago (f; KAB); Malaria (f; KAP); Menor- rhagia (f; MPI); Myalgia (f; KAB); Pain (1; WOI); Parturition (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; WOI); Rhinosis (f; MPI); Snakebite (f; SKJ); Sore (f; WOI); Splenosis (f; SKJ; WOI); Spermatorrhea (f; MPI); Stomachache (f; MPI); Trichomoniasis (f; WOI); Toothache (f; WOI); Trypanosoma (1; MPI); Tuberculosis (1; WOI); Urethrosis (1; IWU); Virus (1; MPI); Water Retention (f; WOI); Worm (1; SKJ; SUW; WOI).
Dosages (Conessi) — 2–4 g powdered seed (KAP); 28–74 ml decoction or tea (KAP); 2–4 ml tincture (KAP); daily dose of 60–120 grains powdered bark in 3–4 portions (KAB); bark taken in decoction (WOI); doses >500 mg/person may be toxic.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Conessi) — Not covered (KOM; PHR; AHP; APA). Doses of conessine >500 mg day may induce GI distress, insomnia, restlessness, tremors, vertigo, possibly even death from central respiratory paralysis (WBB; WOI). LD50 (50% ethanolic fruit extract) = 250 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI). LD50 (50% ethanolic sb extract) = 1000 mg/kg ipr mouse (MPI). With at least 18 alkaloids, is the conessine most important at 4000 ppm. Conessine increases coronary outflow in isolated animal tissues. Induces narcosis in frogs and is locally anesthetic in guinea pigs, being “twice as active as cocaine.” Subcutaneous injections may induce necrosis. Conessine has antiamebic activities comparable to emetine.

CONGOROSA (Maytenus ilicifolia Marf. ex Reissek) +
Activities (Congorosa) — Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antisarcomic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; HH2; PH2); Antitumor (1; PH2); Antiulcer (1; HH2; PH2); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cytotoxic (1; PH2); Embryotoxic (1; HH2); Fungicide (1; HH2); Teratogenic (1; HH2).
Indications (Congorosa) — Acne (f; HH2); Alcoholism (f; PH2); Anemia (f; PH2); Asthma (f; PH2); Bacteria (1; HH2); Cancer (1; HHB; JLH; PH2); Cancer, breast (1; HH2); Cancer, head (1; HH2); Cancer, ovary (1; HH2); Cancer, skin (1; HHB; JLH; PH2); Cancer, throat (1; HH2); Candida (1; HH2); Dermatosis (1; HHB; JLH; PH2); Duodenosis (f; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Eczema (f; HH2; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fatigue (f; PH2); Fungus (1; HH2); Gas (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; HH2; PH2); Hodgkin’s Disease (1; HH2); Hyperacidity (f; PH2); Infection (1; HH2; PH2); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Leukemia (1; FNF; HH2); Lymphoma (1; HH2); Melanoma (1; FNF; HH2); Mycosis (1; HH2); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Salmonella (1; HH2); Shigella (1; HH2); Sore (f; HH2; PH2); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Swelling (f; PH2); Tumor (1; PH2); Ulcer (1; HH2; PH2); Yeast (1; HH2).
Dosages (Congorosa) — 100–400 ml decoction/tea (2–5%) (HH2; PH2); 5–20 g powdered leaf (PH2); 25–100 ml tincture (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Congorosa) — “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Maytansines embryotoxic and teratogenic. Not for use during pregnancy. Maytenin antiseptic, antimelanomic, antitumor, and antiulcer, especially against basal cell carcinoma (PH2). Prevents ulcers in animals and humans (PH2).

CONTRAHIERBA (Dorstenia contrayerba L.) +
Activities (Contrahierba) — Alexeteric (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Aperitif (f; JFM); Dia- phoretic (f; HHB; PH2); Diuretic (f; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; JFM); Stimulant (f; EFS; PH2); Tonic (f; JFM).
Indications (Contrahierba) — Anorexia (f; JFM); Bite (f; JFM); Cancer (f; HHB; JLH); Cholera (f; JFM); Cold (f; JFM); Colic (f; JFM); Cough (f; EFS); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dysentery (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; JFM); Epilepsy (f; JFM); Fever (f; HHB; JFM; PH2); Fracture (f; IED); Gastrosis (f; EFS); Malaria (f; HHB); Measles (f; JFM); Smallpox (f; JFM); Snakebite (f; HHB; PH2); Tetanus (f; JFM); Toothache (f; JFM); Typhoid (f; JFM); Typhus (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; HHB); Wound (f; HHB).
Dosages (Contrahierba) — Decoct 8 g in 180 cc sweetened water (take 2 tbsp every other hour) (JFM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Contrahierba) — Not covered (AHP). “Haz- ards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Furanocoumarins may trigger phototoxicity.

COPAIBA (Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.) +
Activities (Copaiba) — Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; JAD; PH2); Carminative (f; JAD); Diuretic (f; JAD); Emetic (f; JAD); Expectorant (f; JAD); Laxative (f; JAD); Hydragogue (f; JAD); Stimulant (f; JAD); Urinary Antiseptic (1; PH2).

Indications (Copaiba) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Bronchosis (f; JAD); Catarrh (f; JAD); Chilblain (f; JAD); Constipation (f; JAD); Cystosis (f; JAD; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DAW); Diarrhea (f; JAD); Dropsy (f; JAD; MAD); Dysuria (f; MAD); Eczema (f; DAW); Fever (f; MAD); Gas (f; JAD); Gonorrhea (f; DAW; JAD; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; JAD; MAD); Inflammation (f; PH2); Kidney Sone (1; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; JAD); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; MAD; PH2); Psoriasis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; MAD); UTI (1; PH2); VD (F; JAD; MAD); Water Retention (f; JAD).
Dosages (Copaiba) — 0.5–1 g capsule (MAD); 25–30 drops tincture 3 /day (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Copaiba) — Not covered (AHP). Five grams can cause stomach pain (PH2). Large doses are laxative and emetic; causing strangury, bloody urine, and fever. The resin irritates the entire mucous membrane, imparting a peculiar odor to the urine and breath; causes an eruption resembling measles, attended with irritation and tingling (JAD).

CORAL BEAN (Erythrina fusca lour.) +
Synonym — E. glauca Willd.
Activities (Coral Bean) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (f; DAV); Anti- tussive (f; DAV); Diaphoretic (f; DAV); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Coral Bean) — Beriberi (f; CRC); Boil (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cold (f; DAV); Dermatosis (f; DAV); Fever (f; CRC; DAV); Fracture (f; CRC); Headache (f; DAV); Hematuria (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Infection (f; DAV); Malaria (f; CRC; DAV); Migraine (f; DAV); Mycosis (f; DAV); Pain (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coral Bean) — “Seeds contain the alkaloid erythralin. Erysodine, erysonine, erysopine, erysothiopine, erysothiovine, erysovine, and erythraline are also reported. Those species containing indoles and isoquinolines are classed as narcotics, capable of inducing hallucinogenic stupor” (CRC).

CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza odontorrhiza) +
Activities (Coral Root) — Antipyretic (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; PH2); Sedative (f; PH2).
Indications (Coral Root) — Cold (f; PH2); Fever (f; PH2); Insomnia (f; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coral Root) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) ++

(Leaves sometimes called cilantro.)
Activities (Coriander) — Alexeteric (f; BIB); Anaphrodisiac (f; HHB); Antibacterial (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Antiedemic (1; APA); Antiimplantation (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; PNC); Anti- mutagenic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; BGB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Aperitif (2; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; APA); Carminative (1; APA; HHB; PHR; PH2); Contraceptive (f; APA); Digestive (1; BGB; BIB); Diuretic (1; APA; BIB); Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Fungicide (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Gastrogogue (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; PNC); Hypotensive (f; APA); Larvicide (1; APA; PNC); Lipolytic (1; BGB; LAF); Myorelaxant (1; APA); Pectoral (f; BIB); Sedative (f; BIB); Stimulant (1; BGB; BIB); Stomachic (1; BGB; BIB; HHB); Tonic (f; BIB).
Indications (Coriander) — Ameba (f; PH2); Anorexia (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Arthrosis (f; BIB; HHB); Bacteria (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Biliousness (f; BIB); Bleeding (f; PH2); Body Odor (f; APA); Cancer (1; APA; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; BIB); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chickenpox (f; PH2; SKJ); Childbirth (f; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Colic (f; HHB); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; BGB; BIB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2);
Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (f; APA; HHB); Dysentery (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (2; APA; HHB; KOM; PH2); Dysuria (f; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Enterosis (2; BGB; PHR; PH2);
Epistaxis (f; PH2); Erotomania (f; BIB); Erysipelas (f; BIB); Fever (f; PHR; PH2); Fungus (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Gas (1; APA; BGB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (1; BGB; HHB; PHR); Halitosis
(f; APA; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; BIB; PHR; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; APA; PH2); Hernia (f; BIB); High Blood Pressure (f; APA); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; PNC); Hysteria (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; PNC); Insomnia (f; BIB); Intoxication (f; BIB); Kernel (f; JLH); Leprosy (f; PHR; PH2); Measles (f; APA; PH2); Mycosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Nausea (f; BIB); Nervousness (f; BIB); Neuralgia (f; APA; BIB); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PHR; PH2); Ptomaine (f; BIB); Puerperium (f; PHR); Rash (f; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f;

HHB); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Scrofula (f; PH2); Snakebite (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB); Stomachache (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Swelling (1; APA); Syphilis (f; BIB); Toothache (f; APA); Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); VD (f; BIB); Vertigo (f; HHB; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; APA; BIB); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; APA).
Dosages (Coriander) — 1–2 tsp crushed fruit/cup water up to 3 /day (APA); 3 g fruit (KOM; PHR); 0.3–1 g powdered fruit (PNC); 0.5–2 ml liquid fruit extract (PNC); 0.05–2 (they said 2, I’d have said 0.2; cf celery seed, close kin) ml EO (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Coriander) — Class 1 (AHP). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CORKWOOD TREE, PITURI (Duboisia myoporoides R.Br.) X
Activities (Corkwood Tree) — Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Hypnotic (f; CRC); Intoxicant (f; CRC); Mydriatic (f; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC).
Indications (Corkwood Tree) — Childbirth (f; CRC); Fatigue (f; CRC); Hunger (f; CRC); Insom- nia (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Corkwood Tree) — “Narcotic stimulant, secondarily a hallucinogen. Although the poisoned dreams of pituri represent a flirtation with death, they are preferred to the sting of harsh reality” (CRC). See belladonna alkaloid warnings and activities.

CORN COCKLE (Agrostemma githago L.) +
Activities (Corn Cockle) — Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CRC; WO2); Antimycotic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Hemolytic (1; HH2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Narcotic (1; WO2); Toxic (1; PH2); Vermifuge (f; BIB; CRC; EFS).
Indications (Corn Cockle) — Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Bacteria (1; CRC; WO2); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cough (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC); Edema (f; PH2); Exanthema (f; CRC; WO2); Fungus (1; HH2); Gastrosis (f; BIB; CRC; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; CRC; EFS; WO2); Mycosis (1; HH2); Pain (1; CRC); Paralysis (f; BIB; CRC); Swelling (f; JLH; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Worm (f; BIB; CRC; EFS; PH2).
Dosages (Corn Cockle) — Homeopathic only (HH2; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Corn Cockle) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Seed toxic, 2–3 g considered harmless to humans, more than 5 g is potentially lethal (PH2). Signs of intoxication; colic, conjunctivosis, cramps, delirium, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, lacrimation, mucositis, and restlessness (PH2). LD50 (saponin mix) = 750 mg/kg orl mouse (HH2). LD50 (saponin mix) =
2.3 mg/kg ivn rat (HH2). LD50 (saponin mix) = 50 mg/kg orl rat (HH2). Sprouts contain allantoin.

CORNFLOWER, BACHELOR’S BUTTON (Centaurea cyanus L.) ++
Activities (Cornflower) — Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; HHB; PNC); Astringent (f; WO2); Cholagogue (f; PH2); Collyrium (f; EFS); Diuretic (1; HHB; PH2; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; WO2); Expectorant (f; PH2); Fungicide (f; WO2); Hepatotonic (f; PH2); Pectoral (f; EFS; WO2); Stimulant (f; EFS; WO2); Tonic (f; EFS; WO2).

Indications (Cornflower) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Candida (f; PH2); Chole- cystosis (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; PH2; WO2); Constipation (f; PH2); Cough (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dropsy (f; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Eczema (f; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Fungus (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Infection (1; PH2; WO2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Mastosis (f; HHB); Mycosis (f; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; HHB; JLH); Pain (f; HHB); Salmonella (1; HHB); Seborrhea (f; PH2); Shigella (1; HHB); Vaginosis (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; HHB; PH2; WO2); Yeast (f; PH2).
Dosages (Cornflower) — 1 g fl/cup (HHB); tea to be drunk several /day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cornflower) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CORN POPPY (Papaver rhoeas L.) +
Activities (Corn Poppy) — Analgesic (f; PH2; PNC); Antibacterial (f; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Antiseptic (1; WOI); Antitumor (1; HHB); Antitussive (f; PH2); Convulsant (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Mydriatic 1; HHB); Narcotic (f; DEP); Pectoral (f; HHB); Respirastimulant (1; HHB); Sedative (f; DEP; HHB; PH2).
Indications (Corn Poppy) — Agitation (f; PH2); Arrhythmia (f; BRU); Bacteria (1; HHB; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Cancer (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, heart (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, kidney (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, leg (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, muscle (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, pharynx (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; HHB; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; HHB; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; BRU; JLH); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; BRU; PH2; WOI); Cramp (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; JLH); Fever (f; WOI); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hoarseness (f; WOI); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; HHB); Inflammation (f; PH2); Insomnia (f; BRU; DEP; HHB; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); Myosarcoma (1; JLH); Nephrosis (f; JLH); Nervousness (f; DEP; HHB; PH2); Neurosis (f; BRU); Pain (f; HH2; PH2; PNC); Pharyngosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HHB); Tuberculosis (1; HHB); Tumor (1; HHB).
Dosages (Corn Poppy) — 1 g flower/cup tea (PH2); 2.5–5 ml flower syrup (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Corn Poppy) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Children have been poisoned eating the flowers and leaves (PH2).

CORN SILK (Zea mays L.) +++
Activities (Corn Silk) — Antiedemic (f; FAD); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Cell Proliferant (1; FAD); Choleretic (1; PNC); Cholinergic (1; CAN); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Gastrosed- ative (1; PH2); Hypertensive (f; PHR; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; FAD); Hypotensive (1; FAD); Litholytic (f; CAN); Uterocontractant (1; CAN); Vulnerary (1; FAD).
Indications (Corn Silk) — Atherosclerosis (1; FAD); Bladder Stone (f; APA); Cholecystosis (f; FAD); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN); Dropsy (f; APA); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; PHR); Enuresis (f; CAN); Gonorrhea (1; APA; FAD); Gout (1; APA; FAD); Hepatosis (f; FAD; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; FAD); Hyperglycemia (1; FAD); Inflammation (f; APA); Low Blood Pressure (f; PHR; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CAN); PMS (1; APA); Prostatosis (1; CAN); Rheumatism (f; APA; FAD);

Stone (f; CAN); Swelling (f; FAD); Urethrosis (1; CAN; PNC); UTI (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2).
Dosages (Corn Silk) — 4–8 g silk as tea 3 /day (CAN); 1 tsp silk/cup water up to several /day (WIC); 2 tsp corn silk/cup tea every other day (PH2); 4–8 ml liquid extract; 5–15 ml tincture (1:5 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–3 tsp tincture/day (20 g corn silk/100 ml 20% ethanol to steep 5 days) (PH2); 8–15 ml syrup (CAN); 2–8 ml liquid corn silk extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Corn Silk) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). CAN reports dermatosis and aller- genic reaction. Because of its uterine stimulant effect in vivo, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN). Because of its diuretic activity, could lead to hypokalemia (CAN). Allantoin may explain cell-proliferant and vulnerary activity (FAD). APA questions the diuretic activity (APA).

CORYDALIS (Corydalis ambigua Cham. & Schltdl. and/or C. yanhusuo (Y. H. Chou & Chun. C. Hsu) W. T. Wang) +
HHB and PH2 entries refer to Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Korte.
Activities (Corydalis) — Aldose-Reductase Inhibitor (1; KEB); Analeptic (1; DAA); Analgesic (1; KEB); Anthelminthic (1; HHB); Antiaggregant (1; KEB); Antiarrhythmic (1; KEB); Anticancer
(1; DAA); Antifertility (1; DAA); Antiinflammatory (1; KEB); Antispasmodic (1; DAA; HHB; PH2); Antitussive (1; DAA); Antiulcer (1; DAA); Bitter (1; KEB); Calcium Antagonist (1; KEB); Cardioprotective (1; KEB); Cardiotonic (1; DAA); CNS-Depressant (1; DAA; PH2); Dopamine- Antagonist (1; KEB); Embryotoxic (1; KEB); Emmenagogue (1; HHB); Hallucinogen (f; PH2); Hypnotic (1; KEB); Hypotensive (1; DAA; KEB); Narcotic (1; DAA; HHB); Sedative (1; KEB; PH2); Tranquilizer (1; DAA; PH2).
Indications (Corydalis) — Angina (1; KEB); Anxiety (f; DAA); Arrhythmia (1; KEB); Atrial Fibrillation (1; KEB); Bruise (f; DAA); Cancer (1; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; KEB); Cataract (1; KEB); Cholecystosis (f; DAA); Chorea (1; DAA; HHB); Colic (f; DAA); Conjunctivosis (f; PH2); Cramp (1; DAA; HHB; PH2); Depression (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (1; KEB; PH2); Enterosis (1; DAA); Furunculosis (f; PH2); Gastrosis (1; DAA); Headache (1; KEB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; KEB; PH2); Hyperkinesis (1; DAA; HHB); Hyper- orexia (f; PH2); Infarction (1; KEB); Inflammation (1; KEB; PH2); Insomnia (1; DAA; KEB; PH2); Melancholy (f; PH2); Meniere’s Syndrome (f; DAA; PH2); Nervousness (1; DAA; KEB; PH2); Neuralgia (1; KEB); Neurosis (f; PH2); Pain (1; KEB); Paralysis (1; DAA); Parkinson’s (f; DAA; HHB); Respirosis (f; PH2); Tremor (f; HHB; PH2); Ulcer (1; DAA; PH2); Worm (f; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Corydalis) — 2–6 g dry root/day or 4–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) for most purposes; 5–10 g dry root/day or 10–20 ml fluid extract (1:2) for analgesia (KEB).
Extracts (Corydalis) — Oral doses of 1–50 mg/kg gindarin, based on dl-tetrahydropalmatine, embryotoxic to rats in days 1–20 of pregnancy. Methanolic extracts and dehydrocorydaline inhibit aldose reductase (KEB). Tetrahydroberberin is strongly antiaggregant by inhibiting platelet aggre- gation (KEB).

COSTUS, KUTH (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch) ++

Synonyms — Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Aucklandia costus Falc., Saussurea lappa (Decne.) C. B. Clarke.
Activities (Costus) — Alterative (f; KAB; KAP; SUW); Analgesic (f; KAB); Anthelminthic (f; HHB; KAB); Antianginal (1; PH2); Antidote (f; PH2); Antiperistaltic (1; WOI); Antiseptic (1; KAB; KAP; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; HH2; SUW; WOI); Antistress (1; PH2); Antiulcer (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; HHB); Astringent (f; KAP); Bronchoconstrictor (1; WOI); Bronchodilator (1; WOI); Bronchospasmolytic (1; PH2); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cardiotonic (1; KAB; KAP); Carminative (1; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Circulostimulant (1; WOI); CNS-Depressant (1; WOI); Contraceptive (f; PH2); Depurative (f; KAB); Diuretic (1; HHB; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; HHB; KAB); Expectorant (1; KAB; KAP; WOI); Fungicide (1; HH2; PH2); Hypotensive (1; HH2; WOI); Insecticide (1; WOI); Myorelaxant (f; KAP); Sedative (f; KAP); Stimulant (f; PH2; SUW); Stomachic (f; KAB; SUW); Tonic (f; IHB; KAB; SUW).
Indications (Costus) — Angina (1; PH2); Anorexia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (f; KAB); Asthma (f; DEP; IHB; PH2; SUW); Bacteria (1; HH2; PH2); Bronchosis (1; KAB; PH2; WOI); Cancer (f; HHB; KAP); Cancer, abdomen (f; HHB; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (1; PH2; SKJ); Childbirth (f; IHB); Cholera (f; DEP; PH2; SUW); Constipation (f; IHB); Cough (f; DEP; KAB; PH2; SUW); Cramp (1; HH2; SUW; WOI); Dermatosis (f; DEP; IHB; KAP; PH2; SUW); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; KAP); Enterosis (f; HHB); Epilepsy (f; KAB); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Fever (f; IHB; KAB); Fungus (1; HH2; KAB; PH2); Gas (1; KAB; KAP; PH2; SUW; WOI); Gastrosis (1; PH2); Headache (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; KAB; KAP); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2; WOI); Hysteria (f; KAB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; HH2; PH2); Inflammation (f; KAB); Insomnia (f; KAP); Itch (f; KAB); Leprosy (f; KAB; KAP); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Malaria (f; KAB; KAP); Mycosis (1; HH2; PH2); Nervousness (f; KAP); Pain (f; IHB; KAB); Paralysis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; SUW); Ringworm (f; KAB); Scabies (f; KAB); Schistosoma (1; HH2); Shigella (1; HH2); Smallpox (f; IHB); Sore (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HH2; KAP; WOI); Stomachache (f; IHB); Streptococcus (1; KAP; WOI); Stress (1; PH2); Toothache (f; DEP); Trematode (1; HH2); Tuberculosis (1; JNP61:1181); Typhus (f; KAB); Ulcer (1; PH2); Water Retention (1; HHB; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Worm (1; HH2); Wound (f; IHB; KAP; PH2); Yeast (1; HH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Costus) — Class 1 (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). EO LD50 = 2660–4350 mg/kg orl rat (HH2).

COTTONTREE (Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston.) ++
Synonyms — Bombax gossypium L., C. gossypium (L.) DC., Maximilianea gossypium (L.) Kuntze.
Activities (Cottontree) — Antipyretic (f; WOI); Laxative (1; PH2); Sedative (f; WOI); Stimulant (f; WOI).
Indications (Cottontree) — Constipation (1; PH2); Cough (f; WOI); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; PH2); Fever (f; WOI); Fistula (f; SKJ); Insomnia (f; WOI); Nervousness (f; WOI); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Proteinuria (f; SKJ); Sore (f; SKJ); VD (f; PH2).
Dosages (Cottontree) — 3 g gum (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cottontree) — Not covered (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

COUCHGRASS, QUACKGRASS
(Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) ++
Synonyms — Agropyron firmum J. Presl, A. repens (L.) P. Beauv., A. repens var. bromiforme Schur,
A. repens var. glaucescens Peterm., Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Triticum firmum (J. Presl) Link, T. repens L.
Regrettably, Gruenwald (2000) used “triticum” as the common name, though listing 10 that could have been more appropriate and/or less confusing. Triticum is the Latin name for wheat, but not wheat-grass or couch-grass (JAD).
Activities (Couchgrass) — Anthelminthic (f; DEM); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; CAN); Antiseptic (1; CAN; PH2); Decongestant (f; APA); Demulcent (f; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Herbicide (1; CAN); Litholytic (1; PH2); Sedative (1; CAN).
Indications (Couchgrass) — Arthrosis (f; PH2); Bacteria (1; APA); Bladder Stone (2; PH2); BPH (2; CAN); Bronchosis (2; APA; PHR); Calculus (2; CAN); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, pylorus (f; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f; JLH); Cold (f; PHR); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (1; PHR; PH2); Cough (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN); Dermatosis (1; APA; PH2);
Diabetes (1; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enuresis (f; DEM); Fever (f; PHR); Gout (1; PHR; PH2); Gravel (1; FAD; KOM; PH2); Incontinence (f; DEM; FAD); Infection (2; KOM; PHR); Inflammation (1; CAN; PH2); Insomnia (1; CAN); Kidney Stone (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Lithuria (2; FAD); Mucososis (f; APA); Nephrosis (1; KOM); Nervousness (1; CAN); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Prostatosis (2; APA; CAN; FNF); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Stone (1; PH2); Swelling (1; CAN; DEM; FAD); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Urethrosis (2; CAN; PH2); UTI (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; FAD); Worm (f; DEM; FAD).
Dosages (Couchgrass) — 2–3 tsp chopped rhizome/cup water to 4 /day (APA; WIC); 4–8 g rhizome as tea 3 /day (CAN); 5–15 ml rhizome tincture (1:5 in 40% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 4–8 ml liquid rhizome extract (PNC); 4–8 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Couchgrass) — Class 1, 2b, 2c (AHP). “In view of its reputed diuretic action, excessive or prolonged use of couchgrass should be avoided since this may result in hypokalemia. The use of couchgrass during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided.” (AHP). Irrigation therapy contraindicated in edema due to cardiac or renal insufficiency (KOM). Varro Tyler cautioned against self-medication for BPH. Whenever treating BPH, a practitioner should be involved. Base-line levels of PSA should be established before considering an herbal treatment (JAD).

Extracts (Couchgrass) — EO antimicrobial (KOM). Agropyrene broadly antibiotic (PNC). With antibiotic and diuretic activity proven in animals at least, the plant may be considered potentially useful in ‘-itises’, at least of the urinary tract. Commission E, sensu Blumenthal et al. (1998), approves 6–9 g dry quackgrass a day for “irrigation therapy for inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract and for the prevention (not treatment, JAD) of kidney gravel” (KOM). Commission E, sensu Gruenwald et al. (1998), approves 3–10 g quackgrass for bronchosis, cold, cough, fever, infection, pharyngosis, stomatosis, and UTI. Extracts diuretic and sedative in rats and mice, respectively. Ethanol extract weekly is antiedemic and antiinflammatory. Flavonoids possibly phytotoxic (CAN).

COWITCH, COWHAGE, VELVETBEAN
(Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) ++
Activities (Cowitch) — Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analgesic (f; DAV); Anthelminthic (1; KAB; MPI; PH2; SUW); Antidotal (f; DAV; DEP); Antiinflammatory (f; KAB); Antispasmodic (1; HHB; MPI; PH2); Aphrodisiac (1; DEP; HHB; SUW); Astringent (f; WOI); Cardiodepressant (1; PH2); Car- minative (f; PH2); Depurative (f; DEP); Diuretic (f; HHB; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; HHB; WOI); Fungicide (1; MPI); Hemostat (f; UPW); Histaminic (1; MPI; PH2); Hyperkinetic (1; MPI); Hypocholesterolemic (f; HHB); Hypoglycemic (1; MPI; PH2); Hypotensive (1; HHB; MPI; PH2); Insecticide (1; MPI; WOI); Laxative (f; KAB; SUW; WOI); Nervine (f; DAV; SUW); Neurotonic (1; HHB); Peristaltic (1; PH2); Proteolytic (1; HHB); Rubefacient (1; PH2); Spasmogenic (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; DEP; HHB); Tonic (f; DEP; HHB; KAB; SUW); Uterotonic (f; HHB); Vasodilator (1; WOI); Vermifuge (f; DAV; DEP; SUW).
Indications (Cowitch) — Amenorrhea (f; WOI); Anasarca (f; DAV); Arthrosis (f; UPW); Asthma (f; DAV); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; DAV); Bleeding (f; UPW); Cancer (1; ABS; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; HHB; WOI); Cholera (f; DEP; HHB; SUW); Colic (f; UPW); Cough (f; MAD); Cramp (1; HHB; MPI; PH2); Debility (f; PH2); Delirium (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Dention (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Diabetes (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; DEP; HHB; SUW; WOI); Dysentery (f; HHB); Dysuria (f; DAV); Eczema (f; MAD); Elephantiasis (f; KAB; UPW; WOI); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epilepsy (1; ABS; HAD); Erysipelas (f; UPW); Fever (f; DEP; KAB; SUW; UPW); Fungus (1; DAV; MPI); Gas (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; KAB; PH2); Gout (f; HHB; UPW); Headache (f; KAB; UPW); Hemi- plegia (f; DEP); Hemorrhoid (f; UPW); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Herpes (f; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; HHB; MPI; PH2); High Cholesterol (f; HHB; PH2); Hives (f; MAD); Hyperglycemia (1; MPI; PH2); Impotence (1; HHB; UPW); Infection (1; MPI); Infertility (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; KAB); Insanity (f; DAV); Itch (f; HHB; MAD); Jaundice (f; MAD); Leprosy (f; UPW); Leukorrhea (f; DEP); Miscarriage (f; UPW); Myalgia (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; MPI); Nephrosis (f; WOI); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Neurosis (f; WOI); Pain (f; DAV; KAB; PH2; UPW); Paralysis (f; DEP); Parkinson’s Disease (1; FAD; PR2:419); Parotosis (f; DAV); Pleurosis (f; DAV); Rheu- matism (f; PH2); Ringworm (f; DAV); Snakebite (f; DAV; KAB); Sore (f; KAB; WOI); Sper- matorrhea (f; DEP); Sterility (f; PH2); Sting (f; HHB; KAB); Swelling (f; MAD); Syphilis (f; UPW); Toothache (f; UPW); Tuberculosis (f; KAB; UPW); Ulcus cruris (f; MAD); Urethrosis (f; UPW); Uterosis (f; KAB); VD (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; HHB; WOI); Worm (f; DAV; DEP; PH2; SUW).
Dosages (Cowitch) — 0.5 drachm–40 grains for leukorrhea or spermatorrhea (DEP); 0.6–4 g honey or syrup with stinging hairs for worms, for 2–3 days in the a.m. (HHB); 1.5–2.5 g powdered seed (KAP); 0.625–1.25 g stinging hairs (KAP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cowitch) — Not covered (AHP). Beware of stinging hairs. The potent antiparkinsonian effect is not entirely due to L-dopa. A seed

fraction, devoid of L-dopa, showed significant antiparkinsonian activity intraperitoneally at 200 mg/kg.

COW PARSNIP (Heracleum sphondylium L.) +
Activities (Cow Parsnip) — Allergenic (1; FNF; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; HHB); Antiseptic (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; HHB); Expectorant (f; PH2); Laxative (f; DEM); Mutagenic (1; HHB); Phototoxic (1; PH2); Poison (1; DEM); Spasmogenic (1; HHB); Tonic (f; DEM).
Indications (Cow Parsnip) — Arthrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Asthma (f; FAD); Bacteria (1; HHB); Backache (f; DEM); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DEM; FAD); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2); Chancre (f; DEM); Cholera (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM; MIC; PH2); Colic (f; FAD); Convulsion (f; DEM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; DEM; MAD); Cramp (f; FAD; MAD; PH2); Dandruff (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; DEM; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; FAD; PH2); Dyspnea (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD; PH2); Epilepsy (f; FAD; MAD); Flu (f; MIC); Gas (f; FAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; HHB; PH2); Gray Hair (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM; FAD); Hip (f; DEM); HIV (1; FAD); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Hysteria (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; MAD); Leukemia (1; FAD); Myalgia (f; DEM; PH2); Neuralgia (f; DEM); Neurasthenia (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; MAD); Pain (f; DEM; HHB); Parotosis (f; DEM); Penis (f; DEM); Psoriasis (1; FAD); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; FAD); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Seborrhea (f; HHB); Smallpox (f; DEM); Sore (f; FAD); Sore Throat (f; DEM; FAD); Splenosis (f; HHB; JLH); Swelling (f; DEM; FAD); Syncope (f; DEM); Syphilis (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (1; HHB; MIC); Tumor (f; JLH); VD (f; DEM); Vitiligo (1; HHB); Wart (f; JLH); Worm (f; DEM; HHB); Wound (f; DEM).
Dosages (Cow Parsnip) — Powdered root (1 tsp/day over a long period) was taken, along with a strong tea of the leaves and tops, for epilepsy (FAD); 2 g fluid extract (MAD); 30 drops tincture for cough, 3 tsp herb/2 glass cold water, steeped for 8 hours, and sipped throughout the day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cow Parsnip) — Not covered (AHP). Like many umbellifers, this one is serious phototoxic, the furanocoumarins causing blistering and exfoliation. Avoid sunshine, ultraviolet light, and solaria during administration (PH2). Root contains psoralen, under investigation for treatment of psoriasis, leukemia, and AIDS (FAD).

COWSLIP (Primula veris L.) ++
Synonym — P. officinalis (L.) Hill.
Activities (Cowslip) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Analgesic (1; APA; CAN); Antigranulation (1; APA; CAN); Antihistaminic (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN); Antioxidant (1; PNC); Antiradicular (1; PNC); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CAN; HH2); Aperient (f; PNC); Astringent (1; APA; CAN); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cardiotonic (f; APA; HH2); Decongestant (1; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; HH2; PH2; PNC); Expectorant (2; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP);
Fungicide (1; HH2); Hemolytic (1; CAN); Hypertensive (1; APA; CAN); Hypnotic (f; CAN); Hypotensive (1; APA; CAN); Laxative (1; APA; HH2); Narcotic (f; MAD); Nervine (f; HH2); Neurotonic (f; PH2); Piscicide (1; HH2); Secretolytic (2; KOM; PIP); Sedative (f; APA; HH2; PNC); Vulnerary (1; APA).

Indications (Cowslip) — Adenopathy (f; MAD); Anxiety (f; APA; CAN; PH2); Apoplexy (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Asthma (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (2; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Catarrh (2; HH2; KOM; MAD; PH2; PIP); Cold (1; APA); Congestion (1; APA); Conjunctivosis (f; MAD); Constipation (1; APA; HH2); Cough (2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; APA; CAN; HH2; PH2); Croup (f; MAD); Cystosis (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Derma- tosis (f; PH2); Dizziness (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; HH2); Exanthema (f; HH2); Fungus (1; HH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; CAN); Hysteria (f; CAN; HH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (1; APA; CAN); Insomnia (f; APA; CAN; HH2; PH2; PNC); Low Blood Pressure (1; APA; CAN); Migraine (f; HH2; PH2); Mycosis (1; HH2); Myocardosis (f; HH2); Nephrosis (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Neuralgia (f; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2); Nervousness (f; APA; CAN; HH2; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; JLH); Pain (1; APA; CAN); Palsy (f; PH2); Pertussis (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Pyelosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP);
Rheumatism (f; MAD; PH2); Sore (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; HH2); Stomatosis (1; HH2); Stress (1; APA); Trachoma (f; MAD); Tremor (f; PHR; PH2); Vertigo (f; HH2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (1; APA; HH2; PH2; PNC); Wound (f; MAD);
Yeast (1; HH2).
Dosages (Cowslip) — 1–2 g flower as tea 3 /day (APA; CAN; HH2); 2–4 g flower (KOM; PH2; PIP); 1–2 ml liquid flower extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (APA; CAN); 2.5–7.5 g flower tincture (KOM; PIP); 0.5–1.5 g root (KOM; PIP); 0.2–0.5 g finely cut root (PH2); 1.5–3 g root tincture (KOM; PIP).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cowslip) — Class 1 (AHP). Occasional GI distress and nausea recorded (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports for flower, contraindications: hypersensitivity; adverse effects: GI disturbances (occasionally). For root, GI disturbances (occasionally) (AEH; KOM). The Herbal PDR lists diarrhea, gastric discomfort, nausea, and queasiness as side effects of the root (PH2). CAN cautions the quinones are allergenic. May interfere with blood pressure therapy (CAN).

CRAMPBARK (Viburnum opulus L.) ++

PH2 was nice with this one, treating the American Viburnum prunifolium and ignoring the European
V. opulus. Both seem to be very good cramp barks.

Activities (Crampbark) — Antiabortive (f; MAD); Antispasmodic (1; FAD; WAM); Astringent (1; FAD); Diuretic (f; APA); Emetic (1; FAD); Hypotensive (f; APA); Laxative (1; FAD; MAD); Myorelaxant (f; APA); Sedative (f; APA); Uterorelaxant (1; FAD).
Indications (Crampbark) — Adenopathy (f; APA); Asthma (f; APA); Backache (f; MAD); Bleed- ing (f; DEM; MAD); Blood (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Climacteric (f; MAD); Cold (f; DEM; MAD); Colic (f; APA); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (1; FAD); Cough (1; MAD; WAM); Cramp (1; DEM; FAD; WAM); Dysmenorrhea (1; FAD; MAD; WAM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; MAD); Fever (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (1; WAM); Heart (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; DEM); High Blood Pressure (f; APA); Hysteria (f; MAD); Impotence (f; MAD); Infertility (f; MAD); Insomnia (f; APA); Miscarriage (f; APA); Mumps (f; APA); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Nervousness (f; APA); Odontosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Parotosis (f; DEM); Prolapse (f; DEM); Sore (f; MAD); Stomachache (f; DEM); Swelling (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; DEM; MAD); Water Retention (f; APA).
Dosages (Crampbark) — 15 g/bark/750 ml water (APA); 1 tsp tincture/cup water to 3 /day (APA); 2–4 g bark in decoction (HH3); 2–8 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 1.8–3.5 g fl extract (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Crampbark) — Class 1 (AHP). “Canadian regulations do not allow crampbark as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995). Not for use by anyone with kidney stones (WAM). Large overdoses may cause coma, dry mouth, dyspnea, irregular movements, nausea, and irregular speech.

CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpum Aiton) +++
Synonym — Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pers.
Activities (Cranberry) — Antiaggregant (1; JNU); Antibacterial (1; FNF; SKY); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antiscorbutic (1; CEB); Antiseptic (1; FAD; PED); Bitter (PED); Diuretic (f; CEB; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; LEL); Laxative (f; CEB); Urinary Antiseptic (1; FAD).
Indications (Cranberry) — Adenopathy (f; FEL); Bacteria (1; FNF; SKY); Bladder Infection (2; SKY); Boil (f; FEL); Cancer (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, cheek (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; JNU); Caries (1; JNU); Constipation (f; CEB); Cystosis (2; SKY); Dermatosis (f; FEL); Diabetes (1; LEL); Diarrhea (f; CEB); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; CEB); Erysipelas (f; CEB; FEL); Escherichia (1; JNU); Fever (f; CEB); Gout (f; JAD); Heli- cobacter (1; JNU); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Hyperglycemia (1; LEL); Infection (1; JNU); Inflammation (f; CEB; FEL); Mastosis (f; JLH); Nausea (f; CEB); Nephrosis (2; PED; SKY); Pleurisy (f; CEB; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Pyelonephrosis (f; APA); Salmonella (1; JNU); Scarlatina (f; FEL); Sore (f; FEL); Sore Throat (f; FEL); Staphylococcus (1; JNU); Swelling (f; FEL); Tonsilosis (f; FEL); Urethrosis (2; SKY); UTI (2; FAD; JNU); Water Retention (f; CEB; PED); Wound (f; CEB).
Dosages (Cranberry) — 3 fluid oz (90 ml) fruit juice/day (APA preventative); 12–32 fluid oz fruit juice/day (APA curative); 1 oz cranberry juice cocktail = 2 capsules (APA); 5–20 oz/day; 800 mg capsules; 2–4 (505 mg) capsules 3 /day; 2–3 (505 mg) capsules StX with meals (APA); 1/2 cup fresh fruit (PED); 1 tbsp dry fruit (PED); 15 g dry fruit:20 ml alcohol/130 ml water (PED).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cranberry) — Strangely (AHP) omitted this from their Botanical Safety Handbook, but I suppose they would call it Class 1. The Commission E and herbal PDR apparently also ignored this excellent food farmaceutical too (KOM; PHR). Ingestion of ridiculous amounts (3–4 liters a day) may cause diarrhea and other GI disorders (LRNP,

Aug. 1987). Lininger et al. (1998) say it is safe for use during pregnancy and lactation. Should not be used as an antibiotic substitute during acute UTI (SKY).
Extracts (Cranberry) — Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium spp have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also inhibitory xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts were highly active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. Ribes nigrum extracts exhibited most activity, being the richest in both anthocyanins and polyphenols. But Ribes rubrum extracts seem to contain more active sub- stances (X1332092).

CRANESBILL (Geranium maculatum L.) ++

Activities (Cranesbill) — Antiseptic (1; CEB; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC; PH2); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Hemostat (1; CRC; PH2); Tonic (1; HHB; PH2); Vulnerary (f; CEB).
Indications (Cranesbill) — Bleeding (1; CRC; HHB; PH2); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; CEB; DEM; FNF); Chancre (f; DEM); Cheilosis (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CEB; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CEB; DEM); Diabetes (f; CEB); Diarrhea (1; CRC; PH2); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CEB; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CEB); Flux (f; CRC); Gingivosis (1; CRC; DEM); Hematuria (f; CEB); Hemoptysis (f; CEB); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; PH2); Itch (f; DEM); Leukorrhea (f; CEB; CRC); Malaria (f; CEB); Menorrhagia (1; PH2); Metrorrhagia (1; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; HHB); Neuralgia (f; DEM); Palate (1; HHB); Plague (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; CRC); Pyorrhea (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC; DEM); Sore Throat (1; CRC; DEM); Stomatosis (f; CEB; CRC; HHB); Swelling (f; CRC); Toothache (f; CRC; DEM); Trench Mouth (f; DEM); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC; PH2); VD (f; DEM);
Water Retention (f; CRC); Wound (f; CRC); Yeast (1; DEM; FNF).
Dosages (Cranesbill) — 0.5 tsp in cold water for hemoptysis (CEB); 60–300 mg dry extract (MAD); 0.5–2 ml liquid extract (MAD); 1–2 ml liquid extract 3 /day (PH2); 1–2 g 3 /day (PH2); 2–4 ml tincture 3 /day (PH2).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cranesbill) — Class 1 (AHP). “Health haz- ards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CREAT (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees.) +
Synonym — Justicia paniculata Burm. f.
Activities (Creat) — Abortifacient (1; KEB); Adaptogen (f; KEB); Adrenocortical Stimulant (1; KEB); Alterative (f; SKJ); Analgesic (1; MAB; WO2); Anthelmintic (1; MAB); Antiaggregant (2; KEB); Antiandrogenic (1; KEB); Antiatherosclerotic (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; KEB); Anti-
HIV (1; MAB); Antifertility (1; KEB); Antiinflammatory (2; KEB; MAB); Antiischemic (1; KEB; MAB); Antileukemic (1; MAB); Antioxidant (1; MAB); Antipyretic (2; KEB; MAB); Antiradicular (1; MAB); Antiseptic (f; WO2); Antiserotonin (2; KEB); Antispermatogenic (1; KEB); Antityphoid (1; WO2); Antiulcer (1; MAB); Bitter (2; KEB); Cholagogue (f; WO2); Choleretic (1; KEB); Contraceptive (1; KEB); Depurative (f; WO2); Fibrinolytic (1; KEB); Fungicide (1; WO2); Hepatoprotective (1; KEB; MAB); Hypoglycemic (1; KEB; MAB); Hypotensive (1; MAB); Immunostimulant (1; KEB; MAB); Phagocytotic (1; MAB); Stomachic (f; SKJ); Tonic (f; SKJ).
Indications (Creat) — Anorexia (F; MAB); Atherosclerosis (1; KEB; MAB); Bacteria (1; KEB; WO2); Bronchosis (f; WO2); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Cardiopathy (f; KEB); Cholera (f; WO2); Cold (1; MAB); Debility (f; WO2); Dermatosis (F; MAB); Diabetes (f; MAB; WO2); Diarrhea (1; MAB); Dog Bite (f; SKJ); Dysentery (2; KEB; MAB); Dyspepsia (f; MAB; SKJ); Enterosis (2; KEB; MAB); Escherichia (1; WO2); Fever (2; KEB; MAB); Flu (f; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; WO2); Hepatosis (2; KEB; MAB); High Blood Pressure (1; MAB); HIV (1; MAB); Hyperglycemia (1; KEB; MAB); Immunodepression (1; KEB; MAB); Infection (1; KEB; WO2); Inflammation (2; KEB; MAB); Ischemia (1; MAB); Itch (f; SKJ); Jaundice (f; WO2); Leprosy (2; KEB); Leptospirosis (2; KEB); Leukemia (1; MAB); Malaria (1; KEB); Mycosis (1; WO2); Nephrosis (2; KEB); Pain (1; MAB; WO2); Pharyngosis (2; KEB; MAB); Pyelonephrosis (2; KEB); Respirosis (2; KEB; MAB); Restenosis (1; KEB); Salmonella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (2; MAB); Snakebite (2; KEB; MAB); Sore (f; SKJ); Sore Throat (2; KEB); Splenosis (f; SKJ); Stenosis (1; KEB; MAB); Swelling (f; WO2); Syphilis (f; SKJ); Tonsilosis (2; KEB; MAB); Tuberculosis (2; KEB); Ulcer (1; MAB); UTI (2; MAB); Vitiligo (f; WO2); Worm (1; KEB).
Dosages (Creat) — 1.5–6 g dry herb/day or 3–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (KEB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Creat) — Class 2b (abortifacient); large oral doses may cause GI distress, anorexia, and emesis (AHP; KEB). Contraindicated in pregnancy (KEB). Urticaria is a rare side effect (4%) (MAB). Andrographolides LD50 = 13,400–40,000 mg/kg orl (MAB).

CUBEB (Piper cubeba L. f.) ++
Activities (Cubeb) — Antibacterial (1; MPI); Antiseptic (1; MPI; PH2); Antiviral (1; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; MAD; PH2); Astringent (1; PH2); Carminative (f; DEP; MAD); Diuretic (f; DEP; PNC); Expectorant (1; DEP; PH2; PNC); Fungicide (1; MPI); Laxative (f; MAD); Litholytic (f; MAD); Memorigenic (f; PH2); Sedative (f; WOI); Stimulant (f; DEP); Tonic (f; IHB); Urinary Antiseptic (1; WOI); Vibriocide (1; MPI).

Indications (Cubeb) — Ameba (1; PNC); Amnesia (f; DAA); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; MPI; WOI); Blennorrhea (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; HH2; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; WOI); Childbirth (f; IHB); Cystosis (f; MAD); Diabetes (f; DAA); Dizziness (f; PH2); Dysentery (1; DEP; PNC); Dysuria (f; SKJ); Enterosis (1; DAA); Epididymosis (f; MAD); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Escherichia (1; MPI); Fungus (1; MPI); Gas (f; DEP; HH2; MAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; MAD; WOI); Headache (f; HH2; PH2); Heatstroke (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; MPI); Inflammation (f; PH2); Insomnia (f; WOI); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Mucososis (f; PH2; WOI); Mycosis (1; MPI); Nausea (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Nervousness (f; WOI); Pertussis (f; SKJ); Prostatosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; SKJ; WOI); Salmonella (1; MPI); Sore Throat (f; WOI); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Stomachache (f; HH2); Stomatosis (f; DEP; JLH); Stone (f; MAD); Urethrosis (f; WOI); Uterosis (f; MAD); UTI (f; PH2); VD (f; DEP; WOI); Vertigo (f; MAD; PH2); Vibrio (1; MPI); Virus (1; PNC);
Water Retention (f; DEP; PNC).
Dosages (Cubeb) — 2–4 g powdered fruits/day (HH2; PH2); 0.25–5 g/day (MAD); 2–4 ml 1:5 tincture (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cubeb) — Class 2d (AHP). Contraindi- cated in nephrosis (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). More than 8 g may irritate bladder, kidney, and urogenitals, causing albu- minuria, cardialgia, cramps, dermatosis, diarrhea, nausea, rash, and vomiting (MAD; HH2; PH2).

CUCKOOPINT, ARUM (Arum maculatum L.) X
Activities (Cuckoopint) — Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2); Laxative (f; GMH); Mucoirritant (f; PH2); Poison (1; EFS; PH2); Stomachic (f; EFS); Vesicant (f; GMH).
Indications (Cuckoopint) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cold (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; GMH); Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Fungus (f; GMH); Hoarseness (f; GMH); Inflammation (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (f; GMH); Sore Throat (f; GMH; PH2).
Dosages (Cuckoopint) — Why bother; too dangerous (JAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cuckoopint) — Not covered (AHP). Cyanide and oxalates make it too risky for any potential benefits.

CUDWEED (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.) ++
Synonym — Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz.
Activities (Cudweed) — Antidepressant (f; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; PH2); Astringent (1; PH2); Hypotensive (f; PH2); Stomachic (1; PH2).
Indications (Cudweed) — Asthma (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DEM); Depression (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; HHB); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Lumbago (f; HHB); Neurosis (f; HHB); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Sciatica (f; HHB); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cudweed) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CULEBRA (Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.) X
Synonym — Methysticodendron amesianum R. E. Schultes.
Activities (Culebra) — Deliriant (1; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Intoxicant (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Psychotropic (f; CRC).
Indications (Culebra) — Arthrosis (f; CRC); Chill (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC); Divination (f; CRC); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Infection (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC).

CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.) +++

Synonym — C. odorum Salisb.
Activities (Cumin) — Abortifacient (f; BIB; PH2); Analgesic (1; BIB; DEP; PHR; PH2); Anesthetic (1; BIB); Anthelminthic (f; BIB; KAB); Antiaggregant (1; PHR; PH2); Antibacterial (f; BIB; LAF); Antibilious (f; BIB); Antidote (f; BIB); Antifertility (f; PHR; PH2); Antiin- flammatory (1; BIB); Antioxidant (1; BIB; LAF); Antiseptic (1; BIB; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; BIB; EFS; PHR; PH2); Antitumor (1; BIB); Aperitif (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; HHB; KAB; PH2); Apoptotic (1; X10675556); Astringent (f; DEP; JFM; SUW; WOI); Carminative (1; DEP; EFS; PH2; SUW); Decongestant (f; JFM); Diaphoretic (1; BIB; EFS); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; BIB; HHB; JFM; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; EFS; PH2); Estrogenic (1; PHR; PH2); Fungicide (1; PHR; PH2); Lactagogue (f; EFS; HHB; JFM; KAP; PH2); Larvicide (f; BIB); Mutagenic (f; BIB; PH2); Photodermatitic (1; LAF); Stimulant (f; DEP; EFS; PH2; SUW); Stomachic (f; BIB; DEP; EFS; SUW); Tonic (f; BIB); Uterotonic (f; KAB); Vulnerary (f; BIB).
Indications (Cumin) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Anorexia (f; BIB); Asthma (f; BIB); Bacteria (f; BIB; LAF); Bite (f; DEP); Boil (f; BIB; KAB); Cancer (1; BIB; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, pancreas (1; JNU); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; BIB); Chill (f; BIB); Cold (f; BIB); Colic (f; BIB; PHR; PH2); Condylomata (f; BIB; JLH); Congestion (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; BIB); Constipation (f; BIB); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Corneal Opacity (f; BIB; KAB); Cough (f; BIB); Cramp (f; BIB; EFS; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Diarrhea

(f; BIB; PHR; PH2; SUW; WOI); Diuretic (f; JFM); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; DEP; SUW; WOI); Dysuria (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epistaxis (f; BIB); Fever (1; BIB; EFS); Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; PHR; PH2); Gas (1; BIB; DEP; EFS; JFM; PH2; SUW);
Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; BIB; DEP; KAB); Headache (f; BIB; PHR; PH2); Hema- tochezia (f; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB; JLH); Hiccup (f; BIB; KAB); Impotence (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; BIB); Leprosy (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Leukemia (1; X10675556); Leukoderma (f; BIB; KAB); Mastosis (f; SKJ); Mycosis (1; PHR; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Orchosis (f; JLH; JFM); Pain (1; BIB; DEP; PHR; PH2); Palpitation (f; BIB); Parotosis (f; BIB; JLH); Puerperium (f; BIB); Rheu- matism (f; PHR); Scabies (f; BIB; KAB); Sclerosis (f; BIB; JLH); Scorpion Sting (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; SUW); Sore (f; BIB; KAB); Spasm (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH; KAB); Sple- nomegaly (f; BIB; KAB); Stomachache (f; BIB); Stone (f; PH2); Stye (f; BIB); Syncope (f; BIB); Swelling (f; SKJ); Tachycardia (f; BIB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Tumor (1; BIB); Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; BIB; JLH); VD (f; JLH); Wart (f; BIB; JLH); Water Retention (f; BIB; HHB; JFM; PH2); Whitlow (f; BIB; JLH); Worm (f; BIB; KAB).
Dosages (Cumin) — 300–600 mg (HHB); 0.06–0.2 ml (HHB); 5–10 fruits (PHR); 300 to 600 gm (PHR) (I’m sure they did not mean that, that’s 1–2 pounds, close to a lethal dose, I’d bet); corrected in PH2 to 300–600 mg (= 5–10 fruit).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cumin) — Class 1 (AHP). None noted (PHR). Not covered (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CUPMOSS (Cladonia pyxidata (L.) E. Fries.) ++
Activities (Cupmoss) — Antitussive (f; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2).
Indications (Cupmoss) — Bronchosis (f; PH2); Cough (f; EFS; PH2); Pertussis (f; EFS; PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cupmoss) — Not covered (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

CUP-PLANT (Silphium perfoliatum L.) +
Activities (Cup-Plant) — Alterative (f; EFS; FEL); Analgesic (f; FAD); Antiemetic (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Emetic (f; FAD); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Restorative (f; EFS; FEL); Stimulant (f; FEL); Tonic (f; EFS; FEL; PH2).
Indications (Cup-Plant) — Ague (f; FEL); Amenorrhea (f; DEM); Backache (f; DEM; FAD); Bruise (f; FAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Chest Ache (f; DEM; FAD); Cold (f; FAD); Cramp (f; FEL); Debility (f; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Fever (f; EFS; FAD; FEL; PH2); Halitosis (f; FEL); Headache (f; DEM); Head Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Hemoptysis (f; FAD); Hepatosis (f; FAD); Lumbago (f; DEM); Malaria (f; FEL); Menorrhagia (f; FAD); Neuralgia (f; FAD); Pain (f; DEM; FAD); Paralysis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; FAD); Splenosis (f; FAD); Ulcer (f; FAD); Vomiting (f; DEM).
Dosages (Cup-Plant) — 20 grains powdered root (FEL).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cup-Plant) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

CURRYLEAF (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) +

Synonyms — Bergera koenigii L., Chalcas koenigii (L.) Kurz.
Activities (Curryleaf) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (f; KAB); Anthelminthic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; MPI; TAD); Antibilious (f; DEP); Antipyretic (f; DEP); Antiseptic (1; MPI); Antispasmodic (1; MPI); Antiulcer (1; TAD); Astringent (f; KAB); Carminative (f; DEP; WOI); Hypertensive (1; MPI); Hypoglycemic (1; MPI); Immunostimulant (1; WOI); Laxative (f; KAB); Phagocytotic (1; WOI); Protisticide (1; MPI); Stomachic (f; DEP; SKJ); Tonic (f; DEP; SKJ).
Indications (Curryleaf) — Ameba (1; MPI); Bacteria (1; MPI; TAD); Biliousness (f; DEP); Bite (f; DEP); Blood (f; KAB); Bruise (f; WOI); Cramp (1; MPI); Dermatosis (f; DEP; WOI); Diabetes (1; MPI); Diarrhea (f; SKJ); Dysentery (f; DEP; SKJ); Fever (f; DEP; KAB); Gas (f; DEP; WOI); Gastrosis (1; TAD); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hyperglycemia (1; MPI); Immunodepression (1; WOI); Infection (1; TAD); Inflammation (f; KAB); Itch (f; KAB); Leukemia (1; ABS); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Low Blood Pressure (1; MPI); Malaria (f; DEP); Melanoma (1; ABS); Nausea (f; SKJ); Nephrosis (f; SKJ); Pain (f; KAB; SKJ); Snakebite (f; KAB); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Thirst (f; KAB); Ulcer (1; TAD); Vomiting (f; DEP); Worm (f; KAB).
Extracts (Curryleaf) — The 50% ethanolic extracts showed antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica and antispasmodic activity on guinea pig ileum (no anticancer, antiviral, or CNS effects, nor hypolipemic activity). Aqueous extracts (= tea) of leaves hypoglycemic in normal and alloxan diabetic dogs (MPI). Aqueous extracts inhibit ethanol-induced stomach ulcers (TAD). Leaf EO antibacterial against B. subtilis (at 2000 ppm), C. pyogenes (at 2000 ppm), P. vulgaris, Pasteurella multicida, and Staphylococcus aureus (at 2000 ppm) (MPI). Leaf EO fungicidal against Aspergillus fumigatis, A. niger, Candida albicans (at 2000 ppm), C. tropicalis, and Microsporum gypseum (MPI). Ethanolic extract (leaf) active against Colletotrichum falcatum and Rhizoctonia solani (MPI).

CYCLAMEN (Cyclamen europaeum L. emend. Ait.) +
Activities (Cyclamen) — Aphrodisiac (f; EFS); Emetic (f; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; HHB); Laxative (f; EFS; WOI); Stimulant (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS).
Indications (Cyclamen) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, nostril (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Chlorosis (f; HHB); Constipation (f; EFS); CVI (f; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f;

PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; JLH); Mastosis (f; HHB); Menorrhagia (f; HHB); Migraine (f; PH2); Neuralgia (f; HHB); Neurosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; HHB); PMS (f; PH2); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH; HHB); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH).
Dosages (Cyclamen) — Do not take in anything more than a homeopathic dosage.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cyclamen) — Not covered (AHP). As little as 300 mg can lead to diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, and vomiting. Higher spasmogenic doses can cause asphyxiation (PH2).

CYPRESS (MEDITERRANEAN) (Cupressus sempervirens L.) ++
Synonym — C. sempervirens var. stricta Aiton.
Activities (Cypress) — Anthelminthic (f; WOI); Antiseptic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; HHB); Dia- phoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Expectorant (1; EFS; PH2); Hemostat (f; EFS); Insectifuge (f; WOI); Pectoral (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; KAB); Vasoconstrictor (f; EFS).
Indications (Cypress) — Bleeding (f; EFS); Bronchosis (f; HHB; PH2); Cold (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Diarrhea (1; HHB); Fever (f; EFS); Hemorrhoid (1; HHB; KAB); Infection (f; EFS); Pertussis (f; EFS; WOI); Varicosis (1; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; HHB).
Dosages (Cypress) — 0.5–2 g fluid extract (HHB); 0.15–0.2 g aqueous extract (HHB).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cypress) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Large doses may irritate kidney (PH2).

CYPRESS SPURGE (Euphorbia cyparissias L.) X

Activities (Cypress Spurge) — Allergenic (1; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (1; PH2); Toxic (1; PH2).

Indications (Cypress Spurge) — Acrochordon (f; JLH); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Constipation (f; PH2); Corn (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Eczema (f; HHB); Erysipelas (f; HHB); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Immunodepression (1; PH2); Itch (f; HHB); Psoriasis (f; HHB); Respirosis (f; PH2); Stomachache (f; HHB); Toothache (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wart (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; PH2); Wen (f; JLH).
Dosages (Cypress Spurge) — Avoid!
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cypress Spurge) — Not covered (AHP). Canadian regulations do not allow euphorbias in food (HHB). I too, think most of them are too dangerous to take. Ingenan esters are cocarcinogenic and proflammatory. Milk (“chyle” in PH2) can cause blisters, burns, itch, and reddening (PH2).

D
DAFFODIL (Narcissus tazetta L.) X
Synonym — Narcissus canaliculatus Guss.
Hager’s Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis suggests that this species and N. pseudonarcissus
share the same activities and indications (HHB).
Activities (Daffodil) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; HHB); Analgesic (f; BIB; CRC); Analeptic (1; FNF); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; X10869205); Anticancer (1; CRC; FNF; X3802955); Antidote (f; BIB); Anti-HIV (1; X10934347); Antiinflammatory (f; CRC); Antileukemic (1; X3368194); Antimitotic (1; X5340258); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antisyncytial (1; X11012085); Antiviral (1; CRC; HHB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Cholinergic (1; FNF); Convulsant (1; DAA); Cytotoxic (1; CRC); Demulcent (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emetic (1; CRC; DEP; FNF); Hemaglutinant (1; X10945441); Laxative (f; CRC); Memorigenic (1; BRU; FNF); Neurotonic (1; FNF); Paralytic (1; DAA); Peristaltic (1; FNF); Poison (1; CRC; DAA); Sedative (1; FNF); Sialagogue (1; FNF).
Indications (Daffodil) — Abscess (f; CRC; DAA); Alzheimer’s (1; FNF; X10869205); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Cancer (1; CRC; FNF; HHB; X3802955); Cancer, breast (1; BIB; FNF); Cancer, ear (1; BIB; FNF); Cancer, lung (1; X3802955); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Constipation (f; CRC); Cramp (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dysentery (f; HHB); Epilepsy (f; BIB); Esophagosis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Fit (f; BIB); Headache (f; DEP); HIV (1; X10934347); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; CRC; DAA); Insomnia (1; FNF); Itch (f; CRC); Leukemia (1; X3368194); Mastosis (f; CRC); Myasthenia (1; FNF); Nervousness (1; FNF); Neurosis (1; FNF); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (f; BIB; CRC; DAA); Pertussis (f; HHB); Polio (1; ABS); Rhinosis (f; HHB); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Sinew (f; JLH); Sore (f; CRC HHB); Swelling (f; CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; CRC; HHB; X10934347); Water Retention (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Daffodil) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2).

241

DAMIANA (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) ++

Synonym — Turnera microphylla Desv. ex Ham.
Activities (Damiana) — Antiaging (f; APA); Antidepressant (f; APA; SKY); Aphrodisiac (f; APA; CRC; PED; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; HHB); CNS-Depressant (f; CRC); CNS-Stimulant (f; CRC; HHB; LAF); Depurative (f; PED); Diuretic (f; CRC; GMH; PED); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Energizer (f; APA); Expectorant (f; CRC; GMH; PED); Euphoric (f; APA; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; APA); Laxative (f; CAN; CRC; GMH; SKY); Stimulant (f; APA; CRC; GMH); Thymoleptic (f; CAN); Tonic (f; APA; CRC; GMH; PED).
Indications (Damiana) — Amaurosis (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Anxiety (f; APA); Asthma (f; APA); Atony (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; PED); Colic (f; MAD); Constipation (f; APA; CRC; SKY); Cough (f; APA; CRC; PED); Depression (f; APA; SKY); Diabetes (f; APA; CRC); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PED); Dyspepsia (f; CAN; CRC); Enuresis (f; CRC; PED); Headache (f; APA; CRC; MAD; PED); Frigidity (f; APA); Impotence (f; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Incontinence (f; MAD); Infertility (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; MAD); Migraine (f; CRC; MAD); Nephrosis (f; APA; PED); Neurasthenia (f; CRC; MAD); Neurosis (f; CRC; MAD); Orchosis (f; CRC); Paralysis (f; CRC; MAD); Prostatosis (f; MAD); Sperma- torrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Stomachache (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC; GMH; PED).
Dosages (Damiana) — 1–2 (400 mg) capsules (APA); 400–800 mg capsule 3 /day (SKY); 2–3 ml tincture 3 /day (SKY); 1 dropperful tincture (APA); 2–4 g shoot as tea 3 /day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid shoot extract (CAN); 1 tsp fresh leaf (PED); 0.5 g dry leaf (PED); 1 g leaf/cup water/3
/day (SKY); 0.5 g dry leaf:3 g alcohol/2 ml water (PED); 2–4 ml liquid extract; damiana extract BPC 0.3–0.6 g (PNC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Damiana) — Class 1 (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) “No significant adverse effects. Persons claiming to experience damiana-induced hallucinations should be monitored closely” (LRNP, Feb 1989). CAN reports convulsions from high dose (one report only), quinones, and cyanogenic glycosides. Because of possibility of cyanogenic glycosides and risk of cyanide toxicity in high doses, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with hypoglycemic therapy (CAN). Leaves laxative, may loosen stool in large doses. Volatile oils diuretic, expectorant, and laxative; irritate mucous membranes and increase the production of, while decreasing the thickness of, fluids produced by these membranes (PED). CNS-depressant; hypoglycemic (CAN); roots uteractive.

DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wigger f.) +++

Synonyms — Leontodon taraxacum L., Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf., T. vulgare Schrank.
Activities (Dandelion) — Allergenic (1; CAN); Alterative (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CRC; WOI); Antidote (f; AKT); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; CAN; SHT); Antioxidant (1; CRC; FNF); Antirheumatic (f; CAN); Antiseptic (1; CRC; FAD); Antispasmodic (f; SHT); Antitumor (1; CAN); Aperient (f; SUW); Aperitif (2; AKT; BGB; JFM; KOM; PIP); Aquaretic (SHT); Astringent (f; PED); Bifidogenic (1; AKT; FNF); Bitter (1; APA; PED; SHT; SUW); Candidicide (1; CRC; FAD); Carminative (2; APA; KOM); Cholagogue (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Cholekinetic (SHT); Choleretic (2; APA; KOM; SHT); Demulcent (f; FAD); Depurative (f; CRC; JFM); Detoxicant (f; AKT); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; KAP); Digestive (f; APA; SKY); Diuretic (2; AKT; APA; HH3; KOM; SUW; WAM); Hepatotonic (1; CAN; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN; CRC); Lactagogue (f; CRC; LMP; PED; PH2); Laxative (1; APA; CAN; SUW; WAM); Litholytic (f; PED); Natriuretic (f; JAD); Phototoxic (1; CRC); Prebiotic (1; AKT; FNF); Saluretic (2; BGB; HH3; PH2); Secretagogue (f; PH2); Sialagogue (1; APA); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (1; APA; CRC; PED); Tonic (f; BGB; CRC; SUW).
Indications (Dandelion) — Abscess (f; CRC; MAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Alactea (f; LMP; PH2); Alcoholism (f; SKY); Anemia (1; DEM; JFM; WAM); Anorexia (2; AKT; APA; BGB; JFM; KOM; PH2; PIP); Backache (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; CRC; WOI); Biliary Dyskinesia (2; PIP); Bladder Stone (2; KOM); Boil (f; CRC; LMP); Bronchosis (2; APA; LAF); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CAN; CRC); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, bowel (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida (1; CRC; FAD); Caries (f; CRC; LMP); Cardiopathy (f; APA); Catarrh (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (2; BGB; CRC; HH3; KOM; PH2); Cirrhosis (f; SKY); Cold (1; APA); Colic (1; PH2); Congestion (1; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; AKT); Constipation (1; APA; CAN; FAD; SKY; SUW; WAM); Cough (f; MAD); Cramp (f; DEM; SHT); Cystosis (1; WAM); Dermatosis

(f; APA; BGB; KAP; KOM; PH2); Diabetes (1; CRC; JFM; KOM; MAD; PH2); Dropsy (1; BGB;
DEM; KAP; MAD); Dysentery (f; AKT); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (2; APA; KAP; KOM; PH2; PIP); Eczema (f; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2); Fever (1; AKT; CRC; KAP; MAD); Flu (f; AKT); Gallstone (f; AKT; APA; CAN; PH2); Gas (2; APA; KOM; PH2); Gastrosis (f; APA; BGB; CRC);
Gout (f; CRC; KOM; PH2); Gravel (1; BGB; HH2); Heart (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; BGB; CRC; SKY); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; KOM; PH2); Hepatosis (2; JFM; KAP; HH3; KOM; PH2; SUW; WAM); High
Blood Pressure (1; CRC); Hyperglycemia (1; CAN; CRC); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Infection (f; AKT; APA); Inflammation (1; CAN; PH2; SHT); Itch (f; CRC; LMP); Jaundice (1; CAN; CRC; MAD; PH2); Kidney Stone (2; KOM; PH2; X7860196); Liver Spot (f; DEM); Mastosis (f; APA; PH2); Mucososis (f; MAD); Nephrosis (1; BGB; DEM; PH2; SUW); Neurosis (f; DEM); Obesity (f; APA; FAD); Oliguria (1; CAN); Osteoporosis (1; FNF); Pain (1; BGB; DEM; MAD); PMS (f; APA); Pneumonia (2; AYL; LAF); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Respirosis (2; APA; LAF); Rheumatism (f; APA; BGB; CAN; PHR); Scrofula (f; CRC; LMP); Side Ache (f; MAD); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (1; APA; CRC); Splenosis (f; AKT; BGB); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stone (2; PED; PHR; PH2; SHT); Swelling (1; CAN; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (1; MAD; PH2; WOI); Tumor (1; CAN); Ulcer (f; CRC); UTI (2 KOM; PH2; SHT); Vomiting (f; AKT); Wart (f; CRC); Water Retention (2; AKT; APA; HH3; KOM; SUW; WAM); Yeast (1; CRC; FAD).
Dosages (Dandelion) — 1–2 (for tea) to 3–4 (for decoction) tsp cut herb/150 ml water (PH2); 0.5 oz dry leaf/cup water (APA); 4–10 g dry leaf as tea 3 /day (CAN); 4–10 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 2–5 ml leaf tincture 3 /day (SKY); 1–2 tsp root/cup a.m. & p.m.; 0.5–1 g powdered root (KAP); 3–4 g powdered root (PIP); 1–3 tsp powdered root/cup water (APA); 0.25–0.5 cup fresh root (PED); 6–12 g dry root (PED); 9 g dry root:45 ml alcohol/45 mg water (PED); 3–5 g dry root 3 /day (APA); 2–8 g dry root as tea 3 /day (CAN); 28–56 ml root decoction (KAP); 5–10 ml root tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 10–15 drops root tincture (PIP); 1–2 tsp tincture to 3 /day (APA); 1 tbsp dandelion juice morning and evening (APA); 4–10 ml dandelion juice (CAN; PNC; SKY); 2–8 ml liquid extract (PNC); 3–4 g/day (SHT); 3 (510 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dandelion) — Class 2d (AHP). “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Commission E reports contraindications: biliary obstruction, empyema of gallbladder, ileus; adverse effects: gastric complaints and ulcers (AEH; CAN; SKY). Other contraindications reported: biliary inflammation (AEH). CAN cautions that the sesquiterpene lactones are allergenic and may cause dermatosis. May interfere with diuretic and hypoglycemic therapies (CAN). Herbs with diuretic properties, such as juniper and dandelion, can cause elevations in blood levels of lithium (D’epiro, 1997). Not for use with acute gallbladder problems (WAM). Use in cholelithiasis only under a doctor’s supervision (PIP). Blumenthal et al. (1998) caution that, “As with all drugs containing bitter substances, discomfort due to gastric hyperacidity may occur” (KOM). Do I need to write out this caveat for all the salubrious bitter herbs of the Bible; Warning: may cause hyperacidity and gastric distress? Flavonoids antiinflammatory; increase urine flow. Inulin and mucilage sooth digestive tract, absorb toxins, and regulate intestinal flora (help friendly flora thrive and inhibit unfriendly bacteria according to Pedersen (I’d like to see the proof; it is part of the prebiotic/probiotic story)), and relieve muscle spasm (PED). PH2 says the amaroids (bitter com- pounds) in dandelion are cholagogue (agreed) and secretolytic (disagreed; I think they are secretagogue rather than secretolytic; PH2 also says the drug is “secretion-stimulating”). Tillotson (AKT) notes that clinically, the leaf is a more effective diuretic than the root and a safer alternative to Lasix™. LD50 herb 28,800 ipr mouse (CAN); LD50 root 36,800 ipr mouse (CAN); Diuretic (herb>root).

DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.) X
Activities (Darnel) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD); Narcotic (1; CRC); Nephrotoxic (1; PHR); Poison (1; CRC).

Indications (Darnel) — Arthrosis (f; JLH; MAD); Bleeding (f; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, knee (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Colic (f; CRC); Condylomata (f; JLH); Cramp (f; PHR; PH2); Dermatosis (f; CRC; HHB); Dysuria (f; CRC; PH2); Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; PHR; PH2); Epistaxis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Fracture (f; BIB; CRC); Gangrene (f; BIB; CRC); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Incontinence (f; BIB; CRC; PH2); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Insomnia (f; PHR; PH2); Kernel (f; CRC); Leprosy (f; BIB; CRC); Lichen (f; MAD); Meningosis (f; BIB; CRC); Menopause (f; BIB; CRC); Migraine (f; BIB; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Pain (f; CRC; HHB; PHR); Paralysis (f; MAD); Polyuria (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; CRC; HHB); Sciatica (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC); Tenesmus (f; MAD); Toothache (f; BIB; CRC); Tremor (f; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vertigo (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); Wen (f; CRC).
Dosages (Darnel) — Don’t take it. Many of the indications and dosages are homeopathic only.
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Darnel) — Not covered (AHP). Can be toxic; no cases of poisoning are known in recent times (PHR). Symptoms include colic, confusion, cramping, delirium, diarrhea, gastroenterosis, headache, paralysis, somnolence, speech problems, staggering, tinnitus, vertigo, visual disorders, and rarely, death through respiratory failure (DEP; MAD; PH2). Mentioned only as food for Native Americans (DEM).

DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.) +++
Activities (Date) — Antipyretic (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; DEP); Candidicide (1; ABS); Contraceptive (f; BIB); Demulcent (f; BIB; DEP); Depurative (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; BIB); Emollient (f; BIB); Estrogenic (1; BIB; FNF); Expectorant (f; BIB); Fungicide (1; ABS); Laxative (f; BIB); Pectoral (f; BIB).
Indications (Date) — Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; BIB); Anemia (f; BIB); Asthma (f; BIB; KAB); Bronchosis (f; BIB; PH2); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Candida (1; ABS); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chest (f; BIB); Coma (f; KAB); Condylomata (f; BIB); Constipation (f; BIB); Cough (f; BIB; KAB); Diarrhea (f; BIB; DEP); Enterosis (f; KAB); Neurasthenia (f; BIB); Fever (f; BIB); Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; ABS); Gastrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; BIB; KAB); Halitosis (f; DEP); Headache (f; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; BIB); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (1; ABS); Infertility (f; BIB); Inflamation (f; PH2); Keratosis (f; DEP); Leprosy (f; KAB); Longevity (f; BIB); Mastosis (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; ABS); Nausea (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; BIB; PH2); Orchosis (f; JLH); Paralysis (f; KAB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pterygia (f; BIB); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Sore Throat (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; BIB; JLH); Sterility (f; BIB); Stomachache (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Thirst (f; BIB); Toothache (f; BIB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Urogeni- tosis (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wart (f; BIB); Water Retention (f; BIB); Whitlow (f; BIB); Wound (f; PH2); Yeast (1; ABS).
Dosages (Date) — Fruit is food farmacy (JAD).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Date) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). A 5% date extract was shown to have a better growth inhibition on C. albicans compared to amphotericin B. The date extract caused a leakage of cytoplasmic contents from the yeast cells. (Sallal A-K J, El-Teen K H A, Abderrahman S.; 1996).

DAYLILY (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) +
Synonyms — Hemerocallis fulva var. kwanso Regel, H. fulva var. rosea Stout, H. lilioasphodelus
var. fulva L.
Activities (Daylily) — Analgesic (f; DAA); Antiemetic (f; DAA); Anospasmodic (f; DAA); Depu- rative (f; DAA; WOI); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Hallucinogen (f; FAY); Hemopoietic (f; FAY); Schistosomicide (f; DAA); Sedative (f; DAA).
Indications (Daylily) — Adenopathy (f; FAY); Anemia (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; FAY); Cancer, breast (f; DAA); Childbirth (f; DAA); Cramp (f; DAA); Cystosis (f; FAY); Dropsy (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; DAA; FAY); Edema (f; FAY); Fever (f; DAA); Gout (f; FAY); Hematuria (f; FAY); Hemorrhoid (f; DAA); Hepatosis (f; FAY); Insomnia (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; FAY); Mastosis (f; DAA; FAY); Nervousness (f; DAA); Pain (f; DAA; FAY; WOI); Schistosomiasis (1; DAA); Stone (f; DAA); Swelling (f; FAY); Toothache (f; FAY); Vomiting (f; DAA).
Dosages (Daylily) — 4.5–6 g (30 g is way too much, possibly even a blinding dose of root) (FAY).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Daylily) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). While flower buds are considered edible, the roots of daylilies are generally considered toxic and should not be ingested. Overdoses may cause urinary incontinence, respiratory arrest, dilated pupils, and even blindness. Daylily root is not an “herb for self medication” (FAY). Hemerocallin is schistosomicidal. The Chinese name, translated to “forget-worry herb” may refer to the alleged hallucinogenic effect of eating large doses of the tender young leaf shoots (Foster and Yue, 1992).

DEATH ANGEL (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) +
Activities (Death Angel) — Abortifacient (1; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihistaminic (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antilymphe- demic (1; FNF); Antimelanomic (1; FNF); Antimetastatic (1; FNF); Antimitotic (1; FNF); Antimononuccleotic (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF); Antimycoplasmotic (1; FNF); Antipsit- tacotic (1; FNF); Antipsoriac (1; FNF); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Antispasmodic (1; FNF); Antitumor (1; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; JFM); Candidicide (1; FNF); Choleretic (1; FNF); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Digestive (f; JFM); Emetic (1; FNF); Emmenagogue (1; FNF); Estrogenic (1; FNF); Expectorant (f; JFM); Fungicide (1; FNF); Hallucinogen (1; CRC; JFM); Hemostat (f; CRC); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Hepatotoxic (1; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Narcotic (1; CRC; DAV); Pectoral (f; DAV; JFM); Resolvent (f; CRC); Sedative (f; JFM); Vulnerary (1; ABS).
Indications (Death Angel) — Bacteria (1; FNF); Biliousness (1; FNF); Bleeding (f; CRC); Brucellosis (1; FNF); Cachexia (f; CRC); Cancer (1; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; FNF); Cancer, kidney (1; FNF); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF); Candida (1; FNF); Cataract (1; FNF); Catarrh (f; JFM); Chest (f; CRC; JFM); Cold (1; CRC; FNF; JFM); Colic (f; JFM); Cough (f; CRC; JFM);
Cramp (1; FNF); Diabetes (1; FNF); Dyspepsia (1; FNF; JFM); Edema (1; FNF); Enterosis (1; FNF); Escherichia (1; FNF); Fever (f; CRC; DAV; JFM); Flu (1; CRC; FNF JFM); Fungus (1; FNF); Gastrosis (1; DAV; FNF); Gout (1; FNF); Headache (1; DAV; FNF); Hematoma (f; DAV); Hepatosis (1; FNF); Hyperglycemia (1; FNF); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; DAV; FNF); Insomnia (f; JFM); Leg Ache (f; JFM); Melanoma (1; FNF); Metastasis (1; FNF); Mycoplasm (1; FNF); Mycosis (1; FNF); Nausea (f; CRC); Nervousness (f; JFM); Pain (1; DAV; FNF); Pneumonia (1; CRC; DAV; FNF; JFM); Psittacosis (1; FNF); Psoriasis (1; FNF); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; FNF); Stomachache (f; CRC; DAV; JFM); Swelling (1; FNF); Toxoplasmosis (1; FNF); Tuberculosis (f; JFM); Tumor (1; FNF); Wound (f; CRC; JFM); Yeast (1; FNF).

DEER TONGUE (Trilisa odoratissima (Walter ex J. F. Gmel.) Cass.) +
Synonym — Carphephorus odoratissimus (J. F. Gmel.) H. J.-C. Hebert.
Activities (Deer Tongue) — Antipyretic (f; CRC); Demulcent (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (1; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC).
Indications (Deer Tongue) — Adenopathy (1; CRC); Edema (1; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Lymphedema (1; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CRC); Pertussis (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Deer Tongue) — Not covered (KOM; PHR). Coumarins may trigger hemorrhage and liver damage (CRC). New evidence cited in Marle et al. (1987) indicates that coumarin is not mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic in rodents. Coumarin failed to produce any sensitization reactions in 25 human volunteers. It therefore seems likely that coumarin has little toxic potential for humans with normal liver function.

DEODAR CEDAR (Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don) ++
Synonyms — Cedrus deodora f. aurea (J. Nelson) Rehder, Pinus deodara Roxb. ex D. Don
Activities (Deodar) — Antifertility (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (1; WO2); Antiseptic (f; WO2); Antispasmodic (1; WO2); Antiviral (1; WO2); Astringent (1; WO2); Carminative (f; WO2); Dia- phoretic (f; WO2); Diuretic (f; WO2); Insecticide (1; WO2); Juvabional (1; WO2).
Indications (Deodar) — Anorexia (f; WO2); Bacteria (1; WO2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cramp (1; WO2); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diabetes (f; WO2); Diarrhea (1; WO2); Diphtheria (1; WO2); Dysentery (1; WO2); Dysuria (f; WO2); Edema (f; WO2); Fever (f; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Gas (f; WO2); Headache (f; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; WO2); Infection (1; WO2); Inflammation (1; WO2); Leprosy (f; WO2); Mange (f; WO2); Mycosis (1; WO2); Pulmonosis (f; WO2); Virus (1; WO2); Water Retention (f; WO2).
Extracts (Deodar) — One butanol fraction highly antiinflammatory in rats. Contains many inflam- matory and antispasmodic compounds (e.g., allohimacholol, centdarol, himachalol, himadarol spas- molytic). Delta-7-dehydrodomatuic-acid; delta-10-dehydroepitodomatuic-acid, and 7-hydrox- ytodomatuic-acid have juvabional (juvenile hormonal) activity.

DEVIL-PEPPER (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) +
Synonyms — R. canescens L., R. heterophylla Roem. & Schult., R. hirsuta Jacq.
Activities (Devil-Pepper) — Allergenic (1; CRC); Antiedemic (f; JFM); Avicide (1; CRC); Diuretic (f; JFM); Expectorant (f; JFM); Hypotensive (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Parasiticide (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; CRC).
Indications (Devil-Pepper) — Blepharosis (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Edema (f; JFM); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Gingivosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Mange (1; CRC); Nervousness (1; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Parasite (1; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Swelling (f; JFM); Syphilis (f; CRC; JFM); Toothache (f; JFM); Ulcer (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; JFM); Wound (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Devil-Pepper) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). Has reportedly caused fatalities.

DEVIL’S CLAW
(Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC ex. Meisn.) ++
Synonym — Uncaria procumbens Burch.
Activities (Devil’s Claw) — Allergenic (f; PHR); Analgesic (2; CAN; KOM; MAB; PH2); Anti- arrhythmic (1; APA); Antiarthritic (1; CRC; MAB; PH2; VVG); Antiedemic (1; BGB); Antiexu- dative (f; SHT); Antiinflammatory (2; APA; BGB; CRC; KOM; PH2); Antipyretic (f; HHB); Antirheumatic (1; CAN; MAB); Aperitif (2; APA; HH2; KOM; VAG); Bitter (1; APA; MAB; PED); Choleretic (2; HH2; KOM; PH2); Depurative (f; BGB; PED); Digestive (f; SKY); Diuretic (f; CAN); Hypocholesterolemic (1; CRC; PED; VAG); Hypotensive (1; APA; BGB); Hypouricemic (1; CRC; PED; VAG); Laxative (f; MAB; WBB); Secretagogue (1; PH2); Sedative (f; CAN); Tonic (1; APA; MAB; VVG); Uricolytic (1; APA); Uterocontractant (f; VAG).
Indications (Devil’s Claw) — Aging (f; CRC); Allergy (1; BGB; CRC; MAB; PH2); Anorexia (2; APA; HH2; KOM; PH2; SHT; VAG); Arrhythmia (1; APA; BGB; MAB); Arthrosis (2; APA;
CRC; KOM; MAB; PH2; VVG); Atherosclerosis (f; CRC); Backache (2; BGB; BRU; MAB; PHR); Blood (f; BGB); Boil (1; BGB; CRC; MAB; VVG); Bursitis (f; WAF); Cancer (f; APA; WBB); Cancer, skin (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (1; MAB); Childbirth (1; APA; BRU; CRC; MAB; VAG; WBB); Cholecystosis (2; CRC; PHR; PH2); CNS (f; PH2); Cramp (f; VAG); Cystosis (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Dermatosis (f; BGB; PHR); Diabetes (f; CRC; HHB; VAG); Dysmenorrhea (1; CRC; VAG); Dyspepsia (2; APA; BGB; CRC; KOM; PH2; SHT); Edema (1; BGB); Enterosis (f; BRU; CRC);
Fever (1; APA; BGB; BRU; HHB; VAG); Fibromyalgia (f; WAF); Fibrosis (1; CAN; VAG); Gastrosis (f; BRU; CRC); Gout (1; CAN; CRC; VAG); Headache (1; APA; BGB; MAB); Heartburn (2; CRC; KOM; SKY); Hepatosis (2; CRC; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; BGB; VAG); High Cholesterol (1; CRC; PED; VAG); Inflammation (2; APA; BGB; CRC; KOM; MAB; PH2); Insomnia (f; CAN); Lumbago (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Migraine (1; MAB); Myalgia (f; CAN); Nephrosis (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Nervousness (f; CAN); Neuralgia (1; BGB; CRC); Neurosis (f; PH2); Osteoarthrosis (1; VAG); Pain (2; APA; BGB; CAN; KOM; MAB; PHR; PH2; VVG);
Parturition (f; VVG); Pleurodynia (f; CAN); Pregnancy (f; APA; PH2); Rheumatism (2; CAN; KOM; MAB; PHR; PH2); Sore (1; BGB; CRC; MAB; VVG); Swelling (1; BGB); Tendinitis (1;
BGB; WAF); Tuberculosis (f; VAG); Ulcer (f; CRC; MAB); Water Retention (f; CAN); Wound (f; CRC; PHR). I suppose that Commission E is talking about various degenerative arthritic conditions when they approve this for, “Supportive therapy of degenerative disorders of the locomotor system,” but just couldn’t bring themselves around to saying arthrosis, or degenerative joints and/or muscles (KOM).
Dosages (Devil’s Claw) — 1 tsp chopped root/2 cups water, sipped through day (APA); 1.5–4.5(–10) g root (KOM; SHT; SKY); 6 g root/day (MAB); 1–2 tsp fresh root (PED); 0.5–1 g dry root (PED); 1 g dry root:5 ml alcohol/5 ml water (PED); 0.1–0.25 g powdered tuber (PNC); 0.1–0.25 g dry tuber as tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.1–0.25 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 6–12 ml liquid extract (1:2)/day (MAB); 15–30 ml tincture (1:5)/day (MAB); 0.5–1 ml root tincture (1:5 in 25% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Devil’s Claw) — Class 2b, 2d (AHP). Con- traindicated in duodenal and gastric ulcers (AHP, 1997). Commission E reports contraindications in GI ulcer (AEH). Contraindicated in people with diabetes. Excessive doses may interfere with blood pressure and cardiac therapy (CAN). LD50 = >13,500 mg/kg orl mouse (CAN).
Extracts (Devil’s Claw) — German clinical studies confirm arthritic relief; hypocholesterolemic, hypouricemic (PED). Chrubasik et al. (1996) studied the effectiveness in treatment of acute low back pain. While animal studies exhibit analgesic and antiinflammatory activities (due to harpago- side), this study of 118 patients with nonspecific low-back pain (most for more than 15 years),

with 400 mg extract 3 /day (equivalent of 6000 mg crude root extract = 50 mg harpagoside). Only 9 of the treated patients improved cf 1 in the placebo controls. The insignificant reduction in pain was confined to those whose pain did not radiate to one or both legs. “There was a notable absence of identifiable clinical, hematological, or biochemical side effects” (PHM3:1). None of these authors commented on the presence of 3 COX-2 inhibitors as well, kaempferol, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid.

DIGITALIS (Digitalis purpurea L.) X

Activities (Digitalis) — Antidote (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Cordial (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Myocardiocontractant (f; PH2); Negative Chronotropic (f; PH2); Poison (1; CRC); Positive Inotropic (f; PH2); Sedative (f; CRC); Vasculostimulant (f; CRC).
Indications (Digitalis) — Abscess (f; PHR; PH2); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Asthma (f; CRC); Boil (f; PHR; PH2); Burn (f; WOI); Cancer (1; CRC); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, knee (f; JLH); Cancer, lymph (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (2; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC; WOI); Edema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Headache (f; PHR; PH2); Heart (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (f; PHR; PH2); Hydropsy (f; CRC); Icterus (f; CRC); Induration (f; CRC); Insanity (f; CRC); Insomnia (f; CRC); Migraine (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; WOI); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Palpitation (f; CRC); Paralysis (f; PHR; PH2); Scrofula (f; CRC); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Swelling (f; JLH); Tumor (1; CRC); Ulcer (f; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (f; CRC); Wound (f; PHR; PH2; WOI).

Dosages (Digitalis) — Prescription only (JAD).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Digitalis) — Class 3 (AHP). Inappropriate for obesity treatment (AHP). One source reports it is classified as a drug, which must normally be registered as pharmaceutical specialty (AEH). Why repeat; use with arrhythmogenic drugs (meth- ylxanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (including, I suppose, Viagra™), quinidine, sympatho- mimetics) increases risk of arrhythmia (PH2). Long-term dosage is potentially gynecomastic. Overdoses may cause anorexia, confusion, depressions, diarrhea, gastric hypertonia, hallucinogens, headache, psychosis, stupor, tachycardia, and vomiting. Lethal doses induce asphyxiation or heart failure (PH2). Both the leaf and pure glycosides are contraindicated in carotid sinus syndrome, first and second degree AV-block, hypercalcemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypokalemia, thoracic aortic aneurism, ventricular tachycardia, or WPW syndrome (PH2).

DILL (Anethum graveolens L.) ++

Synonyms — A. sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook f.
Activities (Dill) — Antibacterial (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; ZUL); Antiseptic (1; ZUL); Antis- pasmodic (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA); Antitumor (1; TRA); Aperitif (f; APA); Cardiodepressant (1; APA); Carminative (1; JFM; PNC; ZUL); Detergent (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Fungicide (1; TRA); Hypoglycemic (1; TRA); Hypotensive (1; APA; FNF; TRA); Insectifuge (1; ZUL); Lactagogue (1; APA; CRC; JFM; TRA); Laxative (f; CRC); Myore- laxant (1; APA); Narcotic (f; CRC); Psychedelic (f; CRC); Respirastimulant (f; APA); Sedative (1; TRA); Soporific (f; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (1; PNC; ZUL); Vasodilator (1; TRA).
Indications (Dill) — Anorexia (2; APA; PHR); Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Bacteria (2; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; ZUL); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH; TRA); Cancer, abdomen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f;

CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; TRA); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cold (2; PHR); Colic (1; CRC; PNC; ZUL); Condylomata (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC); Cough (2; APA; CRC; PHR); Cramp (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA); Dropsy (f; CRC);
Dyspepsia (2; APA; CRC; KOM); Enterosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fungus (1; TRA); Gas (1; JFM; PNC; TRA; ZUL); Gastrosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2; TRA);
Halitosis (1; APA; PH2); Hemorrhoid (1; APA; CRC); Hepatosis (2; PHR); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; FNF; TRA); Hyperglycemia (1; TRA); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (2; APA; PHR; TRA); Insomnia (2; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2; TRA); Jaundice (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; CRC; JLH); Mycosis (1; TRA); Nephrosis (f; APA; PH2); Nervousness (1; TRA); Neurosis (1; APA); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Respirosis (f; PH2); Salmonella (1; TRA); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scurvy (1; CRC); Shigellosis (1; TRA); Sore (f; CRC); Spasm (f; PHR); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomachache (f; APA; CRC; JFM); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Syphilis (f; PH2); Tumor (1; CRC; TRA); Urethrosis (1; APA; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); UTI (f; APA; PHR); VD (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Worm (f; PH2).
Dosages (Dill) — Chew 1/2–1 tsp seed (APA); 2 tsp crushed seed/cup water (APA); 3 g seed (KOM; PHR); 0.3–1 ml concentrated dill water (PNC); 0.1–0.3 g EO (KOM; PHR); 0.05–2 ml (I’d have said 0.05–0.2) EO (PNC); cf celery seed, close kin (PNC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dill) — Class 1 (AHP, 1997). None known (KOM). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Contact photodermatosis possible as in most umbellifers. Fresh juice may possibly cause photodermatosis (PHR). We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celery seed oil, “The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys,” since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). TRAMIL conservatively cautions for dill and fennel; contraindicated in women of reproductive age; limit dosage to 3 days (TRA).

DIVI-DIVI (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.) ++
Synonyms — Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, C. crista auct. Amer., Guilandina bonduc L.,
G. bonducella L.
Activities (Divi-Divi) — Abortifacient (f; WO2); Anthelminthic (1; HHB); Antipyretic (1; HHB; PH2; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; HHB); Diuretic (1; EFS; WO2); Emollient (1; WO2); Filaricide (f; ABS); Fungicide (1; WO2); Hemostat (f; HHB); Rubefacient (f; WO2); Tonic (f; HHB; PH2); Vermifuge (1; ABS; EFS).
Indications (Divi-Divi) — Asthma (f; HHB); Bleeding (1; HHB; WO2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, scrotum (f; JLH); Convulsion (f; WO2); Cramp (f; EFS); Dermatosis (f; WO2); Diabetes (f; EFS); Diarrhea (1; HHB; WO2); Encephalosis (f; WO2); Fever (1; HHB; PH2; WO2); Fracture (f; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); Hydrocele (f; WO2); Infection (1; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; WO2); Malaria (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; WO2); Orchosis (f; JLH); Otosis (f; WO2); Rheumatism (f; WO2); Sore (f; WO2); Water Retention (1; EFS; WO2); Worm (1; ABS; EFS; HHB).
Dosages (Divi-Divi) — Up to 1 g mixed with pepper as tonic (HHB).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Divi-Divi) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
Extracts (Divi-Divi) — Fatty acid triglycerides (octadeca-4-enoic-, octadeca-2,4-dienoic-, palm- itic-, and stearic-acids) are macrofilaricidal (from kernels of C. bonduc seed). Crude ethanol extracts were active against Litomosoides carinii in the cotton rat. Most or all activity was in the n-hexane

soluble fraction. Orally, it killed nearly 95% of the microfilariae at a dose of 1 g/kg/5 days (Rastogi et al., 1996).

DIVINING SAGE (Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa) +
Activities (Divining Sage) — Emetic (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Psychotropic (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Telepathic (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Divining Sage) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR). Narcotic hallucinogen (CRC).

DODDER, CLOVER DODDER (Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L.) +
Synonym — C. europaea var. epithymum L.
Activities (Dodder) — Aperitif (f; EFS); Cholagogue (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; HHB); Hepatotonic (f; PH2); Laxative (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Tonic (f; PH2).
Indications (Dodder) — Anorexia (f; EFS); Constipation (f; EFS; PH2); Gout (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Splenosis (f; PH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; HHB).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dodder) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Overdoses may cause colic (PH2).

DODO, KANKAN, TORO (Elaeophorbia drupifera (Thonn.) Stapf) +
Synonym — Euphorbia drupifera Thonn.
Activities (Dodo) — Antidotal (f; CRC); Caustic (f; CRC); Filaricidal (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Laxative (f; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC); Piscicide (f; CRC); Poison (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC).
Indications (Dodo) — Bite (f; CRC); Blindness (f; CRC); Guinea Worm (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Sting (f; CRC); Wart (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dodo) — Classed as a narcotic hallucinogen (?). “The caustic latex can cause permanent blindness if introduced into the eyes” (CRC).

DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP (Apocynum cannabinum L.) X
Synonym — A. suksdorfii Greene.
Activities (Dogbane) — Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alterative (f; CEB); Anthelminthic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; PHR; PH2); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CEB); Bradycardic (1; PHR; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; CRC; FEL; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; PHR; PH2); Emetic (f; CEB; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Hypertensive (1; CRC; PH2); Hypotensive (1; PHR; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Lactagogue (f; DEM); Laxative (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Panacea (f; DEM); Poison (1; CRC; PH2); Sterilant (f; DEM); Sternutator (1; FEL); Tonic (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CEB; CRC).
Indications (Dogbane) — Ague (f; CEB; CRC); Alopecia (f; CRC; DEM); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Anasarca (f; FEL); Angina (f; FEL); Ascites (f; FEL); Asthma (f; CRC; DEM; PHR); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Bright’s Disease (f; CRC; DEM); Cancer (1; CEB;

JLH); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cold (f; CEB; CRC); Condylomata (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM); Cough (f; DEM; PHR; PH2); Debility (f; FEL); Depression (f; FEL); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyslactea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; FEL); Edema (1; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC); Fertility (f; DEM); Fever (f; CRC; FEL); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; CEB; CRC); Head Cold (f; CEB; CRC); Heart (1; CRC; PHR); High Blood Pressure (1; PHR; PH2); Hydrocephalus (f; FEL); Inflammation (f; CRC); Laryngosis (f; FEL); Leukorrhea (f; FEL); Low Blood Pressure (1; CRC; PH2); Lumbago (f; FEL); Malaria (f; CRC; FEL); Menorrhagia (f; FEL); Nephrosis (f; FEL; PH2); Neuralgia (f; FEL); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Palpitation (f; CRC); Pertussis (f; CRC; DEM); Pneumonia (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Pox (f; DEM); Respirosis (f; CRC; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; FEL; PHR; PH2); Rhinosis (f; FEL); Sciatica (f; FEL); Scrofula (f; FEL); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; DEM); Swelling (1; PHR; PH2); Syphilis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Tumor (1; CEB); Uterosis (f; CRC; DEM); Valvular Insufficiency (f; PHR; PH2); VD (1; CRC; DEM; FEL); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (1; PHR; PH2); Womb (f; CRC); Worm (f; CEB; CRC); Wound (f; DEM).
Dosages (Dogbane) — 10–30 drops liquid extract 3 /day; 0.3 to 0.6 ml tincture (1:10) (PHR; PH2).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dogbane) — Class 3 (AHP). Cardiac glyco- sides (AHP). Nausea and GI symptoms may occur even at therapeutic dosage; topically may irritate mucous membranes (PHR). Cymarin and apocannoside have antitumor activity (CEB).

DOGWOOD (Cornus florida L.) ++
Activities (Dogwood) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiplasmodial (1; PHR); Antipyretic (f; HHB); Antiseptic (f; DEM); Aperient (f; CRC); Aperitif (f; PHR); Astringent (f; CRC; FAD; PHR); Antimalarial (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (1; PH2); Astringent (f; PH2); Bitter (1; HHB); Cardioactive (1; PHR); Depurative (f; DEM); Digestive (f; FAD); Laxative (1; PNC); Molluscicide (1; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (f; CRC; DEM; PHR; PH2); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; FAD; PHR; PH2).
Indications (Dogwood) — Ague (f; CRC); Anthrax (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Backache (f; DEM); Bilharzia (1; PH2); Boil (f; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Chill (f; CRC); Colic (f; CRC; DEM); Constipation (1; PNC); Cramp (1; PH2); Diarrhea (f; DEM; FAD; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; PH2); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; FAD; HHB; PHR; PH2); Flu (f; DEM); Headache (f; PHR; PH2);
Hepatosis (f; CRC); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Hyperacidity (f; FAD); Hysteria (f; CRC); Indolent Ulcer (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC); Leukemia (f; JLH); Malaria (1; CRC; FAD; PHR; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Measles (f; DEM); Myalgia (f; CRC); Nerves (f; CRC); Neurasthenia (f; PHR; PH2); Pain (f; DEM); Pneumonia (f; CRC); Sore (f; FAD; HHB; JLH); Stomatosis (f; CRC); Typhoid (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; DEM; JLH); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM; PHR; PH2).
Dosages (Dogwood) — 2–4 g powdered bark (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dogwood) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Warning: As with hard toothbrushes, chewing sticks of dogwood can cause receding gums (FAD).

DOKUDAMI, CHAMALEON PLANT
(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) ++
Activities (Dokudami) — Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticapillary Fragility (1; FAY); Antidote (f; DAA); Antiherpetic (1; X7617766); Antiinflammatory (1; DAA; X2119598); Antipyretic (f;

FAY; WOI); Antiseptic (1; DAA); Antiviral (1; X7617766); Aperitif (f; FAY); Astringent (f; FAY); Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (1; TAD); Depurative (f; SKJ); Detoxicant (f; FAY); Diuretic (1; DAA); Emmenagogue (f; SUW; WOI); Emollient (f; LMP); Herbicide (1; WOI); Hypotensive (1; FAY); Immunostimulant (1; FAY; TAD); Laxative (f; LMP); Osteogenic (f; DAA); Parasit- icide (1; LMP); Prostaglandin-Synthase Inhibitor (1; TAD); Resolvent (f; WOI); Urinary Anti- septic (1; DAA).
Indications (Dokudami) — Abscess (f; DAA; LMP); Anorexia (f; FAY); Bacteria (1; DAA); Boil (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bruise (f; LMP); Cancer (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; FAY); Cervicosis (1; FAY); Cholera (f; SKJ); Conjunctivosis (f; LMP); Constipation (f; LMP); Cramp (f; FAY); Cough (f; DAA); Dermatosis (f; DAA; SUW; WOI); Diarrhea (f; LMP); Dysentery (f; DAA; SUW); Dysmenorrhea (f; FAY); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; FAY); Edema (1; FAY); Enterosis (f; DAA; LMP); Fever (f; DAA; FAY; WOI); Fracture (f; FAY); Fungus (1; FAY); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Gonorrhea (f; SUW; WOI); Hematemesis (f; FAY); Hemoptysis (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid (f; DAA; SUW); Herpes (1; FAY; X7617766); High Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Immunodepression (1; FAY; TAD); Infection (1; DAA); Inflammation (1; DAA; X2119598); Itch (f; LMP); Laryngosis (f; DAA); Leptospirosis (1; FAY); Leucorrhea (f; FAY); Malaria (f; DAA); Mastosis (1; X9283287); Measles (f; WOI); Mycosis (1; FAY); Nephrosis (1; FAY); Ophthalmia (f; SUW; WOI); Otosis (f; FAY); Parasite (1; LMP); Pertussis (f; DAA); Phagocytotic (1; FAY); Pharyngosis (f; DAA); Pneumonia (1; FAY); Proctosis (f; DAA); Prolapse (f; DAA); Pulmonosis (1; DAA; FAY); Rheumatism (f; FAY); Sinusosis (1; FAY); Snakebite (f; DAA); Sore (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (1; FAY); Stomachache (f; SKJ); Streptococcus (1; X9283287); Swelling (1; DAA; LMP; X2119598); Ulcer (1; DAA); UTI (f; FAY); VD (f; WOI); Virus (1; X7617766); Water Retention (1; DAA);
Wound (f; LMP).
Dosages (Dokudami) — Food farmacy (JAD); 10–15 g in decoction (HHB); 15–30 g (FAY).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dokudami) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). May cause dyspnea (shortness of breath) if overconsumed (LMP; TAD).

DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) +
Synonym — Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv.
Activities (Dong Quai) — Alterative (f; PED); Analgesic (f; CRC; FAY); Antiallergic (1; APA); Antiaggregant (1; APA; KEB); Antianemic (1; KEB; MAB); Antiarrhythmic (1; KEB; MAB); Antiasthmatic (1; MAB); Antiatherosclerotic (1; KEB); Antiseptic (PED); Antiinflammatory (1; KEB; MAB); Antiaggregant (1; MAB); Antiproliferative (1; KEB); Antiseptic (1; JAD); Antis- erotonin (1; MAB); Antispasmodic (1; FAY; KEB; MAB; SKY); Aphrodisiac (1; MAB); Bitter (1; MAB); Circulostimulant (f; AKT); CNS-Depressant (1; APA; FAY); CNS-Stimulant (1; APA); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (1; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; PED); Emmenagogue (1; CRC; PED); Estrogenic (PED); Female Tonic (1; MAB); Hemopoietic (1; AKT; CRC; FAY; MAB); Hepatoprotective (1; FAY; MAB; PED); Hepatotonic (1; PED); Hypertensive (1; FAY); Hypoc- holesterolemic (1; MAB); Hypotensive (1; FAY; MAB; PED); Immunodepressant (1; CRC; KEB); Immunomodulator (1; APA); Immunostimulant (1; KEB); Laxative (1; APA; KEB); Leukocyto- genic (1; KEB); Myorelaxant (1; KEB); Myostimulant (f; PED); Phagocytotic (1; KEB); Radio- protective (1; MAB); Sedative (f; CRC PED); Tonic (1; APA; KEB; MAB); Tranquilizer (1; FAY); Uterocontractant (1; FAY; MAB; PED); Uterorelaxant (1; APA; FAY); Vasodilator (1; APA).
Indications (Dong Quai) — Allergy (1; APA; CRC); Alopecia (f; AKT); Alveolosis (1; MAB); Amenorrhea (1; AKT; CRC; FAY; KEB; MAB); Anemia (1; AKT; APA; CRC; KEB; MAB);

Angina (f; CRC; KEB); Aortitis (2; KEB); Arrhythmia (1; FAY; KEB; MAB); Asthma (1; CRC; MAB); Atherosclerosis (1; KEB); Atopic Dermatosis (1; CRC); Bleeding (f; CRC); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; FAY); Bruise (1; MAB); Buerger’s Disease (2; KEB); Cancer (1, CRC); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Cardiopathy (1; AKT; MAB); Childbirth (f; CRC; FAY); Cirrhosis (2; KEB); Constipation (1; APA; CRC; FAY; KEB; MAB); Cramp (1; FAY; KEB; MAB; SKY);
Dysmenorrhea (2; AKT; APA; FAY; KEB; MAB); Endometriosis (1; HAD); Enterosis (1; MAB); Fibrillation (1; AKT); Fibrocystic Breast Disease (f; SKY); Fibrosis (1; AKT); Frigidity (1; KEB); Headache (f; CRC; FAY); Hepatosis (2; KEB); Herpes (f; FAY); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; FAY; MAB; PED); High Cholesterol (1; MAB); Hot Flash (1; KEB; MAB); Immu- nodepression (1; KEB); Infertility (2; AKT; APA; KEB; MAB); Inflammation (1; KEB; MAB); Insomnia (f; CRC PED); Low Blood Pressure (1; FAY); Lumbago (1; CRC); Menopause (1; AKT; KEB; MAB; SKY); Metrorrhagia (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; FAY); Nephrosis (1; HDR); Nervousness (1; CRC; FAY; PED); Neuralgia (1; KEB); Ophthalmia (f; AKT; MAB); Pain (f; CRC; FAY); Palpitation (f; AKT; MAB); Parturition (f; APA); PMS (1; KEB; SKY); Pregnancy (f; APA); Pulmonosis (1; AKT); Purpura (1; MAB); Rheumatism (1; APA; CRC; FAY); Sciatica (f; FAY); Shingle (f; FAY); Sore (f; FAY); Stomachache (f; APA; FAY); Stress (1; FAY); Stroke (f; KEB); Swelling (f; MAB); Tenesmus (f; FAY); Thrombocytopenia (1; MAB); Thrombosis (f; CRC; FAY); Tinnitus (f; AKT; MAB); Trauma (f; FAY); Ulcer (f; APA; CRC); Uterosis (1; FAY); Vaginosis (f; APA); Vasculosis (f; FAY); Water Retention (1; APA; PED); Wound (f; CRC).
Dosages (Dong Quai) — 4.5–12 g (FAY); 3–15 g root (APA); 3–4 g root/day (SKY); 1–3 tsp root/day; 1–3 tbsp fresh root (PED); 2–4 g dry root (PED); 3–15 g dry root/day (MAB); 2–6 g dry root/day or 4–12 ml fluid extract (1:2) (for all his Chinese posologies, these ratios apply) (KEB); 3 g dry root:15 ml alcohol/15 ml water (PED); 4–8 ml flower extract (1:2) (MAB); 3 (530 mg) capsules 3 /day (NH).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dong Quai) — Class 2b (AHP). Psoralens can be phototoxic and carcinogenic. The aqueous extract inhibits experimentally induced IgE titers, suggesting immunosuppressive potential. “Its use cannot be recommended” (LRNP, April 1990). Pregnant and nursing women, or patients with diarrhea, should not take except under a doctor’s instruction. AHP notes that it is Americans and Canadians, not Chinese, who warn against use in pregnancy. Contraindicated in those with bleeding tendencies or heavy menstrual periods, during first trimester of pregnancy, for abortion-prone women, and in acute viral infec- tions (KEB). “Canadian regulations do not allow dong-quai as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995).
Extracts (Dong Quai) — Decoction uterocontractant in dogs. Decoction and tinctures hypotensive in anesthetized animals (PED). Ligustilide at 450 mg/day helped 77% of dysmenorrheics as opposed to 38% for aqueous extracts of the herb (KEB). Butylidenephthalide, butylphthalide, and ligustilide antispasmodic (FAY). Treatment of infertile women by uterine lavage of the extract for up to 9 months restored tubal patency in 79%; 53% became pregnant. Almost nontoxic LD50 = 100,000 mg/kg (MAB).

DOUGLAS FIR (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) +
Activities (Douglas Fir) — Antidote, cicuta (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; DEM); Antitussive (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM).
Indications (Douglas Fir) — Allergy (f; DEM); Anemia (f; DEM); Athlete’s Foot (f; DEM); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Chest Ache (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM);

Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Fungus (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Halitosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Infection (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Osteosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Paralysis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Stomatosis (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; DEM).

DRAGON’S BLOOD
(Croton lechleri Müll. Arg.) +
Activities (Dragon’s Blood) — Antiherpetic (1; 60P); Antiinflammatory (1; 60P); Antioxidant (1; 60P); Antiradicular (1; 60P); Antiseptic (1; 60P); Antitumor (1; 60P); Antiviral (1; 60P);
Cicatrizant (1; 60P); Cytotoxic (1; 60P); Hemostat (1; DAV); Vulnerary (1; DAV).
Indications (Dragon’s Blood) — Abortion (f; CTD); Bleeding (1; DAV); Bug Bite (1; HAD); Cancer (1; HAD; 60P); Cancer, bone (f; CTD); Childbirth (1; DAV); Cholera (1; HAD); Diarrhea (1; HAD); Dysentery (1; HAD); Enterosis (1; DAV; HAD); Flu (1; 60P); Fracture (1; DAV); Gastrosis (1; DAV; HAD); Hemorrhoid (1; DAV); Hepatosis (1; 60P); Herpes (1;
60P); Inflammation (1; 60P); Leukorrhea (1; DAV; HAD); Respirosis (1; HAD); RSV (1; HAD); Sore (1; DAV; HAD); Staphylococcus (1; 60P); Tuberculosis (f; CTD); Tumor (1; 60P); Ulcer (1; DAV; HAD); Uterosis (1; DAV); Vaginosis (1; DAV); Virus (1; 60P); Wound (1; DAV; 60P).
Dosages (Dragon’s Blood) — Pisco suggests a couple drops of the “blood” in a glass of water for topical and internal applications. Taspine, pycnogenol™, and dimethylcedrusine alone speed up healing two-fold on exfoliated rodents, but the whole dragon’s blood does it four times better (ABS).

DRAGON’S BLOOD PALM
(Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) +
Synonym — Calamus draco Willd.
Activities (Dragon’s Blood Palm) — Astringent (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Curare (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; LMP); Hemostat (1; CRC; EFS; LMP); Sedative (f; CRC; LMP); Tonic (f; CRC; DAA; LMP).
Indications (Dragon’s Blood Palm) — Bleeding (1; CRC; DAA; EFS; LMP); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Diarrhea (1; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (1; CRC; LMP; PHR; PH2); Enterorrhagia (f; CRC); Indigestion (f; CRC); Hematuria (f; CRC; LMP); Insomnia (f; CRC; LMP); Nervousness (f; CRC; LMP); Sore (f; JLH); Sprue (f; CRC; LMP); Stomachache (f; CRC; LMP); Syphilis (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wound (1; LMP; DAA).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dragon’s Blood Palm) — Class 1 (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

DROSERA, ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera rotundifolia L.) ++

One cannot tell whether the PDR entry for D. ramentacea refers only to D. ramentacea, or also to D. peltata, D. madagascarensis, and/or the Euroamerican D. rotundifolia covered here (which is American sundew).
Activities (Drosera) — Antiasthmatic (2; PNC); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antiprostaglandin (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (2; PIP; PH2); Antitussive (2; CAN; KOM; PIP; PH2); Antiviral (1; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; CEB; FAD); Astringent (f; CEB); Bronchospasmolytic (2; KOM; PIP; PH2); Cytostat (1; PH2); Demulcent (f; PNC); Expectorant (1; CAN); Fungicide (1; PNC); Immunostimulant (1; PNC; PH2); Pectoral (f; CEB); Proteolytic (1; PNC); Secretolytic (f; PH2).
Indications (Drosera) — Acne (f; CEB); Asthma (2; PNC; PH2); Atherosclerosis (f; CEB; FAD); Bacteria (1; PNC); Bronchosis (2; CEB; FAD; PH2); Corn (1; JLH; FAD); Cough (2; KOM; PIP; PH2); Cramp (2; PIP; PH2); Dermatosis (f; CEB); Fits (1; KOM); Freckle (f; CEB); Frigidity (f; CEB); Fungus (1; PNC); Gastrosis (f; DAW); Gastric Ulcer (1; DAW); Immunodepression (1; PNC; PH2); Impotence (f; CEB); Infection (1; PNC); Inflammation (1; PH2); Leishmaniasis (1; PNC); Mycosis (1; PNC); Old Age (f; CEB); Pertussis (2; CEB; PNC); Respirosis (2; PH2); Tracheosis (1; CAN); Tuberculosis (f; CEB); Virus (1; PNC); Wart (1; FAD; JLH; PH2).
Dosages (Drosera) — 1–2 g dry leaf as tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–2 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 0.5–1.0 ml herb tincture (1:5 in 60% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 3 g/day (KOM; PIP); steep 1–2 drug 10 min. in 1 cup boiled water, 3–4 /day (PH2).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Drosera) — Class 2b, 2c (AHP; CAN). No contraindications documented. None reported (KOM; PIP). Plumbagin may be irritant (CAN). Plumbagin is immunostimulating in small doses, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanic, and antiviral as well as cytotoxic in large doses (PNC).

DUCKWEED (Lemna minor L.) ++
Activities (Duckweed) — Alterative (f; DEP); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Depurative (f; DAA); Diuretic (f; DEP; HHB; PH2); Soporific (f; DAA).

Indications (Duckweed) — Acne (f; PH2); Arthrosis (f; PH2); Asthma (f; MAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; HHB); Cold (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; DEP); Dysuria (f; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Erysipelas (f; PH2); Fistula (f; MAD); Gout (f; HHB; PH2); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Inflammation (f; PH2); Jaundice (f; MAD); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Measles (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; HHB); Ozena (f; MAD); Pharyngosis (f; MAD); Polyp (f; MAD); Respirosis (f; MAD; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; MAD; PH2); Rhinosis (f; MAD); Scurvy (f; HHB); Sore (f; DEP); Swelling (f; MAD); Syphilis (f; DEP; HHB); VD (f; DEP; HHB); Water retention (f; DEP; HHB; PH2).
Dosages (Duckweed) — One tsp fresh plant (MAD). Homeopathic (PH2).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Duckweed) — “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates only a homeopathic dosage! JAD).

DUMBCANE (Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott) X

Synonyms — Arum seguine Jacq., Caladium maculatum G. Lodd., Dieffenbachia amoena hort.,
D. baraquiniana Verschaff. & Lem., D. exotica hort., D. maculata (G. Lodd.) G. Don, D. picta
Schott, D. picta var. baraquiniana (Verschaff. & Lem.) Engl.
Activities (Dumbcane) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC); Caustic (f; CRC); Contra- ceptive (f; CRC); Curare (f; CRC; JFM); Cyanogenetic (f; CRC); Insecticide (f; CRC; JFM); Poison (f; CRC); Rodenticide (f; JFM); Sterilant (f; CRC; JFM).
Indications (Dumbcane) — Angina (f; CRC); Bite (f; CRC); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cold (f; IED); Corn (f; CRC); Coma (f; CRC); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Edema (f; CRC); Frigidity (f; CRC); Impotence (f; CRC); Inflammation (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Parasite (f; DAV); Prurigo (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Varicosis (f; CRC); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Wound (f; CRC);Yaw (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dumbcane) — “Acicular crystals of calcium oxalate, accompanied by a protein (enzyme) or asparagine, may cause severe burning in the mouth and throat. Swelling of the mouth may be severe enough to cause fatal choking. The sap, under some conditions, is an irritant and vesicant. Contact with bruised plants seemed to be necessary for irritation. Panama natives, to this day, blame an indolent ulcer I suffered on the ankle on my walking through a patch of dumbcane that had recently been cut. On several occasions I applied fresh latex to my wrist with no problem.” (CRC).

DUSTY-MILLER (Senecio cineraria DC.) X
Synonym — Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod.
Activities (Dusty-Miller) — Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; PH2); Hepatotoxic (f; PH2); Mutagenic (1; HH2); Poison (1; HH2; USD).
Indications (Dusty-Miller) — Cataract (f; EFS); Migraine (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; PH2).
Dosages (Dusty-Miller) — Don’t take it (JAD, PH2).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dusty-Miller) — Not covered (AHP). Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in considerable amounts and varieties, which can be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and mutagenic. PAs are toxic to humans. Use of Senecio species can result in potentially fatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease in humans, with symptoms of abdominal pain and vomiting with ascites, or seneciosis (VOD), reported in almost all cases of severe or fatal intoxications, from intakes of 0.5 mg/kg to 3.3 mg/kg (AEH1).

DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES, TURKEY CORN
(Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.) +

Synonym — Fumaria cucullaria L.
Activities (Dutchman’s Breeches) — Alterative (f; EFS); Bitter (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; HHB); CNS-Depressant (1; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD; HHB); Diuretic (1; EFS; FAD; PH2); GABA- Antagonist (1; PH2); Spasmogenic (1; PH2); Tonic (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Toxic (1; FAD; PH2).
Indications (Dutchman’s Breeches) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cramp (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; FAD; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Fever (f; FAD; HHB); Paralysis (f; FAD); Rash

(f; PH2); Syphilis (f; EFS; PH2); Tremor (f; FAD); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PH2); VD (f; PH2); Water Retention (1; EFS; FAD; PH2).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dutchman’s Breeches) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). None recorded at proper dosage (not stated) (PH2). Bicuculline could cause poisoning in high doses (PH2).

DU ZHONG, GUTTA-PERCHA TREE (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) ++
Activities (Du Zhong) — Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X9028049); Analgesic (1; DAA); Anti- abortive (f; DAA); Antiaging (1; X9084879); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Anticlastogenic (1; X9025787); Anticomplementary (1; X3193787); Antiherpetic (1; FNF); Anti-HIV (1; X9209319); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF; X9008721); Antioxidant (1; FNF; X10956129); Antiperoxidant (1; FNF; X10956129); Antiperspirant (f; DAA); Antiradicular (1; FNF); Antitumor (1; FNF; X10956129); Antiviral (1; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; DAA); Astringent (1; DAA); Candidicide (1; FNF); Collagenic (1; X10706412; X10706411); Cytotoxic (1; FNF); Depu- rative (f; DAA); Diuretic (1; DAA; FAY); Fungicide (1; FNF); Granulomagenic (1; X10706412); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Hypotensive (2; DAA; FAY); Respirastimulant (1; FAY); Roborant (f; LMP); Sedative (1; DAA; FAY); Tonic (f; DAA); Vulnerary (1; X10706412).
Indications (Du Zhong) — Arthrosis (f; DAA; LMP); Backache (f; DAA); Bacteria (1; FNF); Bleeding (f; FAY); Cancer (1; DAA; FNF; X10956129; X9008721); Candida (1; FNF); Childbirth (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; FAY); Encephalosis (f; LMP); Fungus (1; FAY; FNF); Hemorrhoid (f; FAY); Hepatosis (1; DAA; FNF); Herpes (1; FNF); High Blood Pressure (2; DAA; FAY); HIV (1; X9209319); Hysteria (f; LMP); Impotence (f; DAA); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; FNF); Insomnia (1; DAA; FAY); Lumbago (f; DAA; LMP); Mycosis (1; FAY; FNF); Myosis (f; DAA); Neck Ache (f; DAA); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Nervousness (1; DAA; FAY); Neurasthenia (1; X10513617); Nostalgia (f; DAA); Osteoporosis (f; FAY); Pain (1; DAA); Polyuria (f; DAA); Rheumatism (f; DAA); Ringworm (f; FAY); Senility (1; X9084879); Splenosis (f; DAA); Strain (f; DAA); Stress (f; LMP); Tumor (1; FNF; X10956129); Vertigo (f; FAY); Virus (1; FNF); Water Retention (1; DAA; FAY); Yeast (1; FNF).
Dosages (Du Zhong) — 6–15 g bark, in decoction, pill, powder, or tincture (FAY); 30 drops 10% tincture 3 /day, ca 9 months, for high blood pressure (FAY).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Du Zhong) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2).
Extracts (Du Zhong) — Quercetin (at 8.5 M) was most potent of 5-alpha-glucosidase inhibitors found in extracts of the leaves (X9028049). Leaves contain several anticlastogenic (antimutagenic) compounds (asperulosidic acid, deacetyl asperulosidic acid, asperuloside, geniposidic acid, geniposide, p-trans-coumaric acid pyrogallol, and protocatechuic acid) (X9025787). At 100 g/ml, the leaf extract was more potent a radical scavenger than isolated protocatechuic acid at the same concentration, clearly a super example of synergy (X10956129). With at least six compounds that tend to stimulate collagen production, this herb certainly has antiaging potential (including antiwrinkle activity). Scientists favor one part ginseng:four parts du zhong for synergistically stimulating collagen production (X9084879).

DWARF BIRCH (Betula pumila L.) ++
Synonyms — B. hallii Howell, B. pumila var. fastigiata hort. ex Rehder.
Indications (Dwarf Birch) — Catarrh (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Debility (f; CEB); Dys- menorrhea (f; DEM).

DWARF ELDER (Sambucus ebulus L.) ++
Activities (Dwarf Elder) — Antipyretic (f; DEP); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; HHB); Diuretic (1; EFS; HHB; PH2; PNC); Expectorant (1; EFS; MAD; PNC); Hypotensive (1; HH2; PNC); Laxative (f; DEP; EFS; HHB; SKJ); Poison (f; EFS; HHB); Tonic (f; DEP).
Indications (Dwarf Elder) — Angina (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Ascites (f; MAD); Asthma (f; DEP); Bruise (f; KAB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, flesh (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, thigh (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Constipation (f; EFS; HHB; PH2); Cough (f; MAD); Cystosis (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; DEP; JLH); Dropsy (f; DEP; MAD; SKJ); Edema (f; PH2); Erysipelas (f; DEP); Fever (f; DEP; EFS; HHB); Gout (f; MAD); Gravel (f; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2; PNC); Hoarseness (f; MAD); Kernel (f; JLH); Malaria (f; DEP); Nephrosis (f; MAD; PH2); Obesity (f; MAD; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; DEP); Rheumatism (f; DEP; PH2); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; MAD); Swelling (f; JLH; KAB; MAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; EFS; HHB; PH2; PNC).
Dosages (Dwarf Elder) — 2.5 g root/cup water (HHB).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dwarf Elder) — Not covered (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Symptoms of poisoning: bloody diarrhea, coma, cyanosis, diz- ziness, headache, hematchezia, mydriasis, nausea, oral pain, or vomiting (HHB; MAD; PH2). “Cases of death are also mentioned” (PH2). Saponin diuretic (HHB). Aqueous extracts hypotensive (ipr rat) (HH2).

DWARF MALLOW (Malva pusilla Sm.) +++
Synonyms — M. borealis Wallman, M. rotundifolia L.
Activities (Dwarf Mallow) — Antibacterial (1; CRC); Demulcent (1; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Emollient (f; CRC).
Indications (Dwarf Mallow) — Abscess (1; CRC); Aposteme (f; JLH); Bacteria (1; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, feet (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Glycosuria (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f; CRC); Mastosis (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Tumor (f; CRC).

DYER’S BROOM (Genista tinctoria L.) X
Synonym — Genista patula M. Bieb.
Activities (Dyer’s Broom) — Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; MAD); Diuretic (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Emetic (f; AHP; CRC; PHR; PH2); Hallucinogen (1; CRC; HHB); Hemostat (f; MAD); Laxative (f; CRC; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Litholytic (f; PH2); Nephrotonic (f; PH2); Teratogenic (1; PH2); Uterotonic (f; AHP).
Indications (Dyer’s Broom) — Bladder Stone (f; PHR); Bleeding (f; MAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Constipation (1; CRC; HHB; PH2); Corn (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; CRC; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; HHB); Epistaxis (f; MAD); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; CRC; MAD); Gravel (f; MAD); Gout (f; CRC; MAD; PHR; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Hip Ache (f; MAD); Hysteria (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Kidney Stone

(f; CRC; MAD); Lumbago (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Pain (f; MAD; PH2); Rabies (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; CRC; HHB); Scrofula (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; CRC; MAD); Stone (1; MAD; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CRC; HHB; MAD); Wen (f; CRC).
Dosages (Dyer’s Broom) — 2 tsp/day in hot tea (MAD); 1 tsp herb/cup, 1–2 cups/day (PHR; PH2); tinctures used for gravel and stone (MAD).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dyer’s Broom) — Class 2b (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Overdoses can cause diarrhea (PH2). Not for use by pregnant women (PH2).

DYER’S WOAD (Isatis tinctoria L.) +
Activities (Dyers Woad) — Antiaggregant (1; X3416386); Antidermatophytic (1; X7367492); Antifeedant (1; X8148009); Antileukemic (1; AKT); Antiaggregant (1; X3416386); Antiseptic (1; AKT); Antipyretic (1; AKT; LMP); Fungicide (1; X7367492); Immunostimulant (1; AKT; X1889106); Insecticide (1; X8148009); Termiticide (1; X8148009).
Indications (Dyers Woad) — Bacteria (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; AKT); Cancer (1; AKT); Cervi- cosis (f; DAA); Cystic Fibrosis (1; AKT; X8703440); Dermatosis (1; X7367492); Edema (f; DAA); Fever (1; AKT; LMP); Flu (f; LMP); Fungus (1; X7367492); Hepatosis (1; ABS; AKT); Immun- odepression (1; AKT; X1889106); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; AKT; X7367492); Laryngosis (f; AKT); Leukemia (1; AKT); Measles (f; LMP); Meningosis (f; AKT); Mycosis (1; X7367492); Parotosis (f; AKT); Pulmonosis (1; AKT; X8703440); Rash (f; DAA); Respirosis (f; AKT); Scarlet Fever (f; AKT; LMP); Sore Throat (f; DAA); Splenosis (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (f; DAA); Tonsilosis (f; AKT); Typhoid (f; LMP); Ulcer (f; WOI); Virus (1; AKT; DAA).
Dosages (Dyers Woad) — 2–3 g/day powdered leaf or root (AKT).
Contraindications, Indications, and Side Effects (Dyers Woad) — Class 1 (AHP). Not covered (KOM; PH2).

DYSENTERY BARK (Simarouba glauca DC.) +
Activities (Dysentery Bark) — Amebicide (1; TRA); Astringent (1; AAB); Bronchoconstrictor (1; TRA); Insecticide (1; TRA); Locusticide (1; TRA); Pediculoside (1; TRA); Stomachic (f; JFM); Tonic (1; TRA).
Indications (Dysentery Bark) — Ameba (1; TRA); Bleeding (1; AAB); Dermatosis (f; TRA); Diarrhea (1; AAB; JFM); Dysentery (1; AAB); Fever (f; JFM); Gastrosis (1; TRA); Itch (f; TRA); Malaria (1; JFM; IED; TRA); Metrorrhagia (1; AAB); Pediculosis (f; TRA); Itch (f; TRA); Rash (f; TRA); Salmonella (1; TRA); Scabies (1; TRA); Shigella (1; TRA); Sore (1; AAB); Ulcer (1; TRA).
Dosages (Dysentery Bark) — Mix 30 g powdered leaf with 65 ml coconut oil, gives enough for 10-day treatment (TRA); handful of bark in 3 cups water boiled 10 minutes as tea or bath (AAB); 15–60 drops 3 /day alcoholic tincture (steeped 15 days) for ameba.

E
EASTERN LARCH (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) ++
Synonym — Pinus laricina Du Roi.
Activities (Eastern Larch) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiinflammatory (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; DEM); Astringent (f; FAD); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; FAD); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Stimulant (f; CEB); Suppurative (f; DEM); Tonic (f; FAD); Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor (1; HAD).
Indications (Eastern Larch) — Anemia (f; DEM); Backache (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; CEB); Bruise (f; CEB); Burn (f; DEM; FAD); Cold (f; CEB; DEM; MIC); Constipation (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Cough (f; DEM); Debility (f; CEB; DEM); Dermatosis (f; FAD); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Distemper (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; FAD); Dysentery (f; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FAD); Enterosis (f; CEB); Fever (f; DEM); Flu (f; MIC); Frostbite (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; CEB; DEM); Gout (1; HAD); Headache (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Infection (f; DEM; MIC); Inflammation (f; CEB; DEM); Jaundice (f; FAD); Nausea (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Penis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; FAD); Sore (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Sore Throat (f; FAD); Swelling (f; FAD); Tuberculosis (f; CEB; DEM; MIC); Urethrosis (f; CEB); VD (f; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; FAD); Wound (f; CEB; DEM; MIC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Eastern Larch) — Not covered (AHP). Sawdust can cause dermatosis.

EASTERN MISTLETOE (Phoradendron leucarpum
(Raf). Reveal & M.C. Johnst.) +
Synonyms — Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. ex Engelm., P. serotinum (Raf). M.C. Johnston,
Viscum leucarpum Raf.
Activities (Eastern Mistletoe) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; DEM); Hemostat (1; CRC); Hypertensive (f; CRC); Hypotensive (f; DEM); Myostimulant (f; CRC); Oxytocic (f; CRC); Panacea (f; DEM); Poison (1; DEM); Uterocontractant (f; CRC).
Indications (Eastern Mistletoe) — Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bleeding (1; CRC); Childbirth (f; DEM); Debility (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); High Blood Pressure (f; DEM); Numbness (f; DEM); Pain (f; DEM); Pumonosis (f; DEM); Paralysis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Eastern Mistletoe) — Not exactly covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Mistletoes are generally considered poisonous.

263

ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONEFLOWER (Echinacea spp.) +++

True Confessions: I have taken the heretical view here of believing that much of the specific splitting done by European investigators on the pharmacognostic activities of the various species and parts of Echinacea were not backed up by voucher specimens and hence, cannot be proven or disproven. Since much of the research has been sponsored by people promoting one or the other species, but again not vouchering what they were working with, I consider the new data almost as suspect as some of the original, when they were studying Parthenium integrifolium instead of Echinacea. Even today, I think of this as good for Parthenium and not necessarily bad for Echinacea the herb. I would seek Parthenium integrifolium and/or Rudbeckia spp. if I couldn’t find an Echinacea. I think they are all good immunostimulants and confess, unlike the hypsters, that I don’t know which is best. Yes, this is a lazy way out.
Activities (Echinacea) — Alterative (f; PED; PNC); Analgesic (1; DEM; FNF; PED); Antibac- terial (1; PED; PNC); Antiedemic (1; PHR; WHO); Antiexudative (1; PED); Antihyaluronidase (1; BGB; MAB; PNC; WHO); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF; PH2; WAM; WHO); Antiintegrase (1; FNF; JAD); Antiseptic (1; PED); Antispasmodic (1; CAN); Antitumor (1; PNC; WHO); Antiviral (1; APA; WAM; WHO); Bactericide (1; FAD; PH2; WAM; WHO); Bifidogenic (1; AKT; FNF);
Bitter (f; PED); Candidicide (1; BGB); Collagen Sparing (1; MAB); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; MAB; PH2); Fungicide (1; FAD; PED); Immunostimulant (1; CAN; PH2; WAM; WHO); Interferonigenic (1; APA); 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; PH2; WHO); Phagocytotic (1; KOM; PIP; WHO); Prebiotic (1; AKT; FNF); Protisticide (1; MAB); Sialagogue (1; DEM; PED); TNF- genic (1; APA); Trichomonicide (1; MAB; PNC); Vasodilator (1; CAN); Vulnerary (1; APA; MAB; PH2; PNC).
Indications (Echinacea) — Abscess (1; APA; MAB; PH2); Acne (1; MAB); Adenopathy (1; PHR; PH2); Allergy (1; MAB); Arthrosis (f; APA; DEM; WHO); Bacteria (1; PED; PH2; PNC); Bite (f; PH2); Boil (1; APA; PNC); Bronchosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2; PNC); Bug Bite (f; APA);

Burn (2; FAD; PHR; PH2; WHO); Cancer (1; FAD; PNC; WHO); Cancer, colon (1; APA);
Cancer, liver (1; APA); Candida (1; BGB; FNF; MAM; SKY; WHO); Canker Sore (1; FAD; SKY); CFS (1; BGB); Chemotherapy (1; MAB); Cholecystosis (1; CAN); Cold (2; FAD; PHR; PH2; WAM; WHO); Cold Sore (1; APA); Colic (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (1; APA); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; CAN; DEM; PHR); Crohn’s Disease (1; SKY); Cystosis (1; APA; CAN); Dermatosis (1; PNC; WHO); Diabetes (f; MAB); Diphtheria (f; MAB); Dysentery (1; MAB); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Eczema (1; APA; PNC; WHO); Fever (2; PHR; PH2); Fit (f; DEM); Flu (2; APA; KOM; PH2; WAM); Fungus (1; FAD; PED); Furunculosis (1; BGB; CAN; MAB);
Gastrosis (f; DEM; PHR); Gingivosis (1; APA; SKY); Goiter (1; MAB); Gonorrhea (1; PHR; PH2); Headache (1; BGB; PHR; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; APA); Herpes (1; FAD; PHR; PH2; WHO); HIV (1; BGB; JAD); Immunodepression (2; CAN; PHR; PH2; SKY; WAM; WHO); Infection (2; FAD; PED; PH2; SKY; WHO); Inflammation (1; BGB; DEM; FNF; PH2; WAM;
WHO); Leishmaniasis (1; MAB; PH2); Leukopenia (1; PHR); Listeria (1; MAM); Lyme Disease (1; JAD); Mastosis (1; MAB); Measles (f; PHR; PH2); Meningosis (1; APA); Migraine (f; APA); Mumps (1; APA; DEM); Myalgia (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; FAD; PED); Neck (f; DEM); Nephr- orrhagia (f; MAB); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (1; JAD; SKY); Pain (1; DEM; FNF; PED; PH2); Pertussis (1; APA); Pharyngosis (2; BGB; PHR; PH2; PNC); Psoriasis (1; APA; MAB); Pyorrhea (1; CAN); Radiotherapy (f; WHO); Respirosis (2; APA; PH2; PIP; WHO); Rheumatism (1; APA; DEM; WHO); Rhinosis (1; CAN); Scarlet Fever (1; MAB); Septicemia (1; MAB; PNC); Sinusosis (1; BGB; MAB); Smallpox (f; DEM); Snakebite (f; APA; FAD); Sore (2; APA; KOM; PH2; WHO); Sore Throat (1; APA; DEM; FAD; WAM); Spider Bite (f; FAD); Staphylococcus (1; PH2); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (2; PHR; PH2; WHO); Swelling (1; PHR; PH2; WHO); Syphilis (f; MAB); Thirst (1; DEM); Tonsilosis (1; APA; PNC); Toothache (1; APA; FAD); Trichomoniasis (1; MAB); Tuberculosis (1; APA; MAB); Tumor (1; PNC; WHO); Typhus (1; MAB); UTI (2; CAN; KOM; PH2; PHR; PIP; WOI); Vaginosis (1; BGB); Varicosis (1; WHO); VD (1; PH2); Virus (1; APA; PH2; WAM; WHO); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (2; FAD; KOM;
PHR; PH2; PIP; WHO); Yeast (1; APA; BGB). Note: Commission E recommended only E. pallida root and E. purpurea leaf (KOM, p. 61).
Dosages (Echinacea) — 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 3 g dry root (PED); 3 g dry root:15 ml alcohol/15 mg water (PED); 2 tsp root/cup water to 3 /day (APA); 1–2 g root as tea 3 /day (CAN); 0.25–1 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 10–30 drops root tincture 3 /day; 1–2 droppers tincture (APA); 1–2 ml herb tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3 /day (CAN); 300–400 mg solid extract (APA); 2 (500 mg) capsules (StX to contain 125 mg certified potency Echinacea angustifolia root extract with at least 3.2–4.8% echinacoside, in a base of Parthenium integrifolium root, E. angustifolia root, and E. purpurea root) 2–3 /day (NH); 2–3 (420 mg) capsules 2–3 /day.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Echinacea) — Class 1 (AHP). I don’t worry about levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as low as 60 ppm; isotussilagine and tussilagine have been reported at levels of up to 60 ppm in pallid and purple coneflower (these PAs are unlikely to cause any liver damage). Commission E reports contraindications: progressive sys- temic diseases (e.g., AIDS, collagenosis, HIV, leucopathy, leukosis, multiple sclerosis, tubercu- losis, and other autoimmune diseases) (KOM). No side effects or interactions with other drugs reported (KOM). But, “There are no contraindications or adverse effects reported for echinacea products taken orally” (KOM, p. 61). People with asthma, eczema, or hay fever may prove allergic to Echinacea (WAM). Should not be used for more than 2–8 weeks, according to many authors. Other sources report contraindications: inclination to hypersensitivity, pregnancy; adverse effects: metabolic worsening in diabetic patients, dose-dependent chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, acute allergic reactions (AHP; Commission E). O’Brien contraindicates for autoim- mune disorders (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroidosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus). According to Parnham (1996), doses 1000 times greater than normally used may be immuno-

suppressive. CAN reports polysaccharide as allergenic and irritant (CAN). Positive and negative concern has been expressed about the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, which is stimulated by Echinacea (CAN). TNF, in addition to its antitumor activities, is said to mediate cachexia and the manifestation of endotoxic shock (CAN).
Extracts (Echinacea) — Activates immunity against herpes, influenza, and vesicular viruses (CAN). Polysaccharide fraction about half as active, as antiedemic and antiinflammatory, as indomethacin (CAN). Modestly antibacterial against Proteus and Staphylococcus (CAN). Antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulating activities due largely to alkalies, caught acid deriv- atives (such as cichoric acid and echinosides), glycoproteins, and polysaccharides (PH2). Extracts of E. angustifolia inhibit Trichomonas in vitro (PNC). Echinacin inhibits bacterial formation of hyaluronidase (PNC). Cichoric acid inhibits viral integrase, which, ironically, may be useful in the contraindicated AIDS and HIV. Arabinogalactan stimulates macrophages to produce interferon-beta, interleukin (IL) 1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, as well as T cell production in vitro (PH2).

ECLIPTA (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) ++
Synonyms — Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., E. punctata L., Verbesina alba L., Verbesina prostrata L.
Activities (Eclipta) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAP); Analgesic (f; AKT; KAB; WOI); Anthelminthic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (1; AKT; ZUL); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Antiseptic (1; SUW; ZUL); Antispasmodic (1; ZUL); Antiviral (1; KAP; ZUL); Astringent (1; FAD); Bitter (f; KAB); Candidicide (1; ZUL); Cardiotonic (1; ZUL); Deobstruent (f; KAB; KAP; SUW; ZUL); Depurative (f; DAV); Emetic (f; SUW; ZUL); Expectorant (f; KAB); Hepatoprotective (1; AKT; ZUL); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Hypotensive (1; AKT); Immu- nostimulant (1; FAD); Laxative (f; SUW; ZUL); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; ZUL); Philtre (f; ZUL); Propecic (1; AKT; KAB); Stomachic (f; KAB); Tonic (f; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Vermicide (1; ZUL).
Indications (Eclipta) — Abortion (f; KAB); Abscess (f; FAD); Adenopathy (f; KAP); Albu- minuria (f; DAV); Alopecia (f; AKT); Anemia (f; KAB); Asthma (f; DAV; KAB); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Bleeding (1; FAD); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Candida (1; ZUL); Cardiopathy (1; KAB; ZUL); Catarrh (f; FAD; KAB; SUW; WOI); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Cirrhosis (f; AKT); Com- plexion (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; AKT); Constipation (f; KAB; ZUL); Copremesis (f; DAV); Cough (f; DAV); Cramp (1; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; KAB; ZUL); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dysentery (f; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; DAV); Elephantiasis (f; DAV; KAB); Enterorrhagia (1; DAV); Enterosis (f; KAB); Fever (f; KAB); Gingivosis (f; FAD; KAB); Gray Hair (f; AKT; KAP); Headache (f; DAV; FAD; KAB); Hemicrania (f; KAB); Hepatosis (1; AKT; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Hernia (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; AKT); Immunodepression (1; FAD); Infection (1; ZUL); Inflammation (1; AKT; KAB; ZUL); Itch (f; KAB); Jaundice (2; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Leprosy (f; ZUL); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; DAV); Marasmus (f; DAV); Migraine (f; AKT); Miscarriage (f; KAB); Nyctalopia (f; KAB); Odontosis (f; FAD; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; AKT; KAB); Otosis (f; AKT); Pain (f; AKT; KAB; WOI); Pertussis (f; DAV); Rhinosis (f; AKT); Shigellosis (1; ZUL); Sinusosis (f; AKT); Snakebite (1; ZUL); Sore (1; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Splenosis (f; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Sting (f; KAB; SUW); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Stress (f’ AKT); Swelling (f; KAB); Syphilis (f; KAB); Tinnitus (f; AKT); Toothache (f; DAV; FAD; KAB); Uterosis (f; KAB); VD (f; KAB); Vertigo (f; AKT; DAV; KAB); Virus (1; KAP; ZUL); Worm (1; ZUL); Wound (f; KAB; SUW; ZUL); Yeast (1; ZUL).
Dosages (Eclipta) — 2–8 ml leaf juice (KAP); 4–12 ml leaf tea (KAP); 3–6 g powdered herb (KAP). May contain 780 ppm nicotine (WOI).

EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) ++
Activities (Eggplant) — Antianaphylactic (1; X11352546); Antiatherosclerotic (1; X4140788); Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticholinesterase (1; DAA); Antidote, mushroom (f; DAA); Antioxidant (1; JNU; X10100509); Antisarcomic (1; X9581517); Antiseptic (1; UPW); Carminative (f; EFS); Goitrogenic (f; WOI); Hypocholesterolemic (1; DAA; X10973133); Hypolipidemic (1; X9650725); Hypotensive (1; UPW); Narcotic (f; WOI); Proteinase Inhibitor (1; X1225945); Sialagogue (f; WOI); Stimulant (f; WOI); Trypsin Inhibitor (1; X874580).
Indications (Eggplant) — Abscess (f; DAA); Anaphylaxis (1; X11352546); Asthma (1; JNU; WOI); Atherosclerosis (1; X4140788); Bacteria (1; DAA); Bite (f; UPW); Bleeding (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; WOI); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cholera (f; WOI); Cystosis (f; DAA); Dermatosis (1; FNF; JLH; UPW); Dysuria (f; WOI); Enterosis (f; DAA); Gas (f; EFS); Hemorrhoid (f; DAA); Hepatosis (f; WOI); High Blood Pressure (1; UPW); High Cholesterol (1; DAA; JNU; X10973133); Infection (1; DAA; UPW); Mastosis (f; DAA); Obesity (1; X9650725); Otosis (f; WOI); Rhinosis (f; WOI); Sarcoma (1; X9581517); Snakebite (f; UPW); Sore (f; JLH); Syphilis (f; UPW); Toothache (f; DAA); VD (f; UPW); Wart (1; FNF; JLH); Whitlow (f; FNF; JLH); Wrinkle (1; JNU).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Eggplant) — Seeds may induce constipation or dyspepsia (WOI).

ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis L.) +++

Activities (Elderberry) — Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antiinflammatory (1; JNU); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; DEM; FNF); Antiviral (1; JNU; WAM); Aperient (f; CRC); Bronchostimulant (PIP); Carminative (f; CRC; FAD); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Depu- rative (f; CRC; DEM); Diaphoretic (1; CRC; FAD; PIP; WAM); Diuretic (f; CRC; FAD); Emetic (f; CRC; FAD); Hemostat (f; FAD); Hydragogue (f; CRC); Intoxicant (f; CRC);

Laxative (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Poison (f; CRC); Secretagogue (f; FEL); Sedative (f; CEB); Stimulant (f; CRC; FAD); Vulnerary (f; CRC).
Indications (Elderberry) — Abrasion (f; CRC); Ague (f; CEB); Asthma (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; FAD); Boil (f; DEM; FAD); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Bruise (f; CRC; FAD); Burn (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; JNU); Catarrh (f; FEL); Chafing (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CEB; CRC); Chill (f; CEB); Cold (1; CRC; FAD; WAM); Colic (f; CEB; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC; DEM; FAD); Cough (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CEB; FAD; FEL); Diphtheria (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Eczema (f; FAD; FEL); Edema (f; FEL); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Erysipelas (f; CEB; FEL); Exanthema (f; FEL); Fever (1; CRC; DEM; FAD; PIP; WAM); Flu (1; JAD; JNU; WAM); Gas (f; CRC; FAD); Gastrosis
(f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CEB; DEM); Herpes (1; JNU); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; DEM); Inflammation (1; CEB; JNU); Insomnia (f; CEB); Mastosis (f; DEM; JLH); Measles (f; DEM); Migraine (f; CEB); Myalgia (f; CEB); Nervousness (f; CEB); Neuralgia (f; CEB; CRC); Neurosis (f; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; CRC; DEM); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CEB; CRC; FEL); Rhinosis (f; FEL); Scarlatina (f; FEL); Scrofula (f; FEL); Sore (f; CEB; CRC; FAD); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Sprain (f; CRC); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stress (1; JNU); Stroke (1; JNU); Swelling (f; CRC; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC; FEL); Toothache (f; CEB; CRC); VD (f; DEM; FEL); Virus (1; JNU; WAM); Water
Retention (f; CRC; FAD); Wound (f; DEM; FAD).
Dosages (Elderberry) — 2–10 g dry fruit; 2–3 (485 mg) capsules 2–3 /day; 1 (485 mg) StX capsule 3 /day; 10–15 g flower (PIP); 2–4 g dry flower PNC.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Elderberry) — Class 1 (AHP). Parts of the plant may contain dangerous levels of HCN. Several cases of severe poisoning from several glasses of juice involved dizziness, nausea, numbness, stupor, vomiting, and weakness (LRNP, July 1992). Seeds somewhat toxic (WAM). Eat raw berries sparingly, or cook to reduce HCN content (WAM). Don’t eat red elderberries (WAM).

ELECAMPANE (Inula helenium L.) ++

Activities (Elecampane) — Alterative (PNC); Anthelminthic (1; PED; PH2); Antibacterial (1; APA; PED; WAM); Antidote (f; MAD); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR; PH2; WAM); Antiseptic (1; PHR; PH2); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; PED); Aperitif (f; EFS); Cardiotonic (f; MAD); Carminative (f; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cholagogue (f; PHR; PH2); Choleretic (1; APA; MAD); Decongestant (1; APA); Demulcent (1; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PNC); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (1; APA; MAD; PNC; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Expectorant (1; MAD; PED; PHR; PH2; WAM); Fungicide (1; APA; PED; PHR; PH2); Hyperglycemic (1; CAN); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; CAN); Hypotensive (1; APA; CAN); Immunostimulant (1; APA; PNC); Irritant (1; PHR; PH2); Laxative (f; APA); Mucoirritant (f; PH2); Myorelaxant (1; CAN); Paralytic (1; PH2); Parasiticide (1; APA); Sedative (1; APA; CAN); Stomachic (f; PHR; PH2); Thrombogenic (1; PH2); Tonic (1; APA; PNC); Vermifuge (1; APA; PED).
Indications (Elecampane) — Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Anorexia (f; EFS); Arthrosis (f; APA; MAD); Asthma (1; APA; PED; WAM); Bacteria (1; APA; PED; WAM); Bronchosis (1; APA; MAD; PH2;
PNC; WAM); Cancer (1; APA); Candida (1; PED); Cardiopathy (f; APA; MAD); Catarrh (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (1; APA; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Congestion (1; APA); Constipation (f; APA); Cough (1; APA; CAN; PH2; WAM); Cramp (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; APA; MAD); Diabetes (1; APA; HHB); Diarrhea (1; MAD; PED; PNC); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dysentery (1; PED); Dyspepsia (1; APA); Dysuria (f; MAD); Emphysema (f; APA); Enterosis (f; APA; MAD); Erysipelas (f; MAD); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; EFS; PNC); Fungus (1; APA; PED; PHR; PH2); Gas (1; APA; MAD; PHR; PH2); Gastrosis (f; APA; MAD);

Gravel (f; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; APA; MAD); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; CAN); Hyperglycemia (1; APA; CAN); Hypoglycemia (1; CAN); Immu- nodepression (1; APA; PNC); Infection (1; APA; PED; PHR; PH2); Inflammation (1; PHR; PH2; WAM); Insomnia (1; APA; CAN); Jaundice (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; APA; PED; PHR; PH2); Nausea (PNC); Nephrosis (f; APA; MAD); Nervousness (1; APA; CAN); Otosis (f; MAD); Parasite (1; APA); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Plethora (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (1; APA); Rheumatism (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Side Ache (f; MAD); Staphylococcus (1; MAD); Stone (f; MAD); Syphilis (f; MAD); Toothache (f; MAD); Tracheosis (f; CAN); Tuberculosis (f; CAN; MAD); Tumor (1; APA); Ulcer (f; PH2); UTI (f; APA); VD (f; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; MAD; PNC; PH2); Worm (1; APA; MAD; PED; PH2; PNC); Wound (f; MAD).
Dosages (Elecampane) — 0.25 tsp powdered root/cup water (APA; WIC); 2–4 g powdered root (PNC); 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 2–3 g dry root (PED); 3 g dry root:20 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 0.5–2 g root, several /day (MAD); 1.5–4 g root as tea 3 /day (CAN); 1.5–4 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 /day (CAN); 300 mg (50–200 for children) alantolactone for 2 courses of 5 days with an interval of 10 days (CAN); 1 tsp (6 g) in cold or hot tea (MAD); 20- to 40-drop tincture for cholera (MAD); 1 g in tea/day (PH2); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Elecampane) — Class 2b, 2c (AHP). Ele- campane is reportedly dermatitigenic; allergic contact dermatosis is possible. Can cause diarrhea, vomiting, spasm, and symptoms of paralysis (AEH; AHP; PHR; WAM). Not approved by Com- mission E, KOM, or PH2. Not for use during pregnancy or nursing (PH2; WAM). Commission E reports roots are not permitted for therapeutic use; usefulness not adequately documented. CAN cautions that sesquiterpene lactones, especially alantolactone, can be allergenic and irritant (CAN). Alantolactone is bound as a hapten to the skin proteins (KOM). May interfere with blood pressure and blood sugar therapies (CAN). Infusion is sedative (PNC). Inulin expectorant, lowers stool transit time, regulates colonic flora, and soothes inflamed tissue (PED). EO with sesquiterpene lactones bactericide, candidicide, fungicide, and vermifuge (PED). Alantolactone is antiinflamma- tory, anthelminthic, immunostimulant, and hypotensive (PNC).

ELM BARK, EUROPEAN FIELD ELM (Ulmus minor Mill.) +++
Synonyms — U. campestris L., U. carpinifolia Gled., U. carpinifolia var. suberosa (Moench) Rehder, U. foliacea Gilib., U. foliacea var. suberosa (Moench) Rehder, U. glabra var. suberosa (Moench) Gürke, U. nitens Moench, U. suberosa Moench.
FEL, GMH, JLH, and MAD entries apply to U. campestris (synonym). HHB divides U. campes- tris into U. carpinifolia and U. glabra and gives more data for U. laevis; hence, I assume they are talking about the same U. campestris. Strangely, in their account of Ulmus minor, and regrettably, PH2 cites HH2 and MAD (and no other sources). HH2 did cover elm bark but assigned it to U. carpinifolia (synonym) or U. laevis. HH2 entries in my FNF entry refer to U. carpinifolia or U. laevis.
Activities (Elm Bark) — Astringent (1; GMH; HHB; PH2); Demulcent (f; GMH); Diaphoretic (f; MAD); Diuretic (1; GMH; HHB; PH2); Expectorant (f; MAD); Tonic (f; GMH; MAD); Vulnerary (f; PH2).
Indications (Elm Bark) — Arthrosis (f; JLH); Bruise (f; GMH); Burn (f; MAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; MAD); Cold (f; HH2); Conjunctivosis (f; GMH); Cystosis (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; FEL; HH2; MAD); Diarrhea (f; HHB; MAD; PH2); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Eczema (f; HH2; MAD); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; MAD); Fracture (f; MAD); Gout (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; PH2); Leprosy (f; GMH); Malaria (f; MAD); Metrosis (f; MAD); Mucososis (f; HH2); Ophthalmia (f; GMH); Rheumatism (f; HH2); Ringworm (f; GMH); Scab (f;

MAD); Scrofula (f; HHB; MAD); Sore (f; JLH; MAD); Syphilis (f; FEL); Tapeworm (f; FEL); VD (f; FEL); Water Retention (1; GMH; HHB; PH2); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (Elm Bark) — 8 g bark in 1.25 liters water boiled down to 0.25 liter water, 2–4 glasses/day (HH2); 50 g bark in 2 liters water (HH2 q.v. for details); 20 g bark in decoction (MAD); 2 tsp ground bark/cup tea, 2–3 /day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Elm Bark) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

EL NENE (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd) +
Synonyms — Coleus blumei Benth., C. blumei var. verschaffeltii (Lem.) Lem., C. hybridus hort. ex Voss., C. scutellarioides L., Ocimum scutellarioides L., Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.
Activities (El Nene) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Collyrium (f; CRC); Depu- rative (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC).
Indications (El Nene) — Abdominal Distension (f; CRC); Asthma (f; CRC); Boil (f; CRC); Bruise (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; CRC); Colic (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC); Cut (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Foot Infection (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Headache (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC); Nausea (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Parturition (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (El Nene) — “Classed as a narcotic halluci- nogen” (CRC).

EMBLIC MYROBALAN (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ++
Synonyms — Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm.
Activities (Emblic Myrobalan) — Adrenergic (1; MPI); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB); Anabolic (1; MPI); Antiaggregant (1; PM63:518); Antibacterial (1; MPI); Antibilious (f; DEP); Antibradykinin (1; MPI); Anticancer (1; HH3); Anticholinergic (1; MPI); Anticlastogenic (1; HH3); Anticonvulsant (1; MPI); Antidote, aluminum (1; PR4:172); Antihistaminic (1; HH3); Antiinflam- matory (1; PM63:518); Antileukotriene (1; PM63:518); Antioxidant (f; MBB); Antiperoxidant (1; JE64:135); Antipyretic (1; DEP; KAB; PM63:518; SUW; WOI); Antiserotonin (1; MPI); Antiviral (1; MPI); Aperient (f; MPI; SUW; WOI); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; DEP; MBB; MPI; WOI); Cardiotonic (1; DEP; MBB; MPI); Carminative (f; KAB; MPI); Cere- brotonic (f; MBB); CNS-Depressant (f; MPI); Diuretic (f; DEP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Expectorant (f; DEP; KAB); Hepatotonic (f; SKJ); Laxative (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Lipogenic (1; MPI); Propecic (f; WOI); Stomachic (f; DEP; KAP; MPI); Tonic (f; KAB); Vulnerary (f; KAB).
Indications (Emblic Myrobalan) — Acne (f; WOI); Alcoholism (f; MBB); Alopecia (f; DEP; WOI); Anemia (f; DEP; MBB; SUW; WOI); Anorexia (f; KAB); Anuria (f; KAB); Ascites (f; WOI); Asthma (f; KAB; SUW; WOI); Bacteria (1; MPI); Biliousness (f; KAB; SUW; WOI); Bleeding (1; DEP; KAB; SUW; WOI); Bronchosis (f; DEP; KAB; MBB; SUW; WOI); Cancer (1; HH3; MBB); Candida (f; MBB); Cardiopathy (f; KAB); Cholera (1; HH3; WOI); Cold (f; KAB); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP; KAP; SUW; WOI); Constipation (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Convulsion (1; MPI); Cough (f; DEP; MBB; WOI); Cramp (1; MPI); Cystosis (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diabetes (f; MBB); Diarrhea (1; DEP; SUW; WOI); Dysentery (1; KAB; KAP; SUW; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; SUW; WOI); Dysuria (f; KAB); Encephalosis (f; DEP); Enterosis (1; MPI); Epigastrosis (1; MPI); Epistaxis (f; KAB); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Escherichia (1; HH3); Fever (1; DEP; KAB; MBB; PM63:518; SUW; WOI); Fistula (f; SKJ);

Gas (f; KAB; MPI); Gastrosis (2; MPI; SKJ); Gingivosis (f; MBB); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; SKJ); Hematuria (f; DEP); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (1; HH3; KAB); Hyperchlo- rohydria (1; MPI); Inflammation (1; KAB; PM63:518); Jaundice (f; DEP; SUW; WOI); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Myalgia (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pancreatosis (1; ABS); Pulmonosis (f; MBB); Rhinosis (f; KAB); Salmonella (1; HH3); Scurvy (1; SKJ); Sore (f; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Staphylococcus (1; HH3); Streptococcus (1; HH3); Thirst (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f; WOI); VD (f; KAB); Vibrio (1; HH3); Virus (1; HH3; MPI); Water Retention (f; DEP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Yeast (f; MBB).
Dosages (Emblic Myrobalan) — Eat as fruit or fruit juice; 2–8 g fruit (HH3).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Emblic Myrobalan) — Class 1; Fruit con- sumed as food (AHP). Rich source of ascorbic acid (juice has 20 times ascorbic acid more than orange juice). Also rich in pectin. Ellagic and gallic acids present (WOI). Alcoholic extract anti- bacterial and antiviral.

ENDIVE (Cichorium endivia L.) +++

Activities (Endive) — Allergenic (1; ABS); Antibilious (f; BIB; DEP); Antidiabetic (1; FNF); Antidiarrheal (1; FNF); Antiflu (1; FNF); Anti-HIV-Integrase (1; FNF); Antihyaluronidase (1; FNF); Antiotitic (1; FNF); Antipyretic (1; BIB; DEP; FNF; WO2); Antiradicular (1; FNF); Antistomatitic (1; FNF); Antisunburn (1; FNF); Antiviral (1; FNF); Bacteristat (1; FNF); Bifidogenic (1; FNF); Bitter (f; BIB); Carminative (f; BIB); Chemopreventive (breast) (1; FNF); Chemopreventive (colon) (1; FNF); Choleretic (f; BIB); Collagen-Sparing (1; FNF); Demulcent (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB);

Expectorant (1; FNF); Gastrostimulant (1; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Laxative (1; BIB; FNF); Lipolytic (1; FNF); Phagocytotic (1; FNF); Prebiotic (1; FNF); Probiotigenic (1; FNF); Resolvent (f; BIB); Stimulant (f; DEP); Sunscreen (1; FNF); Tonic (f; BIB).
Indications (Endive) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Constipation (1; BIB; FNF); Diabetes (1; FNF); Diarrhea (1; FNF); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Fever (1; BIB; DEP; FNF; WO2); Flu (1; FNF); Gas (f; BIB); Headache (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); Hyperglycemia (1; FNF); Immunodepres- sion (1; FNF); Induration (f; BIB); Inflammation (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; BIB); Pharyngosis (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB); Sunburn (1; FNF); Swelling (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; BIB); Virus (1; FNF); Water Retention (f; BIB).
Dosages (Endive) — Food farmacy (JAD). Interpreted by some as one of the bitter herbs of the Bible.
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Endive) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2).

ENGLISH ADDER’S TONGUE (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.) ++
Activities (English Adder’s Tongue) — Antiseptic (f; DAA; EFS; PH2); Depurative (f; DAA); Detergent (f; DAA; PH2); Hemostat (f; DAA; GMH); Vulnerary (f; DAA; PH2).
Indications (English Adder’s Tongue) — Abscess (f; DAA); Adenopathy (f; DAA); Angina (f; DAA; WOI); Bleeding (f; DAA; GMH); Boil (f; DAA; WOI); Bruise (f; DAA; GMH); Cancer (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; GMH); Dropsy (f; DAA); Epistaxis (f; GMH); Hiccup (f; DAA); Infection (f; DAA); Inflammation (f; DAA); Nausea (f; GMH); Odontosis (f; DAA); Ophthalmia (f; GMH); Scrofula (f; DAA); Sore (f; DAA); Wound (f; DAA).
Dosages (English Adder’s Tongue) — Topical application of a mix: 2 lb leaf chopped fine in 1/2 pint oil and 1.5 lb suet melted together; strain after boiling until the leaf fragments are crisp (GMH).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (English Adder’s Tongue) — Not covered (AHP; KOM). I don’t see why PH2 included it; two chemicals, no folk indications (PH2).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD).

ENGLISH DAISY, WILD DAISY (Bellis perennis L.)+ +
Activities (English Daisy) — Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antipyretic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS); Discutient (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Hemostat (f; EFS); Mucolytic (1; PH2); Pectoral (f; EFS); Resolvent (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; EFS).
Indications (English Daisy) — Bleeding (f; EFS; PH2); Bronchosis (f; PH2); Bruise (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Cramp (f; EFS); Dermatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (1; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Kernel (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HHB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; EFS); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; PH2).
Dosages (English Daisy) — 2 tsp herb/2 cups water; steep 20 minutes, take 2–4 cups/day (PH2).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (English Daisy) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).

ENGLISH HOLLY (Ilex aquifolium L.) +
Synonyms — I. aquifolium f. bacciflava (Weston) Rehder, I. aquifolium f. ferox (Aiton) C. K. Schneid., I. aquifolium f. heterophylla (Aiton) Loes., I. aquifolium f. integrifolia Nolte ex Loes., I. aquifolium f. pendula (Loudon) Schelle.
Activities (English Holly) — Diaphoretic (f; EFS; HHB); Digitalic (f; MAD); Diuretic (f; HHB; PH2); Emetic (1; DEP); Emollient (f; DEP); Laxative (f; MAD); Litholytic (f; MAD); Toxic (1; PH2).
Indications (English Holly) — Appendicitis (f; MAD); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Boil (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; HHB; MAD; PH2); Cancer (f; HHB; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, thyroid (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; MAD); Colic (f; HHB); Conjunctivosis (f; PH2); Constipation (f; PH2); Cough (f; MAD; PH2); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyspepsia (f; MAD; PH2); Enterosis (f; JLH; MAD); Epilepsy (f; MAD); Fever (f; EFS; HHB; MAD; PH2; WOI); Gastrosis (f; MAD); Gout (f; HHB; PH2; WOI); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; MAD; PH2); Malaria (f; MAD; WOI); Ophthalmia (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; HHB; PH2); Scarlet Fever (f; MAD); Side Ache (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; MAD); Staphyloma (f; MAD); Stomachache (f; MAD); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; JLH; MAD); Thyroidosis (f; JLH); Typhus (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; HHB; PH2).
Dosages (English Holly) — 15–20 g leaf in tea (MAD).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (English Holly) — Not covered (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). Ingesting more than five berries may induce diarrhea, gastroenterosis, nausea, and vomiting. Fatal GI inflam- mation is said to have taken place following the ingestion of very large quantities (20 to 30 berries). Poisonings have not been reported in recent times (MAD; PH2). Human fatality reported (ATM; MAD).

ENGLISH WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) +
Synonyms — J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. kamaonica (C. DC.) Dode, J. orientis Dode,
J. sinensis (C. DC.) Dode.
Activities (English Walnut) — Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f; BIB); Anthelminthic (f; DEP); Antiaggregant (1; BIB; FNF); Antibacterial (1; BIB); Anticancer (1; BGB); Antidote (f; DEP); Antiherpetic (1; BGB); Antiinflammatory (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; X10616967); Antiradicular (1; X10616967); Antiperspirant (1; APA; PH2); Antiseptic (1; BIB; JAD; PNC); Antitumor (1; APA; JAD); Antiviral (1; BGB); Aphrodisiac (f; PH2); Astringent (1; APA; BGB; HHB; PH2); Candidicide (1; BGB; BIB); Carcinogenic (1; BGB; PH2); Cholagogue (f; NUT); Depurative (f; NUT; PHR; PH2); Digestive (f; NUT); Diuretic (f; NUT); Emollient (f; BGB); Fungicide (1; APA; JAD; PH2); Hair Dye (1; PNC); Hemostat (1; JAD; MAD; NUT); Herbicide (1; JAD);
Insecticide (f; NUT); Laxative (f; BIB; JAD; PNC); Leukoplakogenic (1; PH2); Litholytic (f; NUT); Molluscicide (1; WOI); Mutagenic (1; BGB; PH2); Myorelaxant (1; BIB; FNF); Myotonic (f; MAD); Piscicide (1; WOI); Stimulant (f; NUT); Tonic (f; NUT); Vermifuge (1; HHB; JAD; PH2); Vulnerary (f; JAD).
Indications (English Walnut) — Acne (f; APA); Adenopathy (f; MAD); Aegilops (f; JLH); Alopecia (f; BIB); Anemia (f; MAD); Anthrax (1; NUT; WOI); Arthrosis (f; MAD); Asthma

(f; NUT; PH2); Atherosclerosis (1; BIB; FNF); Bacteria (1; BIB); Backache (f; NUT); Beriberi (f; PH2); Bleeding (1; JAD; MAD; NUT); Burn (f; BGB); Caligo (f; NUT); Cancer (1; APA; BIB; BGB; JAD; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; JLH); Cancer, intestine (1; JLH); Cancer, kidney (1; JLH); Cancer, lip (1; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; JLH); Candida (1; BGB; BIB); Cardiopathy (1; BIB); Caries (f; BIB; MAD); Catarrh (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Chancre (f; NUT); Cholera (1; WOI); Colic (f; NUT; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; APA; BGB; NUT); Constipation (f; BIB; JAD; PH2; PNC); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (1; BIB;
FNF; NUT); Dandruff (f; BGB; MAD); Dermatosis (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PNC); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (1; APA; HHB); Diptheria (1; WOI); Dog Bite (f; BGB); Dysentery (f; NUT; PH2); Eczema (1; APA; BGB; MAD; PNC); Enterosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Epilepsy (f; PNC); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Escherichia (f; BIB; WOI); Exanthema (f; MAD); Favus (f; NUT); Fistula (f; MAD); Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; APA; BIB; JAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; HHB; MAD; PHR;
PH2); Gingivosis (1; APA; BIB); Gout (f; MAD); Gray Hair (1; PNC); Halitosis (f; BIB); Headache (f; BIB; PNC); Heartburn (f; KAB; NUT); Herpes (1; BGB; PNC); High Blood Pressure (1; BIB; FNF); Hunger (1; BIB); Impotence (f; MAD; NUT; PH2); Infection (1; APA; BGB; JAD; PH2); Infertility (f; BIB); Inflammation (1; APA; BIB; PH2); Itch (f; BGB); Laryngosis (1; BIB; FNF); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; NUT); Lupus (f; MAD); Lym- phosis (f; MAD); Mercury Poisoning (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; APA; JAD; PH2); Nephrosis (f; NUT); Nervousness (f; MAD); Obesity (1; BIB; FNF); Ophthalmia (f; HHB); Pain (f; BIB; NUT); Plaque (1; BIB); Pulmonosis (1; BIB; FNF; MAD); Rheumatism (f; APA; DEP; NUT); Rhinosis (1; BIB; FNF); Rickets (f; HHB); Ringworm (1; APA); Salmonella (1; WOI); Scrofula (f; APA; BGB; HHB); Snakebite (f; BGB); Sore (1; BGB; NUT; PNC); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spider Bite (f; BGB); Staphylococcus (1; BIB); Stomatosis (1; APA); Stone (f; NUT); Strep- tococcus (1; BIB); Sunburn (f; BGB); Sweating (2; KOM; PHR); Syphilis (f; BIB; MAD); Tapeworm (1; WOI); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (1; APA; JAD); VD (f; BIB; MAD); Virus (1; BGB); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; NUT); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (1; APA; HHB; JAD; MAD; PH2); Wound (1; APA); Yeast (1; BGB; BIB).
Dosages (English Walnut) — Five tsp chopped leaf/cup water (externally only; APA); 2–3 g leaf/100 ml water for compresses (KOM); 3–6 g (PHR); 4–8 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (English Walnut) — Class 2d. Juglone is mutagenic. External carcinogenic effects noted after chronic external use (AHP). None known for the leaf at proper dosage (KOM; PHR; PH2). Commission E reports fruit shell not permitted for therapeutic use; usefulness not adequately documented. Fresh shells contain the naphthoquinone constituent juglone, which is mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic. The juglone content of dried shells has not been studied adequately (AEH). Good source of dietary serotonin, quickly broken down in the gut (where there are serotonin receptors).

EPHEDRA, MA HUANG (Ephedra spp.) XXX

Usually referred to as Ephedra sinica Stapf.
Activities (Ephedra) — Analeptic (f; HHB); Analgesic (f; WHO); Anorectic (1; APA; FNF); Anti- allergic (1; APA; BGB; HHB); Antibacterial (2; KOM; PH2); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihistaminic (1; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FNF); Antiobesity (1; WHO); Antitussive (1; BGB; KOM; PH2; SHT); Antiviral (f; WHO); Astringent (PED); Bitter (PED); Bronchodilator (2; BGB; SHT; WAM); Cardiotonic (1; PED; PNC; WHO); Catabolic (1; AKT; FNF); CNS Stimulant (2; AKT; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Convulsant (1; DAA); Decongestant (1; APA; BGB; SKY); Diaphoretic (f; AKT; BGB; PED; PH2); Diuretic (1; APA; FNF; PED); Expectorant (1; PED; WHO); Hypertensive (1; APA; SHT; WHO); Immunostimulant (f; WHO); Mydriatic (1; HHB; PED; WHO); Myorelaxant (f; AKT); Positive Chronotropic (2; PHR; PH2); Positive Inotropic (2; PHR; PH2); Stimulant (1; PHR; PED; WAM); Sympathomimetic (2; KOM; PH2; PNC; WHO); Thermogenic (1; APA; PED; WHO); Uterocontractant (1; PED); Vasoconstrictor (2; APA; SHT; WHO).
Indications (Ephedra) — Allergy (2; APA; BGB; HHB; WAM); Arthrosis (f; APA; DAA; PH2); Asthma (2; AKT; PHR; SKY; WAM); Bacteria (2; KOM; PH2); Bronchosis (2; BGB; PHR; PH2;
WHO); Bronchospasm (2; APA; KOM); Childbirth (f; DAA); Chill (f; AKT; BGB; DAA); Cold (2; APA; WHO); Congestion (1; APA; BGB; SKY); Coryza (2; BGB; WHO); Cough (2; DAA;
PHR; PH2; SKY); Cramp (f; BGB); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dyspnea (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; DAA); Edema (f; DAA); Enuresis (1; WHO); Exophthalmia (f; HHB); Fever (f; AKT; APA; BGB; PED; PH2); Flu (1; APA; BGB; DAA); Hay Fever (f; APA; BGB; DAA); Headache (f; APA; HHB);
Hives (f; APA); Immunodepression (f; WHO); Incontinence (1; WHO); Inflammation (1; APA; FNF); Itch (f; DAA); Lethargy (1; FNF); Low Blood Pressure (1; APA; DAA; SHT; WHO); Malaria (f; DAA); Myalgia (f; BGB); Myasthenia Gravis (1; WHO); Narcolepsy (1; WHO); Nasal Con- gestion (1; SKY); Nephrosis (f; DAA); Night Sweats (f; DAA); Obesity (1; AKT; BGB; SKY; WHO); Osteosis (f; APA; BGB; PH2); Pain (f; PH2; WHO); Pertussis (1; BGB); Pneumonia (1; BGB); Pulmonosis (1; WAM); Respirosis (2; APA; KOM); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Rhinosis (1; BGB; WHO); Sinusosis (2; DAA; WAM; WHO); Swelling (1; FNF); Tracheosis (f; DAA); Urticaria (1; WHO); Virus (f; WHO); Water Retention (1; APA; FNF; PED).

Dosages (Ephedra) — 2 g/240 ml water providing 15–30 mg ephedrine (APA); herb equivalent to 15–30 mg total alkaloid, calculated as ephedrine (KOM); 2–4 tbsp fresh herb (PED); 3–6 g dry herb (PED); 4.5 g dry herb:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1–4 g herb/cup water, to 3 /day (PH2); 15–30 mg total alkaloid per dose, to 120 mg/day; child’s single dose 0.5 mg/kg (PH2); 1–4 g powdered stem (PNC); 1–3 ml liquid extract (PNC); 1–4 ml tincture 3 /day (SKY). Surprisingly, as the FDA considers withdrawing ephedra, Commission E approved ma huang for, “Diseases of the respiratory tract with mild bronchospasms in adults,” single dosages of herb equivalent to 15–30 mg total alkaloid, not to exceed 300 mg alkaloid a day, and children over age six years, 0.5 mg total alkaloid/kg body weight) (KOM).
Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ephedra) — Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in anorexia, anxiety, bulimia, cerebral perfusion, diabetes, glaucoma, high blood pressure, pheochromocy- toma, prostatadenoma, restlessness, and thyrotoxicosis (KOM; PH2; SHT; SKY). Thyroid stimulant, not recommended for long-term use. The herb and/or its ephedrine can cause addiction, anxiety, anorexia, cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, dizziness, dysuria, flushing, headache, high blood pressure, insomnia, irritability, nausea, nervousness, palpitations, restlessness, tachycardia, uterocontraction, vomiting, and xerostomia (KOM; PH2; SHT; SKY). Commission E reports contraindications, adverse effects, and interactions of the major alkaloid, ephedrine. Not to be used for prolonged period. Not to be taken with MAOIs. May potentiate MAOIs (AHP). Ephedra-based products should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation, and used with caution in children <6 years old (SKY). More than 100 g herb (~ = 1–2 g L-ephedrine) can be lethally toxic in humans. “Over-the-counter drugs containing ephedrine can be safely used by adults at a dose of 12.5–25 mg every four hours. Adults should take no more than 150 mg every twenty-four hours” (SKY). A 60 mg dose of pseudoephedrine every six hours is usually recommended. (Lininger et al., 1998). Ephedrine-containing substances have been listed as addictive by the International Olympic Committee (KOM). The LD50 of ephedrine is reported at 500 mg/kg orl man (PED), making it about half as toxic as caffeine. Although I have given this my triple X, I still think it one of the best antiasthmatic herbs, and quite useful in other respiratory conditions. ERGOT (Claviceps purpurea) X Activities (Ergot) — Ecbolic (1; EFS); Emmenagogue (1; EFS); Hemostat (1; EFS); Toxic (1; EFS); Uterotonic (1; EFS). Indications (Ergot) — Atonia (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; EFS; PH2); Childbirth (f; PH2); Circulosis (f; PH2); Convulsion (f; PH2); Cramp (f; PH2); Menorrhagia (f; PH2); Metrorrhagia (f; PH2); Migraine (1; PH2); Myosis (f; PH2); Paralysis (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; PH2). Dosages (Ergot) — Too dangerous. Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ergot) — “Ergot is now contraindicated for all therapeutic use” (PH2). Not covered nor recommended any more, though ergotamine is still used for migraine (prescription only, I suppose). ERYNGO (Eryngium campestre L.) ++ Activities (Eryngo) — Antispasmodic (f; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; HHB); Diuretic (f; PH2); Expec- torant (f; PH2). Indications (Eryngo) — Amenorrhea (f; HHB); Bladder Stone (f; PH2); Blister (f; HHB); Bron- chosis (f; HHB; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PH2); Cramp (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Edema (f; HHB; PH2); Hepatosis (f; HHB); Inflammation (f; JLH; PH2); Jaundice (f; HHB); Kidney Stone (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Prostatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Splenosis (f; HHB); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; PH2). Dosages (Eryngo) — 1 tsp root/cup, 3–4 cups/day (PH2); root boiled in red wine with honey for cancer (JLH). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Eryngo) — Class 1 for Eryngo (E. maritinum, E, planum, and E. yuccifolium as eryngo or sea holly) (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2). ETHIOPIAN PEPPER (Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.) ++ Activities (Ethiopian Pepper) — Abortifacient (f; UPW); Anthelminthic (f; UPW); Antiseptic (f; UPW); Carminative (f; UPW); Counterirritant (f; UPW); Emetic (f; UPW); Emmenagogue (f; UPW); Laxative (f; UPW); Tonic (f; UPW). Indications (Ethiopian Pepper) — Amenorrhea (f; UPW); Asthma (f; UPW); Biliousness (f; UPW); Boil (f; UPW); Bronchosis (f; UPW); Cancer (f; JLH; UPW); Childbirth (f; UPW); Con- stipation (f; UPW); Convulsion (f; UPW); Cough (f; UPW); Dermatosis (f; UPW); Dysentery (f; UPW); Epilepsy (f; UPW); Gas (f; UPW); Headache (f; UPW); Infertility (f; UPW); Lumbago (f; UPW); Neuralgia (f; UPW); Pain (f; UPW); Pneumonia (f; UPW); Pyorrhea (f; UPW); Respirosis (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; UPW); Rib Ache (f; UPW); Roundworm (f; UPW); Side Ache (f; UPW); Stomachache (f; UPW); Toothache (f; UPW); Worm (f; UPW). Dosages (Ethiopian Pepper) — 1–2 glasses/day root tincture in palm wine for asthma, rheumatism, and stomachache (UPW). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ethiopian Pepper) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2). Fruit extracts slightly active against Gram-positive Mycobacterium phlei and Sarcinia lutea, but inactive against fungi tested and Staphylococcus (UPW). EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) ++ Activities (Eucalyptus) — Analgesic (1; TRA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Anthelminthic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; BGB; TRA; WAM); Antidiabetic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR); Antipro- liferative (1; PHR); Antipyretic (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; TRA; ZUL); Antispas- modic (1; KOM; PIP); Antitumor (1; APA); Antitussive (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; APA; JBU; PHR); Astringent (1; APA; WBB); Bronchodilator (1; WAM); Carminative (f; WBB); Decongestant (1; APA; VAG); Deodorant (1; PHR); Diuretic (1; PHR); Expectorant (2; PIP; TRA; WAM); Fungicide (1; JBU); Hyperemic (2; JFM; KOM); Hypoglycemic (1; HHB; PHR); Insecticide (f; CRC); Insectifuge (f; CRC); Memorigenic (1; APA); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Secretolytic (1; PHR); Secre- tomotoric (1; KOM; PIP); Sedative (1; TRA); Sialagogue (1; APA); Stimulant (1; CRC; JFM); Vermifuge (1; CRC; TRA; WBB). Indications (Eucalyptus) — Acne (f; PHR); Anorexia (f; PHR); Arthrosis (1; APA; CRC); Asthma (2; IED; PHR; TRA); Bacteria (1; BGB; TRA; WAM); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (2; JFM; PHR; TRA); Burn (f; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; CRC); Catarrh (2; KOM; PIP; TRA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (f; CRC; TRA; VAG; WBB); Congestion (1; APA; BGB; VAG); Cough (2; PHR; TRA; WAM; ZIM); Cramp (1; KOM; PIP); Croup (1; APA; WBB); Cystosis (f; CRC; JFM); Dermatosis (1; APA); Diabetes (1; APA; JFM; PHR; WBB); Diphtheria (f; WBB); Dysentery (1; APA; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; PHR); Fever (1; APA; BGB; CAN; CRC; JFM; PHR; WBB); Flu (2; PHR; TRA; VAG); Fungus (1; JBU); Gas (f; WBB); Gastrosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Gingivosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Headache (f; BGB); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JFM; PHR); Hoarseness (f; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; HHB; PHR); Infection (1; APA; CRC; JBU); Inflammation (1; CRC; PHR); Insomnia (1; TRA); Laryngosis (f; CRC); Leprosy (f; CRC; WBB); Malaria (f; CRC; JFM; WBB); Measles (f; PHR); Miasma (f; CRC); Myalgia (1; APA); Mycosis (1; JBU); Nervousness (1; TRA); Neuralgia (f; PHR); Otosis (1; BGB); Pain (1; CRC; TRA); Pertussis (f; PHR); Pharyn- gosis (1; APA; BGB); Phthisis (f; CRC); Pulmonosis (1; CRC; JFM); Respirosis (2; KOM; PIP; TRA); Rheumatism (2 [EO topical]; JFM; KOM; PHR); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Ringworm (1; APA); Scarlet Fever (f; PHR); Sinusosis (1; PHR); Sore (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Stomatosis (1; APA); Syncope (1; FNF); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor (1; APA); Vaginosis (f; CRC); Virus (1; APA; JBU; PHR); Water Retention (1; PHR); Worm (1; CRC; HHB; PHR; TRA; WBB); Wound (f; CRC). Dosages (Eucalyptus) — 1–2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water (APA); 4–6 g leaf/day (KOM; PIP); 4–16 g leaf/day (PHR); 300–600 mg EO (PHR); 1–2 drops EO/cup water; 0.05–0.2 ml EO (CAN; PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml eucalyptol (cineole) (CAN); 2–4 g fluid extract (CAN); single dose 2 g (HHB); 3–9 g tincture (KOM); 3–4 g tincture/day (PHR); steep 8–10 g dry leaf/liter water or 30–40 g fresh leaf, inhale the steam (TRA). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Eucalyptus) — Class 2d. Contraindicated in inflammatory diseases of the bile duct, GI tract, and liver. Do not use near nostrils of infants (AHP). CAN cautions that the oil can cause nausea and vomiting, and should not be taken internally during pregnancy or lactation. “Undiluted eucalyptus oil is toxic and should not be taken internally unless suitably diluted. A dose of 3.5 ml has proved fatal.” (CAN) Symptoms of poisoning include abdominal pain, bronchospasm, convulsions, cyanosis, delirium, dizziness, epigastric burning, myosis, muscular weakness, respiratory problems, spontaneous vomiting, tachypnea with severe respiratory depression, and a feeling of suffocation. May interfere with hypoglycemic therapy (CAN). Eucalyptus oil causes induction of the foreign-substance degrading enzyme system in the liver. This may weaken and/or shorten the activity of other medicinal agents; may cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (PIP). CNS effects include diminution or loss of reflexes and depression of consciousness, possibly progressing to coma. Fatalities have been reported in adults ingesting as little as 4–5 ml eucalyptus oil; 30 ml will usually cause death (AEH1). Extracts (Eucalyptus) — In vivo, quercitrin and hyperoside have shown antiviral activity against influenza type A (CAN). Euglobulin reported to be antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and to inhibit in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA activity in animal studies (PHR). Cineole is antispasmodic, bacte- ricide, fungicide, secretogogic, secretolytic, and rubefacient (SHT). EUP