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Medicinal Plants of Jamaica and Their Uses – Part 2

Stinging nettle

The information provided in this article are excerpts from the research of medicinal plants carried out at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona, Jamaica, between 1948 and 2001. The data is organised as listed in the following tables but will be presented in two (2) separate parts.

Table 1: Organisms used for testing bioactivity of plant extracts and natural products.
Table 2: Summary of plants that exhibited the most medicinal bioactivity.
Table 3: Summary of plants that exhibited the most agricultural bioactivity.
Table 4: Natural products isolated from plants tested at UWI between 1948 and 2001.
Table 5: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the University of the West Indies, Mona – family, botanical name, common name, growth range, growth.
Table 6: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona – Research conducted between 1948 and 2001, and literature reference.

Below you will find tables 5, 6 and the reference.

Table 5: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the University of the West Indies, Mona – family, botanical name, common name, growth range, growth habit, and ethnomedicine

PRN and Family
Botanical name
Common name
Growth range
Growth Habit
Ethnomedicine/Biological activities (Uses as stated in papers)
1. Acanthaceae
Asystasia gangetica
No name given
Old World tropics, cultivated
Herb
Not mentioned
2. Acanthaceae
+Justicia pectoralis
Fresh cut, garden balsam
Mexico to Northern S. America, WI
Herb
Wounds, colds, constipation, colic
3. Amaranthaceae
+Achyranthes indica
Devil’s horse whip
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, colic, flu, malaria, veneral diseases
4. Amaryllidaceae
Allium cepa
Onion
Widely cultivated
Herb
Seasoning
5. Anacardiaceae
+Anacardium occidentale
Cashew
Widely distributed in tropics
Tree
Colds, fever, ulcers, belly ache
6. Anacardiaceae
+Mangifera indica L.
Mango
Widely distributed
Tree
Fever, diarrhoea, laxative (esp black mango)
7. Anacardiaceae
Spondias dulcis
June plum
Tropics
Tree
Controls sugar
8. Anacardiaceae
+Spondias mombin
Hog plum
Widely distributed
Tree
Colds, oedema, coughs, constipation, tapeworm
9. Annonaceae
+Annona muricata
Soursop
Tropics
Tree
Tranquiliser, dewormer, fever, dysentery, antispasmodic, colds, pains, diuretic
10. Annonaceae
+Annona reticulata L.
Custard apple
Tropics
Tree
Antihelminthic, dysentery, diarrhoea
11. Annonaceae
+Annona squamosa
Sweetsop
Tropics
Tree
Fever, painful spleen, labour pains, fainting, laxative, antihelminthic, diarrhoea, indigestion
12. Apocynaceae
+Catharanthus roseus
Periwinkle
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Leukaemia, astringent, diabetes
13. Apocynaceae
Ervatamia divaricata
Coffee rose
Not given
Shrub
Insecticidal, acaricidal
14. Apocynaceae
Nerium oleander L.
Oleander
Native of Eurasia
Shrub
Not mentioned
15. Araliaceae
Oreopanax capitatus
Woman wood
C. America, WI
Shrub
Not mentioned
16. Araliaceae
+Polyscias guilfoylei
Aralia
Trop America, WI
Shrub
Colds
17. Asclepiadaceae
+Asclepias curassavica
Red top, red head
American sub-tropics and tropics
Herb
Vermifuge, sores, stops bleeding, coughs, boils, warts
18. Bignoniaceae
Catalpa longissima
French oak
Pacific and WI
Tree
Haemorrhoids, astringent
19. Bignoniaceae
+Crescentia cujete
Calabash
Tropics
Tree
Coughs, colds, purgative, poultice
20. Bignoniaceae
Tecoma stans
Yellow cedar, Jamaican lilac
Tropics
Shrub
Fever
21. Bixaceae
Bixa orellana
Annatto
Tropics
Tree
Orange dye, oral hyperglycaemic
22. Boraginaceae
Cordia brownei
Black sage
Gr. Cayman, Jamaica*
Shrub
Colds, fever, insomia
23. Boraginaceae
+Cordia globosa
Sage
Not given
Shrub
Colds, high blood pressure, fever, asthma
24. Boraginaceae
Cordia sebestena
Geiger tree
Tropics
Tree
Sharpening appetite
25. Boraginaceae
+Heliotropium angiospermum
Pink sage
Trop. America to Guyana
Herb
Colds, colic, billiousness, sore eyes
26. Boraginaceae
Symphytum officinale
Comfrey
Widely distributed
Herb
Anaemia, fatigue, pains, colds
27. Boraginaceae
+Tournefortia hirsutissuma
Cold with
Florida, trop. America, WI
Shrub
Colds, cough, fever, nervous trouble, chest pains, stomach-ache
28. Boraginaceae
Tournefortia volubilis
Chigger nut
Florida, Bahamas, C. & S. Amer., WI
Vine
Sores, baths, “restore manhood”
29. Brassicaceae
Lepidium virginicum
Wild pepper grass
Widely distributed
Herb
Relieve gas
30. Bromeliaceae
+Bromelia pinguin
Ping wing
C. & S. America, WI
Herb
Abortifacient, dewormer, diuretic, thrush
31. Burseraceae
+Bursera simaruba
Red birch
Florida, Mexico to Venezuela, WI
Tree
Colds, diarrhoea, wounds, diuretic, high blood pressure
32. Cactaceae
+Opuntia cochenillifera
Tuna
Widely cultivated
Shrub
Inflammation, vomiting, fever, headache
33. Caesalpiniaceae
Bauhinia divaricata
Bull hoof
Honduras, WI, Grand Cayman
Shrub
Bronchitis, sores, liver and kidney ailments
34. Caesalpiniaceae
+ Caesalpinia bonducella
Gray nicker
Subtropics to tropics
Shrub
Kidney trouble, diabetes, fever, high blood pressure, venereal diseases,
convulsions
35. Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia alata
King of the forest
Tropics
Shrub
Eczema, purgative, hypertension, vermifuge
36. Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia jamaicensis
Jamaican broom
Endemic
Shrub
Good for bladder, back pain, stomach and shortness of breath
37. Caesalpiniaceae
+Cassia ligustrinia
Piss a bed
Florida, Bermuda, WI, W. Africa
Herb
Good for weak bladder
38. Caesalpiniaceae
+Cassia occidentalis
Dandelion, Stinking weed/ Wild coffee
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, kidney and bladder dysfunction, back pain, shortness of breath, dysentery, dropsy
39. Caesalpiniaceae
+Haematoxylum campechianum
Logwood
Tropics
Tree
Wound dressing, diarrhoea, dysentery
40. Caesalpiniaceae
Peltophorum linnaei
Brazilletto
Yucatan, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
41. Caesalpiniaceae
+Tamarindus indica
Tamarind
Subtropics and tropics
Tree
Colds, measles, chicken pox, laxative, fever
42. Campanthaceae
Hippobroma longiflora
Madam fate
Caribbean*
Herb
Poultice used for injury, pain
43. Campanulaceae
Lobelia accuminata
No name given
Endemic
Herb
Not mentioned
44. Campanulaceae
Lobelia viridiflora
No name given
Endemic
Herb
Not mentioned
45. Canellaceae
Cinnamodendron corticosum
Mountain cinnamon
Endemic
Tree
Insecticidal, antimicrobial, anticomplemental cytotoxicity
46. Cannabaceae
+Cannibis sativa
Ganja
Widely distributed
Herb
Asthma, vision improvement, fever, colds
47. Capparaceae
Cleome rutidosperma
No name given
Tropics
Herb
Not mentioned
48. Capparaceae
Cleome viscosa
Wild caia
Tropics
Herb
Insecticidal
49. Caricaceae
+Carica papaya
Papaya
Widely cultivated
Tree
Sores, boils, worms, warts, ringworm
50. Chenopodiaceae
+Chenopodium ambrosioides
Semicontract
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Antifungal, antihelminthic, vermifuge
51. Combretaceae
Terminalia catappa
Almond
Widespread
Tree
Not mentioned
52. Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis
Water grass
Tropics
Herb
Thrush, burns, sore throats, strangury
53. Commelinaceae
Commelina diffusa
Water grass
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Cold, malaria, eye lotion, gonorrhoea
54. Compositae
Acanthospermum camphoratum
No name given
Not given
Herb
Not mentioned
55. Compositae
Ambrosia hispida
Bay tansy, Worm wood
Florida, C. America, WI
Herb
Dewormer
56. Compositae
Bidens cyanpiifolia
Spanish needle
Tr. America, Bahamas, WI
Herb
Fever, stomach problems
57. Compositae
+Bidens pilosa
Spanish needle
Tropics
Shrub
Good for bowels, dewormer, cuts, colic, enema, ear ache
58. Compositae
+Bidens reptans var tomentosa
Marigold
Endemic
Vine
Cold, menstrual problems
59. Compositae
+Calea jamaicensis
Camphor bush
Endemic
Shrub
Colds, bellyache
60. Compositae
+Chrysanthellum americanum
No name given
Tropics
Herb
Used with strong back, for pain
61. Compositae
+Elephantopus mollis
Iron weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, back pain
62. Compositae
+Eupatorium odoratum
Jack in the bush
Tr. America, W. Africa, Malaya
Shrub
Wound dressing, colds, cough, bronchitis
63. Compositae
+Eupatorium villosum
Bitter bush
Florida, Bahamas, WI
Shrub
Colds, skin rash, constipation, fever, pain
64. Compositae
+Mikania micrantha
Guaco
Tr. America, (other species are endemic)
Vine
Skin itch, athlete’s foot, anti-venom, stomach pain, cold, diarrhoea, dress wounds
65. Compositae
+Parthenium hysterophorus
Dog flea weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, sores, wound dressing, for dog fleas
66. Compositae
+Pseudelephantopus spicatus
Dog tongue
Tropics
Herb
Fever, ophthalmic, sprains
67. Compositae
Syndrella nodiflora
Fatten barrow
Tropics
Herb
Cold
68. Compositae
Tagetes erecta L.
African marigold
Native of Mexico
Herb
Discourages whitefly
69. Compositae
Tridax procumbens
Bakenbox
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Fever, catarrah
70. Compositae
Verbesina sp
Various
No range given
Various
Not mentioned
71. Compositae
Vernonia acumiata
Bitter bush
Endemic
Shrub
Not mentioned
72. Compositae
Vernonia pluvalis
No name given
Endemic
Shrub
Colic
73. Compositae
Vernonia remotiflora
Not in Adams (1)
74. Compositae
+Wedelia gracilis
Consumption weed
Greater Antilles, Antigua
Herb
Abortion, fever, sores, colds
75. Compositae
+Wedelia trilobata
Running or yellow marigold
Tr. America, Hawaii, W. Africa
Herb
Abortion, fever, sores, colds
76. Convolvulaceae
+Cuscuta americana L.
Love weed, dodder
Subtropics and tropical Amer.
Vine
Acaricidal, antihelminthic, colic, laxative
77. Convolvulaceae
+Evolvulus arbuscula
Sea thyme
Bahamas, WI
Shrub
Bellyache
78. Convolvulaceae
Ipomea fistulosa
Morning glory
Widespread
Shrub
Not mentioned
79. Crassulaceae
+Bryophyllum pinnatum
Leaf of life
Tropics
Herb
Cold, pain, dysmenorrhoea, boils, ulcers, insect bites
80. Cruciferae
Nasturtium officinale
Water cress
Cultivated world-wide
Herb
Good for heart, antiscorbutic, slight stimulant, diuretic, expectorant
81. Cucurbitaceae
+Cucurbita pepo
Field pumpkin
Cultivated world-wide
Vine
Vermifuge, antihelminthic
82. Cucurbitaceae
+Fevillea cordifolia
Antidote caccoon
Tropical America, WI
Vine
Dress wounds, emetic, purgative, poison antidote, toxic on ingestion
83. Cucurbitaceae
+Momordica charantia
Cerassee
Subtropics and tropics
Vine
Colds, fever, sores, menstrual disorder, cures bad blood and gripe, stomach ache
84. Cucurbitaceae
+Sechium edule
Cho-cho
Tropics
Vine
Hypertension
85. Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea polygonoides
Wild yam
C. & S. trop. America, WI
Vine
Acaricidal
86. Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea dumetorum
Yam
Tropics
Vine
Not mentioned
87. Euphorbiaceae
Codiaeum variegatum
Garden croton
Tropics
Shrub
Not mentioned
88. Euphorbiaceae
Croton eluteria
Cascarilla
Tropics
Shrub
Stimulant, tonic
89. Euphorbiaceae
Croton flavens
Yellow balsam
Yuatan, WI
Shrub
Earache, sore throat, pneumonia
90. Euphorbiaceae
+Croton humilis
Pepper rod
Florida, Bahamas, Mexico, WI
Shrub
Venereal sores, insecticidal
91. Euphorbiaceae
+Croton linearis
Rosemary
Florida, Bahamas, WI
Shrub
Tranquiliser, circulation, insecticidal
92. Euphorbiaceae
Croton lucidas
Basket hoop
Bahamas, WI
Shrub
Not mentioned
93. Euphorbiaceae
Croton sp
Various
Various
Shrb/Herb
Cold, cough, expectorant, tonic, diarrhoea, ear aches, sore throat, pneumonia, malaria,
rheumatism, hair wash, dandruff, gripe
94. Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia cyathophora
No name given
Tropics
Herb
Wound, skin ulcer
95. Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirta
Milk weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Anti-hypertensive, diarrhoea, asthma
96. Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia pulcherrima
Poinsettia
Widespread
Shrub
Not mentioned
97. Euphorbiaceae
Hura crepitans
Sand box
Tropics
Tree
Not mentioned
98. Euphorbiaceae
Jatropha gossypiifolia
Belly-ache bush
Subtropics and tropics
Shrub
Purgative, constipation, belly-ache
99. Euphorbiaceae
+Ricinus communis
Oil nut bush, castor oil plant
Tropics, cultivated widely
Shrub
Fever, boils, purge, toothache, diuretic, stomach-ache, headache, eye lotion
100. Gesneriaceae
+Rytidophyllum tomentosum
Search me heart
Endemic
Shrub
General drink, colds
101. Graminae
+Bambusa vulgaris
Bamboo
Widespread world-wide
Shrub
Fevers, malaria
102. Graminae
Cymbopogon citratus
Lemon grass, fever grass
Tropics, widely cultivated
Herb
Cold, fever, nervous headache, medicinal oil
103. Graminae
Vetivera zizanioides
Khus khus
Tropics, widely cultivated
Herb
Insecticidal
104. Guttiferae
Clusia portlandiana
No name given
Endemic
Tree
Not mentioned
105. Labiatae
+Hyptis pectinata
Piaba
Tropics
Herb
Colds, cuts, sores, headache, tonsilitis,
106. Labiatae
+Hyptis verticillata
John Charles, wild mint
Florida, Mexico to Colombia, WI
Herb
Colds, gout, marasmus, eczema, psoriasis, scabies, athlete’s foot, colic, skin disease, itching, arthritis
107. Labiatae
+Leonotis nepetiflora
Christmas candle-stick
Tropics
Herb
Fever, abortifacient
108. Labiatae
+Mentha viridis
Spear mint
Widespread
Herb
Checks vomiting, stomach trouble
109. Labiatae
+Ocimum basilicum
Sweet parsley
Tropics
Herb
Colds, liver ailment, runs mosquitoes
110. Labiatae
+Ocimum micranthum
Barsley
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Laxative for babies, fever, pain, colds
111. Labiatae
+Plectranthus amboinicus
Soup mint, French thyme
Tropics
Herb
Seasoning, cold remedies
112. Labiatae
+Salvia serotina Wild insecticidal
Chicken weed
WI*
Herb
Fever, colic, biliousness, constipation,
113. Labiatae
+Satureja brownei
Penny royal
Tropical C. & S. America, WI
Herb
Diarrhoea, stomach ache
114. Labiatae
+Satureja viminea
Wild mint
Cuba, Hispaniola*
Shrub
Indigestion, flatulence, colic
115. Lauraceae
+Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cinnamon
Widely cultivated
Tree
Flavouring, carminative, antiseptic oil
116. Lauraceae
+Persea americana Mill.
Pear, alligator pear
Subtropics and tropics
Tree
Good for blood, blood pressure, colds, pains
117. Liliaceae
Aloe vera
Sinkle Bible
Tropics, widely grown
Herb
Biliousness, colds, wounds, headaches, purgative, improves appetite, dewormer
118. Logamiaceae
+Spigelia anthelmia L.
Worm grass, pink weed
Tropics
Herb
Acaricidal, dewormer
119. Loranthaceae
+Oryctanthus occidentalis
Mistletoe, scorn-the-earth
Endemic
Shrub
Fever, pain, high blood pressure
120. Loranthaceae
Phoradendron wattii
No name given
Endemic
Shrub
Not mentioned
121. Lythraceae
+Cuphea parsonsia
Strong back
Mexico, Bahamas, WI
Vine
Menstrual pains
122. Lythraceae
+Punica granatum
Pomegranate
Subtropics and tropics, cultivated
Shrub
Tapeworm, vomiting
123. Malvaceae
Abutilon trisulcatum
No name given
Mexico, Bahamas, WI
Herb
Not mentioned
124. Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Double hibiscus, shoe-black
Tropics, widely grown
Shrub
Colds, hernia
125. Malvaceae
+Hibiscus sabdariffa
Sorrel
Tropics, widely cultivated
Shrub
Cooling, diuretic, antiscorbutic
126. Malvaceae
+Sida acuta
Broom weed
Tropics
Shrub
Fever, colic
127. Malvaceae
Sida rhombiflora
No name given
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Indigestion, haemorrhoids
128. Malvaceae
Thespesia populnea
Seaside mahoe
Tropics
Tree
Insecticidal
129. Malvaceae
+Urena lobata L.
Burmallow
Tropics
Herb
Colds, expectorant
130. Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica Juss
Neem
Subtropics and tropics
Tree
Insecticidal, fungicidal, nematocidal, medicinal, cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste
131. Meliaceae
+Cedrela odorata
West Indian Cedar
Tropics
Tree
Psoriasis, internal
132. Meliaceae
Trichilia havanensis
No name given
Mexico to S. America, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
133. Meliaceae
Trichilia hirta L.
Wild mahogany
Mexico to Brazil, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
134. Mimosaceae
+Mimosa pudica L.
Shame mi lady, shame weed
Tropics, widespread
Herb
Colds, gonorrhoea, sedative
135. Moraceae
Artocarpus altilis Park
Breadfruit
Tropics
Tree
High blood pressure
136. Moraceae heterophyllus
Artocarpus
Jackfruit
Subtropics and tropics
Tree
Not mentioned
137. Moraceae
+Cecropia peltata
Trumpet tree
Mexico to Venezuela, WI
Tree
Colds, high blood pressure, sore throat
138. Moraceae
Ficus perforata L.
Wild fig
Cen. Amer., Bahamas, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
139. Moraceae
Trophis racemosa
Ramoon
Mexico to Brazil, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
140. Myoporaceae
Bontia daphnoides
Kidney bush
Nrn S. America, WI
Tree
Insecticidal, acaricidal
141. Myristiaceae
+Myristica fragrans
Nutmeg
E. and WI, cultivated
Tree
Official in pharmacopoeias
142. Myrtaceae robusta
Eucalyptus spp. eg
Eucalyptus
Native of Australo-E. Malaysia
Tree
Clears the nostrils, colds fever, ulcer dressing, dewormer
143. Myrtaceae
+Pimento dioica L.
Pimento
Tropics, some species are endemic
Tree
Stomach aches, menstruation pains, good for blood
144. Myrtaceae
+Psidium guajava
Guava
Tropics, cultivated
Tree
Diarrhoea, dysentery
145. Ochnaceae
+Sauvagesia brownei
Iron shrub
Cuba, Jamaica*
Herb
Menstrual pain, weak back, irritation of bladder
146. Oleaceae
Jasminium fluminense
Azores jasmine
Tropics
Shrub
Snake bite antidote
147. Palmae
+Cocos nucifera
Coconut
Widespread cultivation
Tree
Controls sugar, good for blader, astringent, sores, ulcers, coughs
148. Papaveraceae
Bocconia frutescens
John crow bush
C. Amer., Hawaii, WI
Tree
Purgative, vermifuge, skin ulcer
149. Papilionaceae
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Medina
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Aphrodiasiac
150. Papilionaceae
+Cajanus cajan L.
Gungo pea
Subtropics and tropics, cultivated
Shrub
Colds, diarrhoea, mouthwash
151. Papilionaceae
Crotalaria juncea
Sunnhemp
Tropics
Herb
Haemoptysis
152. Papilionaceae
Crotalaria retusa
Rattle weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Not mentioned
153. Papilionaceae canum
+Desmodium canum
Sweetheart, var. strongback
Tropics
Herb
Colds, kidney trouble, weak back, tonic, menstrual pain, induces sleep, headache
154. Papilionaceae corallodendrum
Erythrina
Spanish machete
Gr. Cayman, WI*
Tree
Not mentioned
155. Papilionaceae
+Gliricida sepium
Quick stick, Aaron’s rod
Tropics, widely culti.
Tree
Fever, colds, pain, gonorrhoea
156. Papilionaceae
Lonchocarpus latifolius
Dogwood
Mexico to Brazil, WI
Tree
Vermifuge, menstrual cramps
157. Papilionaceae
+Piscidia piscipula
Dogwood
Florida, Mexico, Bahamas, WI
Tree
Backache, sedatives, toothache
158. Papilionaceae
+Stylosanthes viscosa
Poor man’s friend
Mexico to Brazil, WI
Herb
Colds, kidney trouble
159. Passifloraceae
+Passiflora maliformis
Sweet cup
Northern S. America, WI
Vine
Tonic
160. Phytolaccaceae
+Petiveria alliacea
Guinea hen weed
Tropics
Shrub
Fever, antidote to poisoning, headache
161. Phytolaccaceae
+Rivina humilis
Dog blood, inflammation weed
Tropics
Herb
Colds, diarrhoea, marasmus
162. Piperaceae
Peperomia clusifolia
No name given
Endemic
Herb
Not mentioned
163. Piperaceae
+Peperomia pellucida
Rat ears, pepper elder
Tropics
Herb
Flu, diuretic, hypertension, diarrhoea, cough, convulsions
164. Piperaceae
Peperomia proctorii
No name given
Endemic
Herb
Not mentioned
165. Piperaceae
Piper aduncum
No name given
Tropics
Tree
Fever, pain, wounds, toothache
166. Piperaceae
+Piper amalgo var nigrinodum
Pepper elder, black jointer
Endemic
Shrub
Flatulence, constipation, cough, colds, tonic, pain, stomach ache
167. Piperaceae
Piper auritum
No common names given
No range given
Shrub
168. Piperaceae
P. betle
Tropics, cultivated
Vine
Fever, pain, wounds, toothache, colds, asthma, insect repellant, remedies for cold, stomach ache
169. Piperaceae
P. fadyenii
Endemic
Shrub
170. Piperaceae
P. hispidum
WI*
Tree
171. Piperaceae
+P. murrayanum
Endemic
Tree
172. Piperaceae
P. verrucosum
Endemic
Tree
173. Piperaceae
+Pothomorphe umbellate
Cow foot
Tr. America, W. Africa
Herb
Colds, headache, boils, tapeworm
174. Polygonaceae
Antigonon leptopus
Coralita
Tropics
Vine
Cough, throat constriction
175. Polygonaceae
Coccoloba krugii
No name given
Bahamas, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
176. Polypodiaceae
Cycloptis semicordata
Tall fern
Tropics, widespread
Herb
Acaricidal
177. Polypodiaceae
Lastrepsis effusa (Sw.) Tindale
Fine fern
Tropics, widespread
Herb
Not mentioned
178. Portulacaceae
+Portulaca oleracea
Jump up & kiss me, purslane
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Heart tonic, cooling, diuretic
179. Rhamnaceae
+Gouania lupuloides
Chew stick
Florida, Bahamas, WI
Vine
Toothbrush, stimulates appetite, dropsy
180. Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mangle
Red mangrove
Tropical coasts
Tree
Moderately insecticidal
181. Rubiaceae
Coffea liberica
Liberian coffee
Tropics
Shrub
Not mentioned
182. Rubiaceae
+Borreria laevis
Button weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, fever, constipation
183. Rubiaceae
+Morinda royoc
Strong back
Central Amer.
Shrub
Tonic, aphrodisiac
184. Rutaceae
Amyris plumieri
Candle wood
Central Amer.
Shrub
Not mentioned
185. Rutaceae
+Citrus aurantifolia
Lime
Tropics
Tree
Colds, stomach ache, insomnia, ringworm, ulcer, fever, sore throat, wounds, eye disease
186. Rutaceae
+Citrus aurantium
Seville orange
Tropics
Tree
Cold, stomach aches, bitter tonic, sore throat, rheumatism
187. Rutaceae
Citrus reticulata
Tangerine
Tropics
Tree
Not mentioned
188. Rutaceae
Fagara elephantiasis
Yellow sanders
Mexico, Costa Rica, WI
Tree
Not mentioned
189. Rutaceae
Fagara martinicensis
Bitter bush/ prickly yellow
Nrthn S. America, WI
Tree
Carminative, astringent, diuretic, ulcer, rheumatism
190. Rutaceae
Murraya koenigii
No name given
Not in Adams (1)
Shrub
Antifungal, diabetes, flavouring
191. Rutaceae
Murraya paniculata
Sweet neem, prickly yellow
Tropics
Tree
Diarrhoea, wound dressing
192. Rutaceae
Spathelia glabrescens
No name given
Endemic
Tree
Not mentioned
193. Rutaceae
Spathelia sorbifolia
Mountain pride
Endemic
Tree
Not mentioned
194. Sapindaceae
+Blighia sapida
Ackee
WI, W. Africa
Tree
Colds, pain, acaricidal, insecticidal
195. Sapindaceae
Melicoccus bijugatus
Guinep, Guineapea
Tropics
Tree
Hypertension, fever, cough
196. Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum cainito
Star apple
Tropics
Tree
Not mentioned
197. Sapotaceae
+Manilkara zapota
Naseberry
Venezuela, WI
Tree
Nerve tonic
198. Scrophulariaceae
Capraria biflora
Goat weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Fever, influenza, indigestion
199. Simaroubaceae
Alvaradoa jamaicensis
No name given
Endemic
Tree
Not mentioned
200. Simaroubaceae
+Picrasma excelsa
Bitter wood
Greater Antilles
Tree
Dewormer, tonic, thread worm, malaria, appetite stimulant, insecticide
201. Simaroubaceae
Simarouba glauca DC
Bitter damson, bitter wood
Florida, C. Amer., WI, Bahamas
Tree
Malaria, diarrhoea, insecticidal, acaricidal
202. Smilacaceae
+Smilax balbisiana
Chainy root
Cuba, Hispaniola*
Vine
Tonic, general pain
203. Smilacaceae
+Smilax regelii
Jamaican sarsaparilla
Widely distributed
Vine
204. Solanaceae
+Capsicum annum
Sweet pepper
Tropics
Shrub
Stimulant, rheumatism, dysentery, yaws,
205. Solanaceae
+Capsicum baccatum
Scotch bonnet
Tropics
Shrub
fever, lotion for ringworm of scalp, wounds,
206. Solanaceae
+Capsicum frutescens
Bird pepper
Subtropics and tropics
Shrub
sores, boils, influenza, mouthwash, dewormer
207. Solanaceae
+Datura stramonium
Tora apple, jimson weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Asthma, burns, ulcers, sinus infection, headaches, sores
208. Solanaceae
+Nicotiana tabacum L.
Tobacco
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Toothache
209. Solanaceae
+Solanum torvum
Susumber
Tropics
Shrub
Flu, colds, vermifuge, opens appetite
210. Sterculiaceae
+Cola acuminata
Bissy
Tropics
Tree
Stomach pain, purge, dysentery, tonic, cuts, wounds, allays hunger
211. Sterculiaceae
+Guazuma ulmifolia
Bastard cedar
Tropics
Tree
Cuts and sores
212. Turneraceae
+Turnera ulmifolia
Ramgoat dash-a-long
C. America, WI
Herb
Colds, debility, abortion, fever, prickly heat, constipation
213. Umbelliferae
+ Eryngium foetidum
Spirit weed
Tr. America, WI, W. Africa
Herb
Colds, fits, convulsions, fainting, ulcers, headaches
214. Umbelliferae
+Foeniculum vulagare
Fennel, aniseed
Widely cultivated
Herb
Cold
215. Urticaceae
+Pilea microphylla var microphylla
Baby puzzle
Endemic
Herb
Diarrhoea, asthma
216. Urticaceae
+Pilea microphylla var trianthemoide
Artillery plant
WI
Herb
Diarrhoea, asthma
217. Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum
Lady Nugent rose
Tropics
Shrub
Headache
218. Verbenaceae
+Lantana camara
White sage
Tropics, widespread
Shrub
Gonorrhoea, measles, chicken pox, wound dressing, coughs
219. Verbenaceae
+Lantana involucrata
Wild mint
Florida, WI, Galapagos Ils
Shrub
Cold, fever, astringent, aromatic
220. Verbenaceae
+Lantana trifolia
Wild sage
Tr. America, W. Africa
Shrub
Constipation, good for blood, night sweats
221. Verbenaceae
Lantana urticifolia
Black sage
WI, Gr. Cayman*
Shrub
Indigestion, menstruation, tightness of chest
222. Verbenaceae
+Lippia alba
Colic mint
Texas, Mexico to Argentina, WI
Shrub
Checks vomiting, indigestion, flatulence
223. Verbenaceae
Petrea volubilis
Purple wreath
Tropics
Vine
Abortifacient
224. Verbenaceae
+Priva lappulacea
Clammy bur
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Abortifacient, colds
225. Verbenaceae
+Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Vervine
Florida, Bahamas, C. America, WI
Herb
Eczema, colds, worms, gonorrhoea, eye disorders, sores
226. Zingiberaceae
+Zingiber officinale
Ginger Wild
Widely distributed, cultivated
Herb
Carminative, digestive stimulant, wounds, fever, toothache
227. Acanthaceae
+Andrographis paniculata
Wild rice, rice bitters
Widespread
Herb
Fever, colds, malaria, bitter stomachic, diabetes, antihelminthic
228. Acanthaceae
+Blechum pyramidatum
John bush
Tr. America, Pacific
Shrub
Baths, sore feet, colds
229. Amaranthaceae
+Amaranthus sp.
Callaloo
Tropics
Herb
Good for bowels, poultice for boils
230. Amaranthaceae
+Chamissoa altissma
Basket withe
Tr. America, WI
Vine
Similar use as callaloo
231. Amaranthaceae
+Iresine diffusa
Juba’s bush
Tropics
Shrub
Colds, pain in bowels, colic
232. Amaryllidaceae
+Hippeastrum puniceum
Maroon lily
Tropics
Herb
Swellings, sores
233. Anacardiaceae
+Spondias purpurea
Jamaican plum
Tropics
Tree
Colds, skin diseases, gum infection, dysentery
234. Apocynaceae
+Echites umbellata
Savannah flower
Florida, Mexico, WI
Herb
Poultice for sore leg
235. Araceae
+Colocasia esculenta
Dasheen
Widely cultivated
Herb
Biliousness, asthma, consumption, laxative
236. Asclepiadaceae
+Asclepias nivea
White head
American tropics
Shrub
Vermifuge, stops bleeding, boils
237. Asclepiadaceae
+Funastrum clausum
Milk withe
No range given
Vine
Cold remedy
238. Boraginaceae
+Cordia jamaicensis
Black sage
Endemic
Shrub
Colds, indigestion, high blood pressure
239. Boraginaceae
+Heliotropium indicum
Scorpion weed
Pantropical, Gr. Cayman
Herb
Diuretic, sores, ulcers, fevers, skin complaints, head lice, insect bites
240. Caesalpiniaceae
+Caesalpinia coriaria
Libi-libi
Venezuela, Columbia, WI
Tree
Sore throat, stomach-ache, tonic
241. Caesalpiniaceae
+Cassia fistula
Cassia stick
Native of tropical Asia
Tree
Laxative, purgative, malaria, gout, dysentery, rheumatism, diuretic
242. Caesalpiniaceae
+Cassia italica
Jamaica senna
Widely culti.
Herb
Cathartic, dressing for burns, ulcers
243. Campanulaceae
+Hippobroma longiflora
Horse poison
Tr. America, WI, Pacific
Herb
Pain, colds. Can be poisonous
244. Canellaceae
+Canella winterana
Wild cinnamon
Florida, Bahamas, WI
Shrub
Pain, spice, aromatic bitter, stimulant, gout, dysentery, syphilis
245. Caprifoliaceae
+Sambucus simpsonii
Elder
S.E. USA, C. America
Tree
Colds, coughs, fevers, constipation, ringworm
246. Commelinaceae
+Commelina elegans
Water grass
Tropical America
Herb
Colds, malaria, eye lotion, gonorrhoea
247. Commelinaceae
+Zebrina pedula
Wandering Jew
Subtropics and Tropics
Herb
Colds, high blood pressure, consumption
248. Compositae
+Artemisia sp.
Garden bitters
Widespread
Herb
Stomach ache, constipation, dewormer
249. Compositae
+Chaptalia nutans
Dandelion
Tropics
Herb
Diuretic, colds, constipation, wounds, boils
250. Compositae
+Clibadium surinamense
Jackass breadnut
C. and S. America, WI
Shrub
Cold remedy
251. Compositae
+Conyza bonariensis
Asthma weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Asthma
252. Compositae
+Conyza canadensis
Dead weed
Widely naturalized
Herb
Diarrhoea, dropsy, skin disease, sore throat
253. Compositae
+Emilia sonchifolia
Consumption weed
Tropics
Herb
Colds, cough, sore eye
254. Compositae
+Erigeron karvinskyanus
Rockside daisy
Mexico to Venezuela, WI
Herb
Colds
255. Compositae
+Eupatorium macrophyllum
Hemp agrimony
Mexico to Paraguay, WI
Herb
Colds, coughs
256. Compositae
+Eupatorium triste
Bitter bush
Endemic
Shrub
Not mentioned
257. Compositae
+Neurolaena lobata
Cow gall bitter
Tr. America
Herb
Colds, stomach disorders, bitter, sores, diuretic, ulcers, consumption
258. Compositae
+Pectis sp.
Stink weed
WI*
Herb
Fever
259. Compositae
+Pluchea odorata
Wild tobacco
S.E. USA, C. America, WI
Herb
Sores, for labour pains, antidote, stomachic
260. Compositae
+Senecio discolor
White-back
Endemic
Shrub
Colds, fever
261. Compositae
+Vernonia divaricata
Bitter bush
Jamaica, Gr. Cayman*
Shrub
Colic, fever, biliousness. Some toxic
262. Convolvulaceae
+Ipomoea jamaicensis
Wild potato slip
Endemic
Vine
Purge to remove worms
263. Convolvulaceae
+Merremia dissecta
Know you
?
Vine
Cathartic
264. Cucurbitaceae
+Citrullus lanatus
Watermelon
Widely cultivated
Vine
Cooling, fever, diuretic, vermifuge
265. Cucurbitaceae
+Cucumis sativus
Cucumber
Widely cultivated
Vine
Cooling, antihelminthic
266. Cyperaceae
+Cyperus articulatus
Adrue
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Vomiting, diarrhoea, stimulant, toothache, headache, bowel pain
267. Euphorbiaceae
+Acalypha wilkesiana
Copper leaf
Native of Pacific Islands
Tree
268. Euphorbiaceae
+Alchornea latifolia
Dove wood
Mexico to Panama, WI
Tree
Toothache cure, pain
269. Euphorbiaceae
+Croton wilsoni
Wild camphor
Endemic
Herb
Colds
270. Euphorbiaceae
+Euphorbia glomerifera
Milk weed
Tropics
Herb
Colds, indigestion, latex as dressing for cuts, juice removes warts, high blood
271. Euphorbiaceae
+Euphorbia hyssopiflora
Milk weed
Tropics
Herb
pressure, back pains, tonic, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea
272. Euphorbiaceae
+Euphorbia lasiocarpa
Milk weed
Mexico to Peru, WI
Herb
273. Euphorbiaceae
+Euphorbia prostrata
Milk weed
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
274. Euphorbiaceae
+Euphorbia thymifolia
Eyebright
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Vermifuge, astringent, laxatives, colds, cuts
275. Euphorbiaceae
+Jatropha curcas
Physic nut
Widespread
Tree
Purgative
276. Euphorbiaceae
+Manihot esculenta
Cassava
Widely cultivated
Shrub
Poultice for sores
277. Euphorbiaceae
+Phyllanthus amarus
Carry-me-seed
Widespread
Shrub
Fevers, genito-urinary infections, malaria, gonorrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, jaundice,
stomach-ache
278. Filicineae
+Adiantum tenerum
Maidenhead fern
No range given
Herb
Colds, good for heart
279. Filicineae
+Dryopteris sp. eg D. denticulate
White stick
No range given
Herb
Colds
280. Filicineae
+Polypodium exiguum
Hug-me-tight
No range given
Herb
Bath for ‘female weakness’
281. Filicineae
+Polypodium phyllitidis
Cow tongue
No range given
Herb
Cold, febrifuge, astringent
282. Graminae
+Cenchrus spp. eg C. pauciflorus
Burr grass
Tropics
Herb
Fever, colds, vomiting
283. Graminae
+Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda grass
Tropics
Herb
Tea good for kidneys, indigestion, wounds
284. Graminae
+Panicum maximum
Guinea grass
Widespread in tropics
Herb
Fevers
285. Graminae
+Saccharum officinarum
Sugar-cane
Widely cultivated
Herb
Beverage
286. Labiatae
+Hyptis capitata
Iron wort
Tropics
Herb
Colds, constipation, asthma, wounds, ulcers, gargle
287. Labiatae
+Hyptis suaveolens
Spikenard
Tropics
Herb
Nervous and visceral disorders, stomach ache, colic, fever
288. Labiatae
+Salvia occidentalis
Field basil
Tr. America
Herb
Ophthalmia, amenorrhoea
289. Lauraceae
+Cinnamomum camphora
Camphor
Introduced, native of Asia
Tree
Headache, fever, pain, high blood pressure
290. Liliaceae
+Allium sativum
Garlic
Widely cultivated
Herb
Well-known medicinal - expectorant, diuretic, asthma, skin disease, rheumatism
291. Loranthaceae
+Dendropemon pauciflorus
Mistletoe
Endemic
Parasitic
Fever, pain, high blood pressure
292. Malvaceae
+Gossypium spp. eg G. hirsutum
Cotton
Widely cultivated
Shrub
Colds, dysentery, diarrhoea, insect bite
293. Malvaceae
+Hibiscus elatus
Blue mahoe
Native of Cuba, Jamaica
Tree
Dysentery, colds
294. Malvaceae
+Kosteletzkya pentasperma
No name given
Mexico to Venezuela, WI
Herb
Dressing for cuts
295. Malvaceae
+Malachra alceifolia
Wild ochra
Mexico to Peru, WI
Herb
Colds, fever
296. Malvaceae
+Malvastrum coromandelianum
Mallow
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Stomach pain
297. Malvaceae
+Sida urens
Wind bush
Subtropics and tropics
Shrub
Gripe
298. Marantaceae
+Maranta arundinaceae
Arrowroot
Widely cultivated
Herb
Diarrhoea, antidote for spider bites etc, dysentery
299. Melastomaceae
+Clidemia hirta
Soap bush
Tropics
Herb
Tea
300. Melastomaceae
+Miconia laevigata
Jonny berry
Mexico to S. America, WI
Herb
Sores, itch, bush bath
301. Meliaceae
+Swietenia mahogoni
Mahogany
Widespread in tropics
Tree
Astringent, diarrhoea, bitter, febrifuge
302. Menispermaceae
+Cissampelos pareira
Velvet leaf
Tropics
Vine
Colds, bitter tonic, diuretic, skin diseases, sores, gonorrhoea
303. Moringaceae
+Moringa oleifera
Ben nut tree
Subtropics and tropics
Tree
Promotes digestion and appetite, pain, headache
304. Musaceae
+Musa spp. eg. M. sapientum
Banana, plantain
Widely cultivated
Herb
Stomach sourness, cooling astringent
305. Myrtaceae
+Pimenta jamaicensis
Wild pimento
Endemic
Tree
Colds, fever, diarrhoea, perfume
306. Nyctaginaceae
+Commicarpus scandens
Rat ears
No range given
Herb
Colds
307. Nyctaginaceae
+Mirabilis jalapa
Four o’clock
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, fever, laxative
308. Oxalidaceae
+Oxalis corniculata
Yellow sorrel
Tropics
Herb
Cooling, febrifuge, antiscorbutic, stomachic
309. Papaveraceae
+Argemone mexicana
Mexican poppy
Tropics
Herb
Colds, eye disease, diarrhoea, dysentery
310. Papilionaceae
+Abrus precatorius
Red bead vine
Subtropics and tropics
Vine
Colds, emetic, purgative, antihelminthic, constipation, fever. Toxic before cooking
311. Papilionaceae
+Andira inermis
Cabbage bark
Tr. America, W. Africa
Tree
Dewormer, wounds. Dangerous in large doses
312. Papilionaceae
+Desmodium axillare
Wild pinder
Tr. America, WI
Herb
Back pain, flush out poison from kidneys, acne
313. Papilionaceae
+Desmodium procumbens
Pinder
Tropics
Herb
314. Papilionaceae
+Moghania strobilifera
Wild hops
E. Indies, WI
Shrub
Fever
315. Papilionaceae
+Stylosanthes hamata
Donkey weed
Tr. America
Herb
Colds, kidney trouble, aphrodaisiac
316. Passifloraceae
+Passiflora foetida
Love-in-a-mist
Tropics
Vine
Good for kidneys
317. Passifloraceae
+Passiflora rubra
Goat hoof
Florida, Mexico, WI
Vine
Colds
318. Passifloraceae
+Passiflora sexflora
Goat foot
Florida, Mexico, WI
Vine
Colds, sores, stiff neck
319. Plantaginaceae
+Plantago major
English plaintain
Common
Herb
Eye lotion, dressing for ulcer, sores, wounds
320. Rubiaceae
+Borreria verticillata
Button Weed
Tr. America, Tr. Africa
Herb
Constipation, fever
321. Simaroubaceae
+Picramnia antidesma
Majoe bitters
C. America, WI
Shrub
Teething, yaws, veneral disease, colic, fevers, skin ulcers
322. Solanaceae
+Physalis angulata
Winter cherry
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Gonorrhoea, ophthalmia
323. Solanaceae
+Solanum ciliatum
Cockroach poison
Tropics
Herb
Coughs, ringworm, dysmenrrhoea, constipation
324. Solanaceae
+Solanum mammosum
Bachelor’s pear
Subtr. and tropical America
Shrub
Colds, cough
325. Solanaceae
+Solanum americanum
Black nightshade
Subtr. and tropical America
Herb
Good for blood, mouth sores, inflammation, ringworm
326. Sterculiaceae
+Helicteres jamaicensis
Screw tree
Bahamas, WI*
Tree
Coughs, biliousness, emetic, fever, tuberculosis
327. Sterculiaceae
+Melochia tomentosa
Tea bush
Subtr.and tropical America
Shrub
Colds
328. Sterculiaceae
+Waltheria indica
Raichie
Subtropics and tropics
Herb
Colds, abortion, haemorrhage, coughs, restorative, syphilis
329. Tilliaceae
+Corchorus siliquosus
Slippery bur
Trop. America, WI
Herb
Colds, asthma
330. Tilliaceae
+Triumfetta sloanei
Bur weed
Endemic
Herb
Checks bleeding, heals cuts
331. Vitaceae
+Cissus sicyoides
Snake withe
Trop. America, WI
Vine
Colds, boils, back pain, gonorrhoea, rheumatism
332. Vitaceae
+Cissus trifoliate
Sorrel vine
Vine
Colds, sores, boils, ulcer
333. Zygophyllaceae
+Guaiacum officinale
Lignum vitae
Tropics, widespread
Tree
Sore throat, fevers, gargle, bellyache, cuts, biliousness, venereal disease, gout, rheumatism
334. Zygophyllaceae
+Tribulus cistoides
Kingston buttercup
Tropics
Herb
Colds, malaria, kidney and bladder infection
See also  Cenizo de Monterrey (Ash of Monterrey) Medicinal Plant

Table 6: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona – Research conducted between 1948 and 2001, and literature reference

PRN and Botanical name
Common name
Research reported by December 2001
Literature reference
1. Asystasia gangetica
?
Active against S. aureus+++
45
2. Justicia pectoralis
Fresh cut
No effect on 5 bacteria; no effect on B. microplus; Crude extract (CE) significantly increased clotting time; a coumarin isolated decreased
inflammation, increased wound healing but not coagulation
14, 45, 91, 92, 93, 94
3. Achyranthes indica
Devil’s horse whip
No effect on 5 bacteria, little antihelminthic activity; cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects.
45, 57
4. Allium cepa
Onion
Low antihelminthic potential (Strongyloides stercoralis)
44
5. Anacardium occidentale
Cashew
CE killed 7% T. confusum larvae; bark extract hypoglycaemic, induced hypotension in dogs; aqueous soln used in treatment of diabetes mellitus
3, 16, 93, 57
6. Mangifera indica L.
Mango
CE killed 23% T. confusum, active against S. aureus+
16, 45
7. Spondias dulcis
June plum
Has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived
3
8. Spondias mombin
Hog plum
Listed but not tested
93
9. Anonna muricata
Soursop
No effect on 5 bacteria, no effect on S. stercoralis; alcoholic extract of ripe fruit decreases motor activity, has sedative action; low activity against
B. mcroplus
44, 45, 93, 95-100
10. Annona reticulata L.
Custard apple
CE killed 67% T. confusum larvae
16
11. Annona squamosa
Sweetsop
No effect on 5 bacteria, low antihelmintic activity against S. stercoralis
45, 98
12. Catharanthus roseus
Periwinkle
Active against B. microplus (66AI), no effect on 5 bacteria; CE is an effective hypoglycaemic agent; vinblastine and vincristine isolated -
these are now used to treat leukaemia
3, 14, 45, 57, 93, 101,102
13. Ervatamia divaricata
Coffee rose
CE killed 17% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (82AI), CE toxic against C. formicarius 48hr Ld95 0.83 µg/insect
14, 16, 103, 104
14. Nerium oleander L.
Oleander
Active against B. microplus (47AI).
14
15. Oreopanax capitatus
Woman wood
CE killed 20% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (40AI)
14, 16
16. Polyscias guilfoylei
Aralia
Listed but not tested
93
17. Asclepias curassavica
Red top
No activity on 5 bacteria, some activty against B. microplus (22AI)
14, 45
18. Catalpa longissima
French oak
No activity on 5 bacteria
45
19. Crescentia cujete
Calabash
No effect on T. confusum
16
20. Tecoma stans
Yellow cedar
No activity on 5 bacteria, CE killed 17% T. confusum.
16, 45
21. Bixa orellana
Annatto
CE killed 13% T. confusum, some activity against B. microplus (38AI); CE is an effective hypoglycaemic agent, isolated trans-bixin is
hyperglycaemic, results suggest an effect at the level of receptor sites
3, 14, 16, 102, 105
22. Cordia brownei
Black sage
Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+
45
23. Cordia globosa
Sage
Listed but not tested.
93
24. Cordia sebestena
Geiger tree
No activity on 5 bacteria.
45
25. Heliotropium angiospermum
Pink sage
Listed but not tested
93
26. Symphytum officinale
Comfrey
No activity on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (99AI); has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived
3, 14, 45
27. Tournefortia hirsutissuma
Cold withe
Listed but not tested
93
28. Tournefortia volubilis
Chigger nut
No activity on 5 bacteria
45
29. Lepidium virginicum
Wild pepper grass
No activity on 5 bacteria
45
30. Bromelia pinguin
Ping wing
Extract may have an utero-active compound which inhibits uterine mobility
106
31. Buresera simaruba
Red birch
No effect on T. confusum
16
32. Opuntia cochenillifera
Tuna
Listed but not tested
93
33. Bauhinia divaricata
Bull hoof
No activity on 5 bacteria
45
34. Caesalpinia bonducella
Gray nicker
New furanoditerpene Caesalpine F isolated but bioactivity not determined
107
35. Cassia alata
King of the forest
No activity on 5 bacteria; has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived
3, 45, 93
36. Cassia jamaicensis
Jamaican broom
Active against S. aureus+++ and P. mirabilis+
45
37. Cassia ligustrinia
Piss a bed
Listed but not tested
93
38. Cassia occidentalis
Dandelion
No activity on 5 bacteria; CE killed 20% T. confusum, not very active against B. microplus (7AI)
14, 16, 45, 93
39. Haematoxylum campechianum
Logwood
Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+, no effect on T. confusum, active against B. microplus (46AI)
14, 16, 45
40. Peltophorum linnaei
Brazilletto
CE killed 13% T. confusum
16
41. Tamarindus indica
Tamarind
No effect on 5 bacteria, good antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis
45, 98
42. Hippobroma longiflora
Madam fate
No effect on B. microplus, active against S. aureus+
14, 45
43. Lobelia accuminata
No name given
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
44. Lobelia viridiflora
No name given
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
45. Cinnamodendron corticosum
Mountain cinnamon
Isolated 4 drimane sesquiterpenoids and a sesquiterpene, these had antimicrobial, anticancer and mosquitocidal activity
15
46. Cannibis sativa
Ganja
No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (58AI), found new chemical called cannabitriol, canasol effects eye, glaucoma; has
hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived
3, 14, 45, 57, 93, 108-111
47. Cleome rutidosperma
No name given
No effect on 5 bacteria
45,112
48. Cleome viscose
Wild caia
Active against Streptoccocus A+; CLV, a novel diterpene cleomolide was isolated and had insecticidal activity, CE tested pharmacologically
45, 112-115
49. Carica papaya
Papaya
A questionnaire given indicated that green papaya is being used as a topical ulcer dressing (by 75% of nurses in 3 Jamaican hospitals) - advantages and
disadvantages of treatment and recommendations given; no effect on
S. stercoralis
44, 98, 99, 116
50. Chenopodium ambrosioides
Semicontract
Low antihelminthic activity
93, 98
51. Terminalia catappa
Almond
Low activity against B. microplus
93,100
52. Commelina benghalensis
Water grass
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
53. Commelina diffusa
Water grass
Listed but not tested
93
54. Acanthospermum camphoratum
No name given
Flavanoids and heliangolide isolated
117
55. Ambrosia hispida
Bay tansy
Some antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis (LT50 of 54.7 hrs)
44, 98, 99
56. Bidens cyanpiifolia
Spanish needle
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
57. Bidens pilosa
Spanish needle
Some activity against S. stercoralis (LT50 of 45.7 hrs)
44, 93, 98, 99
58. Bidens reptans var tomentosa
Marigold
Listed not tested
93
59. Calea jamaicensis
Camphor bush
Listed but not tested
93
60. Calea americanum
?
Listed but not tested
93
61. Elephantopus mollis
Iron weed
Listed but not tested
93
62. Eupatorium odoratum
Jack-in-the-bush
Active against S. aureus++, CE killed 60% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (44AI)
14, 16 ,45, 93
63. Eupatorium villosium
Bitter bush
Active against S. aureus++, low activity against B. microplus
14, 45
64. Mikania micrantha
Guaco
Active against E. coli+, S. aureus+++ and Streptococcus A+; has hypoglycaemic effec but activity is short-lived
3, 45
65. Parthenium hysterophorus
Dog flea weed
Active against S. aureus+
45
66. Pseudelephantopus spicatus
Dog tongue
Active against Streptococcus A+
45
67. Syndrella nodiflora
Fatten barrow
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
68. Tagetes erecta L.
African marigold
CE killed 17% T. confusum
16
69. Tridax procumbens
Bakenbox
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
70. Verbesina sp.
several
Thesis not found
118
71. Vernonia acumiata
Bitter bush
CE killed 23% T. confusum
16
72. Vernonia pluvalis
?
Active against S. aureus++ and Streptococcus A+
45
73. Vernonia remotiflora
?
Tricin isolated but not tested for bioactivity
119
74. Wedelia gracilis
Consumption weed
CE no effect on T. confusum
16
75. Wedelia trilobata T. confusum
Yellow marigold
No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (42AI); no effect of
14, 16, 45
76. Cuscuta americana
Dodder, love weed
CE inactivated Strongyloides stercoralis larvae - It95 in 2.2 hours (very high antihelminthic potential - LT50 of 41.8 hrs), CE killed 100%
T. confusum, active against B. microplus (61AI)
14, 16, 98, 99, 104, 120,121
77. Evolvulus arbuscula
Sea thyme
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
78. Ipomea fistulosa
Morning glory
CE killed 17% T. confusum
16
79. Bryophyllum pinnatum
Leaf-of-life
No effect on 5 bacteria
45, 93
80. Nasturtium officinale
Water cress
Listed but not tested
91
81. Cucurbita pepo
Field pumpkin
Low antihelminthic potential (LT50 80.8 hrs) against S. stercoralis
98, 99
82. Fevillea cordifolia
Antidote caccoon
Isolated 6 novel cucurbitacin - including a pentacyclic triterpene, cordifolin A - bioactivity not tested
122, 123, 124
83. Momordica charantia
Cerassee
Active against S. aureus+ and Streptococcus A++, active against B. microplus (71AI); anti-growth properties, leukaemic patient showed increased
haemoglobin content
14, 45, 93, 125
84. Sechium edule
Cho-cho
Antihypertensive effect of water soluble CE, decreased mean arterial blood pressure
93,126
85. Dioscorea polygonoides
Wild yam
CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (56AI)
14, 16, 95, 96
86. Dioscorea dumetorum
Yam
Isolated steroidal sapogenin, bioactivity not tested
127
87. Codiaeum variegatum
Garden croton
Listed but not tested
93
88. Croton eluteria
Cascarilla
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
89. Croton flavens
Yellow balsam
No effect on 5 bacteria; alkaloids isolated
45,128
90. Croton humilis
No name given
Peptides isolated; alkaloids isolated
128,129
91. Croton linearis
Rosemary
No effect on 5 bacteria, killed 37% T. confusum; isolated insecticdal diterpene was lethal to Cylas formicus (72hr LD50 of 0.32 µg/insect)
16, 45, 128, 130
92. Croton lucidas
Basket hoop
Terpenes isolated
131
93. Croton sp. Including above sp, C. corytifolius,
C. discolor, C. lobatus,
C. nitens, C. plumieri,
C. trinitatis and C. wilsonii
Various
Morphinandienones and proporphines isolated; absolute stereochemistry of crotonitenone (progenitor of natural products having biological activity)
elucidated; alkaloids and diterpenes isolated; isolated crotonosine
and romifoliol
128, 132-141
94. Euphorbia cyathophora
No name given
Active against S. aureus
45
95. Euphorbia hirta
Milk weed
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting and anti-dipsogenic activity
142
96. Euphorbia pulcherrima
Poinsettia
CE killed 17% T. confusum
16
97. Hura crepitans
Sand box
Listed but not tested
93
98. Jatropha gossypiifolia
Belly-ache bush
Inhibitory action in animal tumour in vitro systems. Isolated jatrophone, a macrocyclic diterpene used clinically as an anti-leukaemic agent
128
99. Ricinus communis
Castor oil
No effect on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (82AI); low antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis
14, 45, 93, 98
100. Rytidophyllum tomentosum
Search me heart
Active against S. aureus+++ and Streptococcus+, low antihelminthic activity
45
101. Bambusa vulgaris
Bamboo
Listed but not tested
93
102. Cymbopogon citraus
Lemon grass
Relatively active against Cylas formicarius and inhibited oogenesis of B. microplus
93,100
103. Vetivera zizanioides
Khus khus
No effect on T. confusum
16
104. Clusia spp
?
New isoprenylated derivatives (C. portlandana), new benzopyran derivative (C. plukenetti)
143, 144, 145
105. Hyptis pectinata
Piaba
No effect on 5 bacteria (H. suaveolus had relatively low acaricidal activity against B. microplus)
45,100
106. Hyptis verticillata
John Charles
Reisolated 4’-demethyldesoxypodo-phyllotoxin and other phyllotoxin having potential as anti-cancer agents; an isolated sesquiterpene
(cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one) disrupted oviposition, hatching, not lethal to
adult B. microplus but was toxic to Cylas formicarius (90% mortality after
48 hour at 3.6 mg/g insect), CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and
D; isolated a flavonol with antitumour and antimicrobial activity and an
inhibitor of aldose reductase
45, 46, 50, 93, 146
107. Leonotis nepetiflora
Christmas candlestick
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
108. Mentha viridis
Mint
Listed but not tested
93
109. Ocimum basilicum
Sweet parsley
No effect on 5 bacteria; CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL
45, 46
110. Ocimum micranthum
Wild parsley
CE killed 7% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (76AI); CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and
S. aureus at 130 µg/mL
14, 16, 46, 93
111. Plectranthus amboinicus
Soup mint
No effect on B. microplus
14
112. Salvia serotina
Chicken weed
CE had low antihelminthic potential - inactivated S. stercoralis larvae It50 in 20 hrs but still higher than thiabendazole and albendazole; very active against
B. microplus (80AI)
14, 120, 121
113. Satureja brownei
Penny royal
Listed but not tested
93
114. Satureja viminea
Peppermint
Listed but not tested
93
115. Cinnamomum zeylanium
Cinnamon
Listed but not tested
93
116. Persea americana
Alligator pear
CE killed 27% T. confusum
16, 93
117. Aloe vera
Sinkle bible
Listed but not tested
93
118. Spigelia anthelmia
Worm grass
CE active against B. microplus (75AI)
14
119. Oryctanthus occidentalis
Scorn-the-earth
Increases blood pressure, isolated oleaname triterpene; CE showed hypertensive activiy, decoction increased blood pressure at high doses
in dogs.
91, 93
120. Phoradendron wattii
No name given
Pharmacological testing; CE had pressor activity, isolated tyramine
71
121. Cuphea parsonsia
Strong back
Active against S. aureus++
45, 93
122. Punica granatum
Pomegranate
Listed but not tested
93
123. Abutilon trisulcatum
No name given
Isolated choline, this improved short-term memory in rats
147
124. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Double hibiscus, shoe black
No effect on 5 bacteria; CE killed 67% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (93AI) - lethal dose was 0.22 µL/tick for TOAc fraction,
bioactivity dropped on purification
14, 16, 45, 95, 96, 148, 149, 150
125. Hibiscus sabdariffa
Sorrel
White sorrel resistent to M. incognito and R. reniformis, white and red sorrel soil admendments suppressed nematode numbers
53
126. Sida acuta
Broom weed
CE killed 30% T. confusum, some activity against B. microplus (47AI)
14, 16, 45
127. Sida rhombiflora
?
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
128. Thespesia populnea
Seaside mahoe
CE killed 27% T. confusum
16
129. Urena lobata L.
Burmallow
Active against B. microplus (43AI)
14
130. Azadirachta indica
Neem
CE from seeds active against human pathogenic fungi: MIC (µg/ml) were Fonsecaea pedrosoi (4.0), Petrellidium boydii (5.0), Trichophyton
mantagraphytis (8.0), Microsporum gypeseum (30.5), Candida krusei
(48.7), Rhizopus sp. (50.8) - these results are similar to commercial
antifungal agents; CE killed 53% T. confusum; active against B. microplus
(68AI); CE toxic against C. formicarius (48hr Ld95 0.53 µg/insect), CE active
against Hypothenemus hampei in lab and field, killed Plutella xylostella and
Oomyzus sokolowakii; 2% neem oil active against Salmonella, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella; low activity
against S. stercoralis; decreased spontaneous motor activity in rats, antifertility
effects, physiological actions in rats; some biopesticide formulations of neem
were active against C. formicarius - inhibited feeding by 26-80% in lab; trees
treated were avoided in greenhouse; formulations Ashima I&II and companion
crops reduced damage from cabbage pests; formulations killed Exophthalmus
vittatus by 12.5-44% and inhibited embryogenesis by 20-60%; formulations
stopped post-harvest rot in yams, decreased bacterial load on floors of food
processing plant; neem plants micropropagated; Neem weakly toxic to lab
animals (LD50 6760 and 8709 mg/kg for mice and rats)
14, 48, 84, 85, 86, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100,
103, 104, 151-163
131. Cedrela odorata
Cedar
CE killed 17% T. confusum, oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 0.625 µg/insect) - efficacy decreased after 3 hrs; isolated photogedunin,
tetracyclictriterpenoids, odoratol, odoratone, isodoralol,
tetranortriterpenoids, methyl anglensate, gedunin, deacetyl-7-ketogedunin
16, 164 - 169
132. Trichilia havanensis
?
Triterpenoids isolated
170
133. Trichilia hirta L.
Wild mahogany
CE killed 13% T. confusum
16,171
134. Mimosa pudica L.
Shame mi lady
Inactivated S. stercoralis larvae in 1 hr (most active), CE killed 60% T. confusum, not very active against B. microplus (16AI)
14, 16, 98, 120, 121, 172, 173
135. Artocarpus altilis
Breadfruit
Inactivated S. stercoralis larvae in 9.5 and 49 hrs for two extracts for It95; CE active against T. confusum (95% killed), Hypothenemus hampei,
Plutella xylostella, Oomyzus sokolowakii, B. microplus (53AI),
Amblyomma cajennense and F. oxysporum; CE active against C. formicarius
(48hr Ld95 0.86 µg/insect, Lc50 3.9 mg/g), an isolated pentacyclic triterpene
had insecticidal activty against C. formicarius, oil fraction contained
compounds with insecticidal activity working synergistically - efficacy
decreased with purification, dimethyl sulfoxide increased toxicity of
triterpene to 1.9 mg/g; CE was 98% as active as Pyrenone (a commercial
formulation of Pyrethrum) on adult B. microplus; isolated gamma-
aminobutyric acid was a hypertensive agent
14, 44, 51, 71, 93, 98, 100, 103, 104,
120, 121, 160, 161,
173, 174, 175, 176,
177, 178, 179
136. Artocarpus heterophyllus
Jackfruit
CE killed 20% T. confusum
16
137. Cecropia peltata
Trumpet tree
CE killed 7% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (58AI), some antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis
14, 16, 98, 172
138. Ficus perforata L.
Wild fig
CE killed 23% T. confusum
16
139. Trophis racemosa
Ramoon
Alkaloidal extract lowers intraocular pressure in dogs
180,181
140. Bontia daphnoides
Kidney bush
CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (69AI), hexane fraction most active; isolated epingaione, a sesquiterpene furan, which
was active against C. formicarius, B. microplus, Candida albicans and
inhibited the elongation of radish roots
14, 16, 115, 182, 183,184
141. Myristica fragrans
Nutmeg
No effect on T. confusum, oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 of 0.90 µg/insect), efficacy decreased after 3 hrs.
16, 169, 185
142. Eucalyptus spp.
Eucalyptus
Oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 of 0.388 µg/insect), efficiency declined after 3 hours
169
143. Pimento dioica L.
Pimento
Active against B. microplus (44AI); isolated essential oils and oleoresins; leaf extracts as lethal as oxymyl in vitro against M.. incognita and R.
reniformis (had nematocidal potential) but appeared phytotoxic at rates used.
14, 93, 186, 187, 188
144. Psidium guajava
Guava
Relatively low activity against B. microplus
93,100
145. Sauvagesia brownei
Iron shrub
Listed but not tested
93
146. Jasminium fluminense
Azores jasmine
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
147. Cocos nucifera
Coconut
Controls diabetes
3
148. Bocconia frutescens
John crow bush
No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (46AI)
14, 16, 45
149. Alysicarpus vaginalis
Medina
Active against S. aureus++
45
150. Cajanus cajan L.
Gungo pea
CE killed 37% T. confusum
16
151. Crotalaria juncea
Sunhemp
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
152. Crotalaria retusa
Rattle weed
CE killed 30% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (51AI)
14, 16
153. Desmodium canum
Sweetheart
Listed but not tested
93
154. Erythrina corallodendrum
Spanish machete
Active against B. microplus (61AI)
14
155. Gliricida sepium
Quick stick
No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 60% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (64AI).
14, 16, 45
156. Lonchocarpus latifolius
Dogwood
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
157. Piscidia piscipula L.
Dogwood
CE killed 40% T. confusum
16
158. Stylosanthes viscosa
Poor man’s friend
Listed but not tested
93
159. Passiflora maliformis
Sweet cup
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
160. Petiveria alliacea
Guinea hen weed
CE killed 37% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (66AI), an insecticidal and acaricidal polysulphide isolated; CE had immunodulatory
activity; active against F. oxysporum
14, 16, 45, 93, 100, 115, 189, 190
161. Rivina humilis
Dog blood
No effect on 5 bacteria, some antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis (Lt50 of 51.0)
45, 98, 99, 172
162. Peperomia clusifolia
No name given
Isolated a prenylated benzopran derivative, clusifoliol; three isolated natural products exhibited anticancer properties; nigrinodine had antifungal
activity
15, 77
163. Peperomia pellucida
Rat ears
No effect on 5 bacteria; no activity against B. microplus
45, 93, 100
164. Peperomia proctorii
No name given
Isolated 5 natural products- 2 chemicals showed mosquitocidal activity
15
165. Piper aduncum
No name given
6 natural isolated amides had no effect on B. microplus; 3 amides synthesized from 5,6Z and E butenolides have insecticidal properties
49, 69, 70, 73, 74
166. Piper amalgo var nigrinodum
Pepper elder
No effect on 5 bacteria; isolated nigrodine, pipercide and guineesine which exhibited antifeedant, anticancer, antifungal properties; isolated 6
amides, 3 (including nigrinodine) killed 100% Aedes aegyptii at
100 ppm but inactive on Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 12.5 µg/ml; isolated
gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine, the former being a hypertensive
agent

14, 15, 16, 45, 52,
167. Piper auritum
No name given
as for P. fadyenii
69, 70, 73, 74
168. Piper betle
No name given
Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory affects; antifungal
78
169. Piper fadyenii
No name given
3 natural isolated compounds had no effect on B. microplus; 3 amides synthesized from isolated 5,6Z and E butenolides have insecticidal properties
– inhibited ovogenesis of B. microplus and was toxic to T. confusum
15, 49, 69, 70, 73, 74
170. Piper hispidum
No name given
as for P. fadyenii
74
171. Piper murrayanum
No name given
6 natural products isolated; isolated prenylated hydroxybenzoic derivatives had antimicrobial activity
15, 72, 76
172. Piper verrucosum
No name given
Isolated 2 natural compounds, one had contact insecticidal activity; isolated 3,4-epoxy-8,9-dihydropiplartine
15, 75
173. Pothomorphe umbellata
Cow foot
Listed but not tested
93
174. Antigonon leptopus
Coralita
CE killed 13% T. confusum, active against Streptococcus A++; isolated oleoresins and aquaresins from flowers - used as colourant and tested for
mammalian toxicity
16, 45, 191
175. Coccoloba krugii
No name given
Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+
45
176. Cycloptis semicordata
Tall fern
CE killed 90% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (74AI)
14, 16, 95
177. Lastrepsis effusa
Fine fern
CE killed 23% T. confusum
16
178. Portulaca oleracea
Jump up & kiss me
Good antihelminthic potential (Lt50 of 31.2 hrs) against S. stercoralis
98, 99
179. Gouania lupuloides
Chew stick
Isolated triterpenoid saponins - bioactivity not determined
192
180. Rhizophora mangle
Red mangrove
Triterpenoids with insecticidal activity
45,193
181. Coffea liberica
Liberian coffee
CE killed 13% T. confusum
16
182. Borreria laevis
Button weed
No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 13% T. confusum
45
183. Morinda royoc
Strong back
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
184. Amyris plumieri
Candle wood
Isolated 2,5-diaryl oxazole and chromene
194 - 197
185. Citrus aurantifolia
Lime
Active against S. aureus+
45, 93
186. Citrus aurantium
Seville orange
CE killed 13% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (50AI)
14, 16
187. Citrus reticulata
Tangerine
CE killed 17% T. confusum
16
188. Fagara elephantiasis
Yellow sanders
CE killed 37% T. confusum
16
189. Fagara martinicensis
Bitter bush
CE killed 37% T. confusum, low activity against B. microplus (22AI)
14
190. Murraya koenigii
Meethi neem
Dose dependant antifeedant
158,159
191. Murraya paniculata
Sweet neem
Active against S. aureus+
16, 45
192. Spathelia glabrescens
No name given
Isolated meso form of 2, 23-dihydroxy-2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl-3,7,11,15,19-penta (oxacyclopentyl) tetracosane, (glabresol)
- bioactivity not tested
198
193. Spathelia sorbifolia
Mountain pride
Chromenes and 2-quinolone isolated; spathelin isolated - bioactivity not tested
164,199
194. Blighia sapida
Ackee
Hypoglycin A and B isolated and found to be poisonous; improved isolation procedure for hypoglycin A devised; No effect on 5 bacteria; CE killed 20%
T. confusum; active against B. microplus (76AI); oil a potent insecticide -
killed 100% C, formicarius (4 mg/insect) and 77% B. microplus (4 µg/tick),
most potent fraction was 3 fatty acids including methyl-6-methyl-3-ox
opentadecanoic acid; Ld50 values were Leucoptera coffeela (3.2%),
Hypothenemus hampei (2.3%) and Plutella xylostella (4.7%), formulations
were active for 14 days; CE produced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
in mice; plants produced callus and axillary bud growth in tissue culture.
14, 16, 45, 54, 56, 93, 100, 103, 104,
178, 200, 201, 202
195. Melicoccus bijugatus
Guinep
No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 17% T. confusum, less active against B. microplus (16AI)
14, 16, 45
196. Chrysophyllum cainito
Star apple
CE killed 17% T. confusum
16
197. Manilkara zapota
Naseberry
Listed but not tested
93
198. Capraria biflora
Goat weed
Novel sesquiterpenoids and 4 caprariolides were isolated; Caprariolides A&B combined had a synergistic effect against C. formicarius (Ld50 50.8
µg/insect) and was equitoxic to eugenol
203
199. Alvaradoa jamaicensis
No name given
Isolated alvaradoins A, B, C &-Dantracenone C arabinosides; isolated anthraquinones chrysophanol and physcion were inactive against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 12.5 µg/ml
47,204
200. Picrasma excelsa
Bitter wood
Some antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis
44, 98, 99, 172
201. Simarouba glauca
Bitter damson
No effect on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (100AI, LD50 0.63 µL/tick for CH2Cl2 fraction); reduced cabbage damage in field trials
14, 45, 95, 96, 151
202. Smilax balbisiana
Chainy root
Listed but not tested
93
203. Smilax regelii
Sarsaparilla
Listed but not tested
93
204. Capsicum annum
Hot pepper
CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (66AI)
14, 16, 102, 104
205. Capsicum baccatum
Bird pepper
Effective hypoglycaemic agent
3,102
206. Capsicum frutescens
Bird pepper
CE killed 13% T. confusum; effective hypoglycaemic agent
3, 16, 102
207. Datura stramonium
Jimson weed
CE killed 13% T. confusum
16
208. Nicotiana tabacum
Tobacco
CE killed 100% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (95AI)
14, 16
209. Solanum torvum
Susumber
No effect on 5 bacteria
45, 93
210. Cola acuminata
Bissy
Isolated triterpenestaraxeryl acetate, epi-friedeline, friedelin, teraxerylacetate and vanillic acid - bioactivity not tested
67, 154, 205
211. Guazuma ulmifolia
Bastard cedar
Listed but not tested
93
212. Turnera ulmifolia
Ramgoat dash-a-long
No effect on 5 bacteria, less active against B. microplus (26AI)
14, 16, 45, 93
213. Eryngium foetidum
Spirit weed
High antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis Lt50 18.9 hrs; an unsaturated, long chain fatty aldehyde isolated but not identified, the
activity of this antihelminthic compound far exceeds that of thiabendazole
and compares favourably with ivermectin; contains ingredients with
anticonvalescent properties which may be useful in treatment of epilepsy;
hexane extract rich in terpenes (alphacholesterol, brassicasterol, delta
5-avenasterol, campestrol, stigmasterol, deorosterol), leaves effective for
anti-inflammatory purposes
26, 44, 98, 99, 206, 207
214. Foeniculum vulagare
Fennel
Listed but not tested
93
215. Pilea microphylla var microphylla
Baby puzzle
Active against S. aureus+
45
216. Pilea microphylla var trianthemoide
Artillery plant
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
217. Clerodendrum philippinum
Lady nugent rose
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
218. Lantana camara
White sage
Active against S. aureus++; CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL
45, 46
219. Lantana involucrata
Wild mint
Low acaricidal activity against B. microplus (21AI)
14,100
220. Lantana trifolia
Wild sage
Listed but not tested
93
221. Lantana urticifolia
Black sage
Terpenes isolated; has acaricidal activity against B. microplus
93, 100, 131
222. Lippia alba
Colic mint
Active against B. microplus (62AI); CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL
14, 46, 93
223. Petrea volubilis
Purple wreath
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
224. Priva lappulacea
Clammy bur
No effect on 5 bacteria
45
225. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Vervine
No effect on 5 bacteria, low antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis larvae (inactivated in 81.5 hrs), active against B. microplus (79AI); isolated
phytosterol and spinasterol; isolated dopamine - had pressor activity
14, 44, 45, 67, 71, 93, 98, 120, 121
226. Zingiber officinale
Ginger
Active against B. microplus (45AI)
14
See also  Hyperacidity Causes and Herbal Remedies
PRN = plant reference number, CE = crude extract, AI = acaricidal index, MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration.

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