Medicinal Plants of Jamaica and Their Uses - Part 2

The information provided in this article are excerpts from the research of medicinal plants carried out at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona, Jamaica, between 1948 and 2001. The data is organised as listed in the following tables but will be presented in two (2) separate parts.

Table 1: Organisms used for testing bioactivity of plant extracts and natural products.
Table 2: Summary of plants that exhibited the most medicinal bioactivity.
Table 3: Summary of plants that exhibited the most agricultural bioactivity.
Table 4: Natural products isolated from plants tested at UWI between 1948 and 2001.
Table 5: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the University of the West Indies, Mona – family, botanical name, common name, growth range, growth.
Table 6: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona – Research conducted between 1948 and 2001, and literature reference.

Below you will find tables 5, 6 and the reference.

Table 5: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the University of the West Indies, Mona – family, botanical name, common name, growth range, growth habit, and ethnomedicine

PRN and Family	Botanical name	Common name	Growth range	Growth Habit	Ethnomedicine/Biological activities (Uses as stated in papers)
1. Acanthaceae	Asystasia gangetica	No name given	Old World tropics, cultivated	Herb	Not mentioned
2. Acanthaceae	+Justicia pectoralis	Fresh cut, garden balsam	Mexico to Northern S. America, WI	Herb	Wounds, colds, constipation, colic
3. Amaranthaceae	+Achyranthes indica	Devil’s horse whip	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, colic, flu, malaria, veneral diseases
4. Amaryllidaceae	Allium cepa	Onion	Widely cultivated	Herb	Seasoning
5. Anacardiaceae	+Anacardium occidentale	Cashew	Widely distributed in tropics	Tree	Colds, fever, ulcers, belly ache
6. Anacardiaceae	+Mangifera indica L.	Mango	Widely distributed	Tree	Fever, diarrhoea, laxative (esp black mango)
7. Anacardiaceae	Spondias dulcis	June plum	Tropics	Tree	Controls sugar
8. Anacardiaceae	+Spondias mombin	Hog plum	Widely distributed	Tree	Colds, oedema, coughs, constipation, tapeworm
9. Annonaceae	+Annona muricata	Soursop	Tropics	Tree	Tranquiliser, dewormer, fever, dysentery, antispasmodic, colds, pains, diuretic
10. Annonaceae	+Annona reticulata L.	Custard apple	Tropics	Tree	Antihelminthic, dysentery, diarrhoea
11. Annonaceae	+Annona squamosa	Sweetsop	Tropics	Tree	Fever, painful spleen, labour pains, fainting, laxative, antihelminthic, diarrhoea, indigestion
12. Apocynaceae	+Catharanthus roseus	Periwinkle	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Leukaemia, astringent, diabetes
13. Apocynaceae	Ervatamia divaricata	Coffee rose	Not given	Shrub	Insecticidal, acaricidal
14. Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L.	Oleander	Native of Eurasia	Shrub	Not mentioned
15. Araliaceae	Oreopanax capitatus	Woman wood	C. America, WI	Shrub	Not mentioned
16. Araliaceae	+Polyscias guilfoylei	Aralia	Trop America, WI	Shrub	Colds
17. Asclepiadaceae	+Asclepias curassavica	Red top, red head	American sub-tropics and tropics	Herb	Vermifuge, sores, stops bleeding, coughs, boils, warts
18. Bignoniaceae	Catalpa longissima	French oak	Pacific and WI	Tree	Haemorrhoids, astringent
19. Bignoniaceae	+Crescentia cujete	Calabash	Tropics	Tree	Coughs, colds, purgative, poultice
20. Bignoniaceae	Tecoma stans	Yellow cedar, Jamaican lilac	Tropics	Shrub	Fever
21. Bixaceae	Bixa orellana	Annatto	Tropics	Tree	Orange dye, oral hyperglycaemic
22. Boraginaceae	Cordia brownei	Black sage	Gr. Cayman, Jamaica*	Shrub	Colds, fever, insomia
23. Boraginaceae	+Cordia globosa	Sage	Not given	Shrub	Colds, high blood pressure, fever, asthma
24. Boraginaceae	Cordia sebestena	Geiger tree	Tropics	Tree	Sharpening appetite
25. Boraginaceae	+Heliotropium angiospermum	Pink sage	Trop. America to Guyana	Herb	Colds, colic, billiousness, sore eyes
26. Boraginaceae	Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	Widely distributed	Herb	Anaemia, fatigue, pains, colds
27. Boraginaceae	+Tournefortia hirsutissuma	Cold with	Florida, trop. America, WI	Shrub	Colds, cough, fever, nervous trouble, chest pains, stomach-ache
28. Boraginaceae	Tournefortia volubilis	Chigger nut	Florida, Bahamas, C. & S. Amer., WI	Vine	Sores, baths, “restore manhood”
29. Brassicaceae	Lepidium virginicum	Wild pepper grass	Widely distributed	Herb	Relieve gas
30. Bromeliaceae	+Bromelia pinguin	Ping wing	C. & S. America, WI	Herb	Abortifacient, dewormer, diuretic, thrush
31. Burseraceae	+Bursera simaruba	Red birch	Florida, Mexico to Venezuela, WI	Tree	Colds, diarrhoea, wounds, diuretic, high blood pressure
32. Cactaceae	+Opuntia cochenillifera	Tuna	Widely cultivated	Shrub	Inflammation, vomiting, fever, headache
33. Caesalpiniaceae	Bauhinia divaricata	Bull hoof	Honduras, WI, Grand Cayman	Shrub	Bronchitis, sores, liver and kidney ailments
34. Caesalpiniaceae	+ Caesalpinia bonducella	Gray nicker	Subtropics to tropics	Shrub	Kidney trouble, diabetes, fever, high blood pressure, venereal diseases, convulsions
35. Caesalpiniaceae	Cassia alata	King of the forest	Tropics	Shrub	Eczema, purgative, hypertension, vermifuge
36. Caesalpiniaceae	Cassia jamaicensis	Jamaican broom	Endemic	Shrub	Good for bladder, back pain, stomach and shortness of breath
37. Caesalpiniaceae	+Cassia ligustrinia	Piss a bed	Florida, Bermuda, WI, W. Africa	Herb	Good for weak bladder
38. Caesalpiniaceae	+Cassia occidentalis	Dandelion, Stinking weed/ Wild coffee	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, kidney and bladder dysfunction, back pain, shortness of breath, dysentery, dropsy
39. Caesalpiniaceae	+Haematoxylum campechianum	Logwood	Tropics	Tree	Wound dressing, diarrhoea, dysentery
40. Caesalpiniaceae	Peltophorum linnaei	Brazilletto	Yucatan, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
41. Caesalpiniaceae	+Tamarindus indica	Tamarind	Subtropics and tropics	Tree	Colds, measles, chicken pox, laxative, fever
42. Campanthaceae	Hippobroma longiflora	Madam fate	Caribbean*	Herb	Poultice used for injury, pain
43. Campanulaceae	Lobelia accuminata	No name given	Endemic	Herb	Not mentioned
44. Campanulaceae	Lobelia viridiflora	No name given	Endemic	Herb	Not mentioned
45. Canellaceae	Cinnamodendron corticosum	Mountain cinnamon	Endemic	Tree	Insecticidal, antimicrobial, anticomplemental cytotoxicity
46. Cannabaceae	+Cannibis sativa	Ganja	Widely distributed	Herb	Asthma, vision improvement, fever, colds
47. Capparaceae	Cleome rutidosperma	No name given	Tropics	Herb	Not mentioned
48. Capparaceae	Cleome viscosa	Wild caia	Tropics	Herb	Insecticidal
49. Caricaceae	+Carica papaya	Papaya	Widely cultivated	Tree	Sores, boils, worms, warts, ringworm
50. Chenopodiaceae	+Chenopodium ambrosioides	Semicontract	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Antifungal, antihelminthic, vermifuge
51. Combretaceae	Terminalia catappa	Almond	Widespread	Tree	Not mentioned
52. Commelinaceae	Commelina benghalensis	Water grass	Tropics	Herb	Thrush, burns, sore throats, strangury
53. Commelinaceae	Commelina diffusa	Water grass	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Cold, malaria, eye lotion, gonorrhoea
54. Compositae	Acanthospermum camphoratum	No name given	Not given	Herb	Not mentioned
55. Compositae	Ambrosia hispida	Bay tansy, Worm wood	Florida, C. America, WI	Herb	Dewormer
56. Compositae	Bidens cyanpiifolia	Spanish needle	Tr. America, Bahamas, WI	Herb	Fever, stomach problems
57. Compositae	+Bidens pilosa	Spanish needle	Tropics	Shrub	Good for bowels, dewormer, cuts, colic, enema, ear ache
58. Compositae	+Bidens reptans var tomentosa	Marigold	Endemic	Vine	Cold, menstrual problems
59. Compositae	+Calea jamaicensis	Camphor bush	Endemic	Shrub	Colds, bellyache
60. Compositae	+Chrysanthellum americanum	No name given	Tropics	Herb	Used with strong back, for pain
61. Compositae	+Elephantopus mollis	Iron weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, back pain
62. Compositae	+Eupatorium odoratum	Jack in the bush	Tr. America, W. Africa, Malaya	Shrub	Wound dressing, colds, cough, bronchitis
63. Compositae	+Eupatorium villosum	Bitter bush	Florida, Bahamas, WI	Shrub	Colds, skin rash, constipation, fever, pain
64. Compositae	+Mikania micrantha	Guaco	Tr. America, (other species are endemic)	Vine	Skin itch, athlete’s foot, anti-venom, stomach pain, cold, diarrhoea, dress wounds
65. Compositae	+Parthenium hysterophorus	Dog flea weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, sores, wound dressing, for dog fleas
66. Compositae	+Pseudelephantopus spicatus	Dog tongue	Tropics	Herb	Fever, ophthalmic, sprains
67. Compositae	Syndrella nodiflora	Fatten barrow	Tropics	Herb	Cold
68. Compositae	Tagetes erecta L.	African marigold	Native of Mexico	Herb	Discourages whitefly
69. Compositae	Tridax procumbens	Bakenbox	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Fever, catarrah
70. Compositae	Verbesina sp	Various	No range given	Various	Not mentioned
71. Compositae	Vernonia acumiata	Bitter bush	Endemic	Shrub	Not mentioned
72. Compositae	Vernonia pluvalis	No name given	Endemic	Shrub	Colic
73. Compositae	Vernonia remotiflora			Not in Adams (1)
74. Compositae	+Wedelia gracilis	Consumption weed	Greater Antilles, Antigua	Herb	Abortion, fever, sores, colds
75. Compositae	+Wedelia trilobata	Running or yellow marigold	Tr. America, Hawaii, W. Africa	Herb	Abortion, fever, sores, colds
76. Convolvulaceae	+Cuscuta americana L.	Love weed, dodder	Subtropics and tropical Amer.	Vine	Acaricidal, antihelminthic, colic, laxative
77. Convolvulaceae	+Evolvulus arbuscula	Sea thyme	Bahamas, WI	Shrub	Bellyache
78. Convolvulaceae	Ipomea fistulosa	Morning glory	Widespread	Shrub	Not mentioned
79. Crassulaceae	+Bryophyllum pinnatum	Leaf of life	Tropics	Herb	Cold, pain, dysmenorrhoea, boils, ulcers, insect bites
80. Cruciferae	Nasturtium officinale	Water cress	Cultivated world-wide	Herb	Good for heart, antiscorbutic, slight stimulant, diuretic, expectorant
81. Cucurbitaceae	+Cucurbita pepo	Field pumpkin	Cultivated world-wide	Vine	Vermifuge, antihelminthic
82. Cucurbitaceae	+Fevillea cordifolia	Antidote caccoon	Tropical America, WI	Vine	Dress wounds, emetic, purgative, poison antidote, toxic on ingestion
83. Cucurbitaceae	+Momordica charantia	Cerassee	Subtropics and tropics	Vine	Colds, fever, sores, menstrual disorder, cures bad blood and gripe, stomach ache
84. Cucurbitaceae	+Sechium edule	Cho-cho	Tropics	Vine	Hypertension
85. Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea polygonoides	Wild yam	C. & S. trop. America, WI	Vine	Acaricidal
86. Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea dumetorum	Yam	Tropics	Vine	Not mentioned
87. Euphorbiaceae	Codiaeum variegatum	Garden croton	Tropics	Shrub	Not mentioned
88. Euphorbiaceae	Croton eluteria	Cascarilla	Tropics	Shrub	Stimulant, tonic
89. Euphorbiaceae	Croton flavens	Yellow balsam	Yuatan, WI	Shrub	Earache, sore throat, pneumonia
90. Euphorbiaceae	+Croton humilis	Pepper rod	Florida, Bahamas, Mexico, WI	Shrub	Venereal sores, insecticidal
91. Euphorbiaceae	+Croton linearis	Rosemary	Florida, Bahamas, WI	Shrub	Tranquiliser, circulation, insecticidal
92. Euphorbiaceae	Croton lucidas	Basket hoop	Bahamas, WI	Shrub	Not mentioned
93. Euphorbiaceae	Croton sp	Various	Various	Shrb/Herb	Cold, cough, expectorant, tonic, diarrhoea, ear aches, sore throat, pneumonia, malaria, rheumatism, hair wash, dandruff, gripe
94. Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia cyathophora	No name given	Tropics	Herb	Wound, skin ulcer
95. Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia hirta	Milk weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Anti-hypertensive, diarrhoea, asthma
96. Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia pulcherrima	Poinsettia	Widespread	Shrub	Not mentioned
97. Euphorbiaceae	Hura crepitans	Sand box	Tropics	Tree	Not mentioned
98. Euphorbiaceae	Jatropha gossypiifolia	Belly-ache bush	Subtropics and tropics	Shrub	Purgative, constipation, belly-ache
99. Euphorbiaceae	+Ricinus communis	Oil nut bush, castor oil plant	Tropics, cultivated widely	Shrub	Fever, boils, purge, toothache, diuretic, stomach-ache, headache, eye lotion
100. Gesneriaceae	+Rytidophyllum tomentosum	Search me heart	Endemic	Shrub	General drink, colds
101. Graminae	+Bambusa vulgaris	Bamboo	Widespread world-wide	Shrub	Fevers, malaria
102. Graminae	Cymbopogon citratus	Lemon grass, fever grass	Tropics, widely cultivated	Herb	Cold, fever, nervous headache, medicinal oil
103. Graminae	Vetivera zizanioides	Khus khus	Tropics, widely cultivated	Herb	Insecticidal
104. Guttiferae	Clusia portlandiana	No name given	Endemic	Tree	Not mentioned
105. Labiatae	+Hyptis pectinata	Piaba	Tropics	Herb	Colds, cuts, sores, headache, tonsilitis,
106. Labiatae	+Hyptis verticillata	John Charles, wild mint	Florida, Mexico to Colombia, WI	Herb	Colds, gout, marasmus, eczema, psoriasis, scabies, athlete’s foot, colic, skin disease, itching, arthritis
107. Labiatae	+Leonotis nepetiflora	Christmas candle-stick	Tropics	Herb	Fever, abortifacient
108. Labiatae	+Mentha viridis	Spear mint	Widespread	Herb	Checks vomiting, stomach trouble
109. Labiatae	+Ocimum basilicum	Sweet parsley	Tropics	Herb	Colds, liver ailment, runs mosquitoes
110. Labiatae	+Ocimum micranthum	Barsley	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Laxative for babies, fever, pain, colds
111. Labiatae	+Plectranthus amboinicus	Soup mint, French thyme	Tropics	Herb	Seasoning, cold remedies
112. Labiatae	+Salvia serotina Wild insecticidal	Chicken weed	WI*	Herb	Fever, colic, biliousness, constipation,
113. Labiatae	+Satureja brownei	Penny royal	Tropical C. & S. America, WI	Herb	Diarrhoea, stomach ache
114. Labiatae	+Satureja viminea	Wild mint	Cuba, Hispaniola*	Shrub	Indigestion, flatulence, colic
115. Lauraceae	+Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Cinnamon	Widely cultivated	Tree	Flavouring, carminative, antiseptic oil
116. Lauraceae	+Persea americana Mill.	Pear, alligator pear	Subtropics and tropics	Tree	Good for blood, blood pressure, colds, pains
117. Liliaceae	Aloe vera	Sinkle Bible	Tropics, widely grown	Herb	Biliousness, colds, wounds, headaches, purgative, improves appetite, dewormer
118. Logamiaceae	+Spigelia anthelmia L.	Worm grass, pink weed	Tropics	Herb	Acaricidal, dewormer
119. Loranthaceae	+Oryctanthus occidentalis	Mistletoe, scorn-the-earth	Endemic	Shrub	Fever, pain, high blood pressure
120. Loranthaceae	Phoradendron wattii	No name given	Endemic	Shrub	Not mentioned
121. Lythraceae	+Cuphea parsonsia	Strong back	Mexico, Bahamas, WI	Vine	Menstrual pains
122. Lythraceae	+Punica granatum	Pomegranate	Subtropics and tropics, cultivated	Shrub	Tapeworm, vomiting
123. Malvaceae	Abutilon trisulcatum	No name given	Mexico, Bahamas, WI	Herb	Not mentioned
124. Malvaceae	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Double hibiscus, shoe-black	Tropics, widely grown	Shrub	Colds, hernia
125. Malvaceae	+Hibiscus sabdariffa	Sorrel	Tropics, widely cultivated	Shrub	Cooling, diuretic, antiscorbutic
126. Malvaceae	+Sida acuta	Broom weed	Tropics	Shrub	Fever, colic
127. Malvaceae	Sida rhombiflora	No name given	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Indigestion, haemorrhoids
128. Malvaceae	Thespesia populnea	Seaside mahoe	Tropics	Tree	Insecticidal
129. Malvaceae	+Urena lobata L.	Burmallow	Tropics	Herb	Colds, expectorant
130. Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica Juss	Neem	Subtropics and tropics	Tree	Insecticidal, fungicidal, nematocidal, medicinal, cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste
131. Meliaceae	+Cedrela odorata	West Indian Cedar	Tropics	Tree	Psoriasis, internal
132. Meliaceae	Trichilia havanensis	No name given	Mexico to S. America, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
133. Meliaceae	Trichilia hirta L.	Wild mahogany	Mexico to Brazil, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
134. Mimosaceae	+Mimosa pudica L.	Shame mi lady, shame weed	Tropics, widespread	Herb	Colds, gonorrhoea, sedative
135. Moraceae	Artocarpus altilis Park	Breadfruit	Tropics	Tree	High blood pressure
136. Moraceae heterophyllus	Artocarpus	Jackfruit	Subtropics and tropics	Tree	Not mentioned
137. Moraceae	+Cecropia peltata	Trumpet tree	Mexico to Venezuela, WI	Tree	Colds, high blood pressure, sore throat
138. Moraceae	Ficus perforata L.	Wild fig	Cen. Amer., Bahamas, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
139. Moraceae	Trophis racemosa	Ramoon	Mexico to Brazil, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
140. Myoporaceae	Bontia daphnoides	Kidney bush	Nrn S. America, WI	Tree	Insecticidal, acaricidal
141. Myristiaceae	+Myristica fragrans	Nutmeg	E. and WI, cultivated	Tree	Official in pharmacopoeias
142. Myrtaceae robusta	Eucalyptus spp. eg	Eucalyptus	Native of Australo-E. Malaysia	Tree	Clears the nostrils, colds fever, ulcer dressing, dewormer
143. Myrtaceae	+Pimento dioica L.	Pimento	Tropics, some species are endemic	Tree	Stomach aches, menstruation pains, good for blood
144. Myrtaceae	+Psidium guajava	Guava	Tropics, cultivated	Tree	Diarrhoea, dysentery
145. Ochnaceae	+Sauvagesia brownei	Iron shrub	Cuba, Jamaica*	Herb	Menstrual pain, weak back, irritation of bladder
146. Oleaceae	Jasminium fluminense	Azores jasmine	Tropics	Shrub	Snake bite antidote
147. Palmae	+Cocos nucifera	Coconut	Widespread cultivation	Tree	Controls sugar, good for blader, astringent, sores, ulcers, coughs
148. Papaveraceae	Bocconia frutescens	John crow bush	C. Amer., Hawaii, WI	Tree	Purgative, vermifuge, skin ulcer
149. Papilionaceae	Alysicarpus vaginalis	Medina	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Aphrodiasiac
150. Papilionaceae	+Cajanus cajan L.	Gungo pea	Subtropics and tropics, cultivated	Shrub	Colds, diarrhoea, mouthwash
151. Papilionaceae	Crotalaria juncea	Sunnhemp	Tropics	Herb	Haemoptysis
152. Papilionaceae	Crotalaria retusa	Rattle weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Not mentioned
153. Papilionaceae canum	+Desmodium canum	Sweetheart, var. strongback	Tropics	Herb	Colds, kidney trouble, weak back, tonic, menstrual pain, induces sleep, headache
154. Papilionaceae corallodendrum	Erythrina	Spanish machete	Gr. Cayman, WI*	Tree	Not mentioned
155. Papilionaceae	+Gliricida sepium	Quick stick, Aaron’s rod	Tropics, widely culti.	Tree	Fever, colds, pain, gonorrhoea
156. Papilionaceae	Lonchocarpus latifolius	Dogwood	Mexico to Brazil, WI	Tree	Vermifuge, menstrual cramps
157. Papilionaceae	+Piscidia piscipula	Dogwood	Florida, Mexico, Bahamas, WI	Tree	Backache, sedatives, toothache
158. Papilionaceae	+Stylosanthes viscosa	Poor man’s friend	Mexico to Brazil, WI	Herb	Colds, kidney trouble
159. Passifloraceae	+Passiflora maliformis	Sweet cup	Northern S. America, WI	Vine	Tonic
160. Phytolaccaceae	+Petiveria alliacea	Guinea hen weed	Tropics	Shrub	Fever, antidote to poisoning, headache
161. Phytolaccaceae	+Rivina humilis	Dog blood, inflammation weed	Tropics	Herb	Colds, diarrhoea, marasmus
162. Piperaceae	Peperomia clusifolia	No name given	Endemic	Herb	Not mentioned
163. Piperaceae	+Peperomia pellucida	Rat ears, pepper elder	Tropics	Herb	Flu, diuretic, hypertension, diarrhoea, cough, convulsions
164. Piperaceae	Peperomia proctorii	No name given	Endemic	Herb	Not mentioned
165. Piperaceae	Piper aduncum	No name given	Tropics	Tree	Fever, pain, wounds, toothache
166. Piperaceae	+Piper amalgo var nigrinodum	Pepper elder, black jointer	Endemic	Shrub	Flatulence, constipation, cough, colds, tonic, pain, stomach ache
167. Piperaceae	Piper auritum	No common names given	No range given	Shrub
168. Piperaceae	P. betle		Tropics, cultivated	Vine	Fever, pain, wounds, toothache, colds, asthma, insect repellant, remedies for cold, stomach ache
169. Piperaceae	P. fadyenii		Endemic	Shrub
170. Piperaceae	P. hispidum		WI*	Tree
171. Piperaceae	+P. murrayanum		Endemic	Tree
172. Piperaceae	P. verrucosum		Endemic	Tree
173. Piperaceae	+Pothomorphe umbellate	Cow foot	Tr. America, W. Africa	Herb	Colds, headache, boils, tapeworm
174. Polygonaceae	Antigonon leptopus	Coralita	Tropics	Vine	Cough, throat constriction
175. Polygonaceae	Coccoloba krugii	No name given	Bahamas, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
176. Polypodiaceae	Cycloptis semicordata	Tall fern	Tropics, widespread	Herb	Acaricidal
177. Polypodiaceae	Lastrepsis effusa (Sw.) Tindale	Fine fern	Tropics, widespread	Herb	Not mentioned
178. Portulacaceae	+Portulaca oleracea	Jump up & kiss me, purslane	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Heart tonic, cooling, diuretic
179. Rhamnaceae	+Gouania lupuloides	Chew stick	Florida, Bahamas, WI	Vine	Toothbrush, stimulates appetite, dropsy
180. Rhizophoraceae	Rhizophora mangle	Red mangrove	Tropical coasts	Tree	Moderately insecticidal
181. Rubiaceae	Coffea liberica	Liberian coffee	Tropics	Shrub	Not mentioned
182. Rubiaceae	+Borreria laevis	Button weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, fever, constipation
183. Rubiaceae	+Morinda royoc	Strong back	Central Amer.	Shrub	Tonic, aphrodisiac
184. Rutaceae	Amyris plumieri	Candle wood	Central Amer.	Shrub	Not mentioned
185. Rutaceae	+Citrus aurantifolia	Lime	Tropics	Tree	Colds, stomach ache, insomnia, ringworm, ulcer, fever, sore throat, wounds, eye disease
186. Rutaceae	+Citrus aurantium	Seville orange	Tropics	Tree	Cold, stomach aches, bitter tonic, sore throat, rheumatism
187. Rutaceae	Citrus reticulata	Tangerine	Tropics	Tree	Not mentioned
188. Rutaceae	Fagara elephantiasis	Yellow sanders	Mexico, Costa Rica, WI	Tree	Not mentioned
189. Rutaceae	Fagara martinicensis	Bitter bush/ prickly yellow	Nrthn S. America, WI	Tree	Carminative, astringent, diuretic, ulcer, rheumatism
190. Rutaceae	Murraya koenigii	No name given	Not in Adams (1)	Shrub	Antifungal, diabetes, flavouring
191. Rutaceae	Murraya paniculata	Sweet neem, prickly yellow	Tropics	Tree	Diarrhoea, wound dressing
192. Rutaceae	Spathelia glabrescens	No name given	Endemic	Tree	Not mentioned
193. Rutaceae	Spathelia sorbifolia	Mountain pride	Endemic	Tree	Not mentioned
194. Sapindaceae	+Blighia sapida	Ackee	WI, W. Africa	Tree	Colds, pain, acaricidal, insecticidal
195. Sapindaceae	Melicoccus bijugatus	Guinep, Guineapea	Tropics	Tree	Hypertension, fever, cough
196. Sapotaceae	Chrysophyllum cainito	Star apple	Tropics	Tree	Not mentioned
197. Sapotaceae	+Manilkara zapota	Naseberry	Venezuela, WI	Tree	Nerve tonic
198. Scrophulariaceae	Capraria biflora	Goat weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Fever, influenza, indigestion
199. Simaroubaceae	Alvaradoa jamaicensis	No name given	Endemic	Tree	Not mentioned
200. Simaroubaceae	+Picrasma excelsa	Bitter wood	Greater Antilles	Tree	Dewormer, tonic, thread worm, malaria, appetite stimulant, insecticide
201. Simaroubaceae	Simarouba glauca DC	Bitter damson, bitter wood	Florida, C. Amer., WI, Bahamas	Tree	Malaria, diarrhoea, insecticidal, acaricidal
202. Smilacaceae	+Smilax balbisiana	Chainy root	Cuba, Hispaniola*	Vine	Tonic, general pain
203. Smilacaceae	+Smilax regelii	Jamaican sarsaparilla	Widely distributed	Vine
204. Solanaceae	+Capsicum annum	Sweet pepper	Tropics	Shrub	Stimulant, rheumatism, dysentery, yaws,
205. Solanaceae	+Capsicum baccatum	Scotch bonnet	Tropics	Shrub	fever, lotion for ringworm of scalp, wounds,
206. Solanaceae	+Capsicum frutescens	Bird pepper	Subtropics and tropics	Shrub	sores, boils, influenza, mouthwash, dewormer
207. Solanaceae	+Datura stramonium	Tora apple, jimson weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Asthma, burns, ulcers, sinus infection, headaches, sores
208. Solanaceae	+Nicotiana tabacum L.	Tobacco	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Toothache
209. Solanaceae	+Solanum torvum	Susumber	Tropics	Shrub	Flu, colds, vermifuge, opens appetite
210. Sterculiaceae	+Cola acuminata	Bissy	Tropics	Tree	Stomach pain, purge, dysentery, tonic, cuts, wounds, allays hunger
211. Sterculiaceae	+Guazuma ulmifolia	Bastard cedar	Tropics	Tree	Cuts and sores
212. Turneraceae	+Turnera ulmifolia	Ramgoat dash-a-long	C. America, WI	Herb	Colds, debility, abortion, fever, prickly heat, constipation
213. Umbelliferae	+ Eryngium foetidum	Spirit weed	Tr. America, WI, W. Africa	Herb	Colds, fits, convulsions, fainting, ulcers, headaches
214. Umbelliferae	+Foeniculum vulagare	Fennel, aniseed	Widely cultivated	Herb	Cold
215. Urticaceae	+Pilea microphylla var microphylla	Baby puzzle	Endemic	Herb	Diarrhoea, asthma
216. Urticaceae	+Pilea microphylla var trianthemoide	Artillery plant	WI	Herb	Diarrhoea, asthma
217. Verbenaceae	Clerodendrum	Lady Nugent rose	Tropics	Shrub	Headache
218. Verbenaceae	+Lantana camara	White sage	Tropics, widespread	Shrub	Gonorrhoea, measles, chicken pox, wound dressing, coughs
219. Verbenaceae	+Lantana involucrata	Wild mint	Florida, WI, Galapagos Ils	Shrub	Cold, fever, astringent, aromatic
220. Verbenaceae	+Lantana trifolia	Wild sage	Tr. America, W. Africa	Shrub	Constipation, good for blood, night sweats
221. Verbenaceae	Lantana urticifolia	Black sage	WI, Gr. Cayman*	Shrub	Indigestion, menstruation, tightness of chest
222. Verbenaceae	+Lippia alba	Colic mint	Texas, Mexico to Argentina, WI	Shrub	Checks vomiting, indigestion, flatulence
223. Verbenaceae	Petrea volubilis	Purple wreath	Tropics	Vine	Abortifacient
224. Verbenaceae	+Priva lappulacea	Clammy bur	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Abortifacient, colds
225. Verbenaceae	+Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Vervine	Florida, Bahamas, C. America, WI	Herb	Eczema, colds, worms, gonorrhoea, eye disorders, sores
226. Zingiberaceae	+Zingiber officinale	Ginger Wild	Widely distributed, cultivated	Herb	Carminative, digestive stimulant, wounds, fever, toothache
227. Acanthaceae	+Andrographis paniculata	Wild rice, rice bitters	Widespread	Herb	Fever, colds, malaria, bitter stomachic, diabetes, antihelminthic
228. Acanthaceae	+Blechum pyramidatum	John bush	Tr. America, Pacific	Shrub	Baths, sore feet, colds
229. Amaranthaceae	+Amaranthus sp.	Callaloo	Tropics	Herb	Good for bowels, poultice for boils
230. Amaranthaceae	+Chamissoa altissma	Basket withe	Tr. America, WI	Vine	Similar use as callaloo
231. Amaranthaceae	+Iresine diffusa	Juba’s bush	Tropics	Shrub	Colds, pain in bowels, colic
232. Amaryllidaceae	+Hippeastrum puniceum	Maroon lily	Tropics	Herb	Swellings, sores
233. Anacardiaceae	+Spondias purpurea	Jamaican plum	Tropics	Tree	Colds, skin diseases, gum infection, dysentery
234. Apocynaceae	+Echites umbellata	Savannah flower	Florida, Mexico, WI	Herb	Poultice for sore leg
235. Araceae	+Colocasia esculenta	Dasheen	Widely cultivated	Herb	Biliousness, asthma, consumption, laxative
236. Asclepiadaceae	+Asclepias nivea	White head	American tropics	Shrub	Vermifuge, stops bleeding, boils
237. Asclepiadaceae	+Funastrum clausum	Milk withe	No range given	Vine	Cold remedy
238. Boraginaceae	+Cordia jamaicensis	Black sage	Endemic	Shrub	Colds, indigestion, high blood pressure
239. Boraginaceae	+Heliotropium indicum	Scorpion weed	Pantropical, Gr. Cayman	Herb	Diuretic, sores, ulcers, fevers, skin complaints, head lice, insect bites
240. Caesalpiniaceae	+Caesalpinia coriaria	Libi-libi	Venezuela, Columbia, WI	Tree	Sore throat, stomach-ache, tonic
241. Caesalpiniaceae	+Cassia fistula	Cassia stick	Native of tropical Asia	Tree	Laxative, purgative, malaria, gout, dysentery, rheumatism, diuretic
242. Caesalpiniaceae	+Cassia italica	Jamaica senna	Widely culti.	Herb	Cathartic, dressing for burns, ulcers
243. Campanulaceae	+Hippobroma longiflora	Horse poison	Tr. America, WI, Pacific	Herb	Pain, colds. Can be poisonous
244. Canellaceae	+Canella winterana	Wild cinnamon	Florida, Bahamas, WI	Shrub	Pain, spice, aromatic bitter, stimulant, gout, dysentery, syphilis
245. Caprifoliaceae	+Sambucus simpsonii	Elder	S.E. USA, C. America	Tree	Colds, coughs, fevers, constipation, ringworm
246. Commelinaceae	+Commelina elegans	Water grass	Tropical America	Herb	Colds, malaria, eye lotion, gonorrhoea
247. Commelinaceae	+Zebrina pedula	Wandering Jew	Subtropics and Tropics	Herb	Colds, high blood pressure, consumption
248. Compositae	+Artemisia sp.	Garden bitters	Widespread	Herb	Stomach ache, constipation, dewormer
249. Compositae	+Chaptalia nutans	Dandelion	Tropics	Herb	Diuretic, colds, constipation, wounds, boils
250. Compositae	+Clibadium surinamense	Jackass breadnut	C. and S. America, WI	Shrub	Cold remedy
251. Compositae	+Conyza bonariensis	Asthma weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Asthma
252. Compositae	+Conyza canadensis	Dead weed	Widely naturalized	Herb	Diarrhoea, dropsy, skin disease, sore throat
253. Compositae	+Emilia sonchifolia	Consumption weed	Tropics	Herb	Colds, cough, sore eye
254. Compositae	+Erigeron karvinskyanus	Rockside daisy	Mexico to Venezuela, WI	Herb	Colds
255. Compositae	+Eupatorium macrophyllum	Hemp agrimony	Mexico to Paraguay, WI	Herb	Colds, coughs
256. Compositae	+Eupatorium triste	Bitter bush	Endemic	Shrub	Not mentioned
257. Compositae	+Neurolaena lobata	Cow gall bitter	Tr. America	Herb	Colds, stomach disorders, bitter, sores, diuretic, ulcers, consumption
258. Compositae	+Pectis sp.	Stink weed	WI*	Herb	Fever
259. Compositae	+Pluchea odorata	Wild tobacco	S.E. USA, C. America, WI	Herb	Sores, for labour pains, antidote, stomachic
260. Compositae	+Senecio discolor	White-back	Endemic	Shrub	Colds, fever
261. Compositae	+Vernonia divaricata	Bitter bush	Jamaica, Gr. Cayman*	Shrub	Colic, fever, biliousness. Some toxic
262. Convolvulaceae	+Ipomoea jamaicensis	Wild potato slip	Endemic	Vine	Purge to remove worms
263. Convolvulaceae	+Merremia dissecta	Know you	?	Vine	Cathartic
264. Cucurbitaceae	+Citrullus lanatus	Watermelon	Widely cultivated	Vine	Cooling, fever, diuretic, vermifuge
265. Cucurbitaceae	+Cucumis sativus	Cucumber	Widely cultivated	Vine	Cooling, antihelminthic
266. Cyperaceae	+Cyperus articulatus	Adrue	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Vomiting, diarrhoea, stimulant, toothache, headache, bowel pain
267. Euphorbiaceae	+Acalypha wilkesiana	Copper leaf	Native of Pacific Islands	Tree
268. Euphorbiaceae	+Alchornea latifolia	Dove wood	Mexico to Panama, WI	Tree	Toothache cure, pain
269. Euphorbiaceae	+Croton wilsoni	Wild camphor	Endemic	Herb	Colds
270. Euphorbiaceae	+Euphorbia glomerifera	Milk weed	Tropics	Herb	Colds, indigestion, latex as dressing for cuts, juice removes warts, high blood
271. Euphorbiaceae	+Euphorbia hyssopiflora	Milk weed	Tropics	Herb	pressure, back pains, tonic, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea
272. Euphorbiaceae	+Euphorbia lasiocarpa	Milk weed	Mexico to Peru, WI	Herb
273. Euphorbiaceae	+Euphorbia prostrata	Milk weed	Subtropics and tropics	Herb
274. Euphorbiaceae	+Euphorbia thymifolia	Eyebright	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Vermifuge, astringent, laxatives, colds, cuts
275. Euphorbiaceae	+Jatropha curcas	Physic nut	Widespread	Tree	Purgative
276. Euphorbiaceae	+Manihot esculenta	Cassava	Widely cultivated	Shrub	Poultice for sores
277. Euphorbiaceae	+Phyllanthus amarus	Carry-me-seed	Widespread	Shrub	Fevers, genito-urinary infections, malaria, gonorrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, jaundice, stomach-ache
278. Filicineae	+Adiantum tenerum	Maidenhead fern	No range given	Herb	Colds, good for heart
279. Filicineae	+Dryopteris sp. eg D. denticulate	White stick	No range given	Herb	Colds
280. Filicineae	+Polypodium exiguum	Hug-me-tight	No range given	Herb	Bath for ‘female weakness’
281. Filicineae	+Polypodium phyllitidis	Cow tongue	No range given	Herb	Cold, febrifuge, astringent
282. Graminae	+Cenchrus spp. eg C. pauciflorus	Burr grass	Tropics	Herb	Fever, colds, vomiting
283. Graminae	+Cynodon dactylon	Bermuda grass	Tropics	Herb	Tea good for kidneys, indigestion, wounds
284. Graminae	+Panicum maximum	Guinea grass	Widespread in tropics	Herb	Fevers
285. Graminae	+Saccharum officinarum	Sugar-cane	Widely cultivated	Herb	Beverage
286. Labiatae	+Hyptis capitata	Iron wort	Tropics	Herb	Colds, constipation, asthma, wounds, ulcers, gargle
287. Labiatae	+Hyptis suaveolens	Spikenard	Tropics	Herb	Nervous and visceral disorders, stomach ache, colic, fever
288. Labiatae	+Salvia occidentalis	Field basil	Tr. America	Herb	Ophthalmia, amenorrhoea
289. Lauraceae	+Cinnamomum camphora	Camphor	Introduced, native of Asia	Tree	Headache, fever, pain, high blood pressure
290. Liliaceae	+Allium sativum	Garlic	Widely cultivated	Herb	Well-known medicinal - expectorant, diuretic, asthma, skin disease, rheumatism
291. Loranthaceae	+Dendropemon pauciflorus	Mistletoe	Endemic	Parasitic	Fever, pain, high blood pressure
292. Malvaceae	+Gossypium spp. eg G. hirsutum	Cotton	Widely cultivated	Shrub	Colds, dysentery, diarrhoea, insect bite
293. Malvaceae	+Hibiscus elatus	Blue mahoe	Native of Cuba, Jamaica	Tree	Dysentery, colds
294. Malvaceae	+Kosteletzkya pentasperma	No name given	Mexico to Venezuela, WI	Herb	Dressing for cuts
295. Malvaceae	+Malachra alceifolia	Wild ochra	Mexico to Peru, WI	Herb	Colds, fever
296. Malvaceae	+Malvastrum coromandelianum	Mallow	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Stomach pain
297. Malvaceae	+Sida urens	Wind bush	Subtropics and tropics	Shrub	Gripe
298. Marantaceae	+Maranta arundinaceae	Arrowroot	Widely cultivated	Herb	Diarrhoea, antidote for spider bites etc, dysentery
299. Melastomaceae	+Clidemia hirta	Soap bush	Tropics	Herb	Tea
300. Melastomaceae	+Miconia laevigata	Jonny berry	Mexico to S. America, WI	Herb	Sores, itch, bush bath
301. Meliaceae	+Swietenia mahogoni	Mahogany	Widespread in tropics	Tree	Astringent, diarrhoea, bitter, febrifuge
302. Menispermaceae	+Cissampelos pareira	Velvet leaf	Tropics	Vine	Colds, bitter tonic, diuretic, skin diseases, sores, gonorrhoea
303. Moringaceae	+Moringa oleifera	Ben nut tree	Subtropics and tropics	Tree	Promotes digestion and appetite, pain, headache
304. Musaceae	+Musa spp. eg. M. sapientum	Banana, plantain	Widely cultivated	Herb	Stomach sourness, cooling astringent
305. Myrtaceae	+Pimenta jamaicensis	Wild pimento	Endemic	Tree	Colds, fever, diarrhoea, perfume
306. Nyctaginaceae	+Commicarpus scandens	Rat ears	No range given	Herb	Colds
307. Nyctaginaceae	+Mirabilis jalapa	Four o’clock	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, fever, laxative
308. Oxalidaceae	+Oxalis corniculata	Yellow sorrel	Tropics	Herb	Cooling, febrifuge, antiscorbutic, stomachic
309. Papaveraceae	+Argemone mexicana	Mexican poppy	Tropics	Herb	Colds, eye disease, diarrhoea, dysentery
310. Papilionaceae	+Abrus precatorius	Red bead vine	Subtropics and tropics	Vine	Colds, emetic, purgative, antihelminthic, constipation, fever. Toxic before cooking
311. Papilionaceae	+Andira inermis	Cabbage bark	Tr. America, W. Africa	Tree	Dewormer, wounds. Dangerous in large doses
312. Papilionaceae	+Desmodium axillare	Wild pinder	Tr. America, WI	Herb	Back pain, flush out poison from kidneys, acne
313. Papilionaceae	+Desmodium procumbens	Pinder	Tropics	Herb
314. Papilionaceae	+Moghania strobilifera	Wild hops	E. Indies, WI	Shrub	Fever
315. Papilionaceae	+Stylosanthes hamata	Donkey weed	Tr. America	Herb	Colds, kidney trouble, aphrodaisiac
316. Passifloraceae	+Passiflora foetida	Love-in-a-mist	Tropics	Vine	Good for kidneys
317. Passifloraceae	+Passiflora rubra	Goat hoof	Florida, Mexico, WI	Vine	Colds
318. Passifloraceae	+Passiflora sexflora	Goat foot	Florida, Mexico, WI	Vine	Colds, sores, stiff neck
319. Plantaginaceae	+Plantago major	English plaintain	Common	Herb	Eye lotion, dressing for ulcer, sores, wounds
320. Rubiaceae	+Borreria verticillata	Button Weed	Tr. America, Tr. Africa	Herb	Constipation, fever
321. Simaroubaceae	+Picramnia antidesma	Majoe bitters	C. America, WI	Shrub	Teething, yaws, veneral disease, colic, fevers, skin ulcers
322. Solanaceae	+Physalis angulata	Winter cherry	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Gonorrhoea, ophthalmia
323. Solanaceae	+Solanum ciliatum	Cockroach poison	Tropics	Herb	Coughs, ringworm, dysmenrrhoea, constipation
324. Solanaceae	+Solanum mammosum	Bachelor’s pear	Subtr. and tropical America	Shrub	Colds, cough
325. Solanaceae	+Solanum americanum	Black nightshade	Subtr. and tropical America	Herb	Good for blood, mouth sores, inflammation, ringworm
326. Sterculiaceae	+Helicteres jamaicensis	Screw tree	Bahamas, WI*	Tree	Coughs, biliousness, emetic, fever, tuberculosis
327. Sterculiaceae	+Melochia tomentosa	Tea bush	Subtr.and tropical America	Shrub	Colds
328. Sterculiaceae	+Waltheria indica	Raichie	Subtropics and tropics	Herb	Colds, abortion, haemorrhage, coughs, restorative, syphilis
329. Tilliaceae	+Corchorus siliquosus	Slippery bur	Trop. America, WI	Herb	Colds, asthma
330. Tilliaceae	+Triumfetta sloanei	Bur weed	Endemic	Herb	Checks bleeding, heals cuts
331. Vitaceae	+Cissus sicyoides	Snake withe	Trop. America, WI	Vine	Colds, boils, back pain, gonorrhoea, rheumatism
332. Vitaceae	+Cissus trifoliate	Sorrel vine		Vine	Colds, sores, boils, ulcer
333. Zygophyllaceae	+Guaiacum officinale	Lignum vitae	Tropics, widespread	Tree	Sore throat, fevers, gargle, bellyache, cuts, biliousness, venereal disease, gout, rheumatism
334. Zygophyllaceae	+Tribulus cistoides	Kingston buttercup	Tropics	Herb	Colds, malaria, kidney and bladder infection

Table 6: ‘Medicinal’ plants of Jamaica studied at the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona – Research conducted between 1948 and 2001, and literature reference

PRN and Botanical name	Common name	Research reported by December 2001	Literature reference
1. Asystasia gangetica	?	Active against S. aureus+++	45
2. Justicia pectoralis	Fresh cut	No effect on 5 bacteria; no effect on B. microplus; Crude extract (CE) significantly increased clotting time; a coumarin isolated decreased inflammation, increased wound healing but not coagulation	14, 45, 91, 92, 93, 94
3. Achyranthes indica	Devil’s horse whip	No effect on 5 bacteria, little antihelminthic activity; cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects.	45, 57
4. Allium cepa	Onion	Low antihelminthic potential (Strongyloides stercoralis)	44
5. Anacardium occidentale	Cashew	CE killed 7% T. confusum larvae; bark extract hypoglycaemic, induced hypotension in dogs; aqueous soln used in treatment of diabetes mellitus	3, 16, 93, 57
6. Mangifera indica L.	Mango	CE killed 23% T. confusum, active against S. aureus+	16, 45
7. Spondias dulcis	June plum	Has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived	3
8. Spondias mombin	Hog plum	Listed but not tested	93
9. Anonna muricata	Soursop	No effect on 5 bacteria, no effect on S. stercoralis; alcoholic extract of ripe fruit decreases motor activity, has sedative action; low activity against B. mcroplus	44, 45, 93, 95-100
10. Annona reticulata L.	Custard apple	CE killed 67% T. confusum larvae	16
11. Annona squamosa	Sweetsop	No effect on 5 bacteria, low antihelmintic activity against S. stercoralis	45, 98
12. Catharanthus roseus	Periwinkle	Active against B. microplus (66AI), no effect on 5 bacteria; CE is an effective hypoglycaemic agent; vinblastine and vincristine isolated - these are now used to treat leukaemia	3, 14, 45, 57, 93, 101,102
13. Ervatamia divaricata	Coffee rose	CE killed 17% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (82AI), CE toxic against C. formicarius 48hr Ld95 0.83 µg/insect	14, 16, 103, 104
14. Nerium oleander L.	Oleander	Active against B. microplus (47AI).	14
15. Oreopanax capitatus	Woman wood	CE killed 20% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (40AI)	14, 16
16. Polyscias guilfoylei	Aralia	Listed but not tested	93
17. Asclepias curassavica	Red top	No activity on 5 bacteria, some activty against B. microplus (22AI)	14, 45
18. Catalpa longissima	French oak	No activity on 5 bacteria	45
19. Crescentia cujete	Calabash	No effect on T. confusum	16
20. Tecoma stans	Yellow cedar	No activity on 5 bacteria, CE killed 17% T. confusum.	16, 45
21. Bixa orellana	Annatto	CE killed 13% T. confusum, some activity against B. microplus (38AI); CE is an effective hypoglycaemic agent, isolated trans-bixin is hyperglycaemic, results suggest an effect at the level of receptor sites	3, 14, 16, 102, 105
22. Cordia brownei	Black sage	Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+	45
23. Cordia globosa	Sage	Listed but not tested.	93
24. Cordia sebestena	Geiger tree	No activity on 5 bacteria.	45
25. Heliotropium angiospermum	Pink sage	Listed but not tested	93
26. Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	No activity on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (99AI); has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived	3, 14, 45
27. Tournefortia hirsutissuma	Cold withe	Listed but not tested	93
28. Tournefortia volubilis	Chigger nut	No activity on 5 bacteria	45
29. Lepidium virginicum	Wild pepper grass	No activity on 5 bacteria	45
30. Bromelia pinguin	Ping wing	Extract may have an utero-active compound which inhibits uterine mobility	106
31. Buresera simaruba	Red birch	No effect on T. confusum	16
32. Opuntia cochenillifera	Tuna	Listed but not tested	93
33. Bauhinia divaricata	Bull hoof	No activity on 5 bacteria	45
34. Caesalpinia bonducella	Gray nicker	New furanoditerpene Caesalpine F isolated but bioactivity not determined	107
35. Cassia alata	King of the forest	No activity on 5 bacteria; has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived	3, 45, 93
36. Cassia jamaicensis	Jamaican broom	Active against S. aureus+++ and P. mirabilis+	45
37. Cassia ligustrinia	Piss a bed	Listed but not tested	93
38. Cassia occidentalis	Dandelion	No activity on 5 bacteria; CE killed 20% T. confusum, not very active against B. microplus (7AI)	14, 16, 45, 93
39. Haematoxylum campechianum	Logwood	Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+, no effect on T. confusum, active against B. microplus (46AI)	14, 16, 45
40. Peltophorum linnaei	Brazilletto	CE killed 13% T. confusum	16
41. Tamarindus indica	Tamarind	No effect on 5 bacteria, good antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis	45, 98
42. Hippobroma longiflora	Madam fate	No effect on B. microplus, active against S. aureus+	14, 45
43. Lobelia accuminata	No name given	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
44. Lobelia viridiflora	No name given	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
45. Cinnamodendron corticosum	Mountain cinnamon	Isolated 4 drimane sesquiterpenoids and a sesquiterpene, these had antimicrobial, anticancer and mosquitocidal activity	15
46. Cannibis sativa	Ganja	No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (58AI), found new chemical called cannabitriol, canasol effects eye, glaucoma; has hypoglycaemic effect but activity is short-lived	3, 14, 45, 57, 93, 108-111
47. Cleome rutidosperma	No name given	No effect on 5 bacteria	45,112
48. Cleome viscose	Wild caia	Active against Streptoccocus A+; CLV, a novel diterpene cleomolide was isolated and had insecticidal activity, CE tested pharmacologically	45, 112-115
49. Carica papaya	Papaya	A questionnaire given indicated that green papaya is being used as a topical ulcer dressing (by 75% of nurses in 3 Jamaican hospitals) - advantages and disadvantages of treatment and recommendations given; no effect on S. stercoralis	44, 98, 99, 116
50. Chenopodium ambrosioides	Semicontract	Low antihelminthic activity	93, 98
51. Terminalia catappa	Almond	Low activity against B. microplus	93,100
52. Commelina benghalensis	Water grass	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
53. Commelina diffusa	Water grass	Listed but not tested	93
54. Acanthospermum camphoratum	No name given	Flavanoids and heliangolide isolated	117
55. Ambrosia hispida	Bay tansy	Some antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis (LT50 of 54.7 hrs)	44, 98, 99
56. Bidens cyanpiifolia	Spanish needle	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
57. Bidens pilosa	Spanish needle	Some activity against S. stercoralis (LT50 of 45.7 hrs)	44, 93, 98, 99
58. Bidens reptans var tomentosa	Marigold	Listed not tested	93
59. Calea jamaicensis	Camphor bush	Listed but not tested	93
60. Calea americanum	?	Listed but not tested	93
61. Elephantopus mollis	Iron weed	Listed but not tested	93
62. Eupatorium odoratum	Jack-in-the-bush	Active against S. aureus++, CE killed 60% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (44AI)	14, 16 ,45, 93
63. Eupatorium villosium	Bitter bush	Active against S. aureus++, low activity against B. microplus	14, 45
64. Mikania micrantha	Guaco	Active against E. coli+, S. aureus+++ and Streptococcus A+; has hypoglycaemic effec but activity is short-lived	3, 45
65. Parthenium hysterophorus	Dog flea weed	Active against S. aureus+	45
66. Pseudelephantopus spicatus	Dog tongue	Active against Streptococcus A+	45
67. Syndrella nodiflora	Fatten barrow	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
68. Tagetes erecta L.	African marigold	CE killed 17% T. confusum	16
69. Tridax procumbens	Bakenbox	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
70. Verbesina sp.	several	Thesis not found	118
71. Vernonia acumiata	Bitter bush	CE killed 23% T. confusum	16
72. Vernonia pluvalis	?	Active against S. aureus++ and Streptococcus A+	45
73. Vernonia remotiflora	?	Tricin isolated but not tested for bioactivity	119
74. Wedelia gracilis	Consumption weed	CE no effect on T. confusum	16
75. Wedelia trilobata T. confusum	Yellow marigold	No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (42AI); no effect of	14, 16, 45
76. Cuscuta americana	Dodder, love weed	CE inactivated Strongyloides stercoralis larvae - It95 in 2.2 hours (very high antihelminthic potential - LT50 of 41.8 hrs), CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (61AI)	14, 16, 98, 99, 104, 120,121
77. Evolvulus arbuscula	Sea thyme	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
78. Ipomea fistulosa	Morning glory	CE killed 17% T. confusum	16
79. Bryophyllum pinnatum	Leaf-of-life	No effect on 5 bacteria	45, 93
80. Nasturtium officinale	Water cress	Listed but not tested	91
81. Cucurbita pepo	Field pumpkin	Low antihelminthic potential (LT50 80.8 hrs) against S. stercoralis	98, 99
82. Fevillea cordifolia	Antidote caccoon	Isolated 6 novel cucurbitacin - including a pentacyclic triterpene, cordifolin A - bioactivity not tested	122, 123, 124
83. Momordica charantia	Cerassee	Active against S. aureus+ and Streptococcus A++, active against B. microplus (71AI); anti-growth properties, leukaemic patient showed increased haemoglobin content	14, 45, 93, 125
84. Sechium edule	Cho-cho	Antihypertensive effect of water soluble CE, decreased mean arterial blood pressure	93,126
85. Dioscorea polygonoides	Wild yam	CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (56AI)	14, 16, 95, 96
86. Dioscorea dumetorum	Yam	Isolated steroidal sapogenin, bioactivity not tested	127
87. Codiaeum variegatum	Garden croton	Listed but not tested	93
88. Croton eluteria	Cascarilla	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
89. Croton flavens	Yellow balsam	No effect on 5 bacteria; alkaloids isolated	45,128
90. Croton humilis	No name given	Peptides isolated; alkaloids isolated	128,129
91. Croton linearis	Rosemary	No effect on 5 bacteria, killed 37% T. confusum; isolated insecticdal diterpene was lethal to Cylas formicus (72hr LD50 of 0.32 µg/insect)	16, 45, 128, 130
92. Croton lucidas	Basket hoop	Terpenes isolated	131
93. Croton sp. Including above sp, C. corytifolius, C. discolor, C. lobatus, C. nitens, C. plumieri, C. trinitatis and C. wilsonii	Various	Morphinandienones and proporphines isolated; absolute stereochemistry of crotonitenone (progenitor of natural products having biological activity) elucidated; alkaloids and diterpenes isolated; isolated crotonosine and romifoliol	128, 132-141
94. Euphorbia cyathophora	No name given	Active against S. aureus	45
95. Euphorbia hirta	Milk weed	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting and anti-dipsogenic activity	142
96. Euphorbia pulcherrima	Poinsettia	CE killed 17% T. confusum	16
97. Hura crepitans	Sand box	Listed but not tested	93
98. Jatropha gossypiifolia	Belly-ache bush	Inhibitory action in animal tumour in vitro systems. Isolated jatrophone, a macrocyclic diterpene used clinically as an anti-leukaemic agent	128
99. Ricinus communis	Castor oil	No effect on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (82AI); low antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis	14, 45, 93, 98
100. Rytidophyllum tomentosum	Search me heart	Active against S. aureus+++ and Streptococcus+, low antihelminthic activity	45
101. Bambusa vulgaris	Bamboo	Listed but not tested	93
102. Cymbopogon citraus	Lemon grass	Relatively active against Cylas formicarius and inhibited oogenesis of B. microplus	93,100
103. Vetivera zizanioides	Khus khus	No effect on T. confusum	16
104. Clusia spp	?	New isoprenylated derivatives (C. portlandana), new benzopyran derivative (C. plukenetti)	143, 144, 145
105. Hyptis pectinata	Piaba	No effect on 5 bacteria (H. suaveolus had relatively low acaricidal activity against B. microplus)	45,100
106. Hyptis verticillata	John Charles	Reisolated 4’-demethyldesoxypodo-phyllotoxin and other phyllotoxin having potential as anti-cancer agents; an isolated sesquiterpene (cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one) disrupted oviposition, hatching, not lethal to adult B. microplus but was toxic to Cylas formicarius (90% mortality after 48 hour at 3.6 mg/g insect), CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D; isolated a flavonol with antitumour and antimicrobial activity and an inhibitor of aldose reductase	45, 46, 50, 93, 146
107. Leonotis nepetiflora	Christmas candlestick	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
108. Mentha viridis	Mint	Listed but not tested	93
109. Ocimum basilicum	Sweet parsley	No effect on 5 bacteria; CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL	45, 46
110. Ocimum micranthum	Wild parsley	CE killed 7% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (76AI); CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL	14, 16, 46, 93
111. Plectranthus amboinicus	Soup mint	No effect on B. microplus	14
112. Salvia serotina	Chicken weed	CE had low antihelminthic potential - inactivated S. stercoralis larvae It50 in 20 hrs but still higher than thiabendazole and albendazole; very active against B. microplus (80AI)	14, 120, 121
113. Satureja brownei	Penny royal	Listed but not tested	93
114. Satureja viminea	Peppermint	Listed but not tested	93
115. Cinnamomum zeylanium	Cinnamon	Listed but not tested	93
116. Persea americana	Alligator pear	CE killed 27% T. confusum	16, 93
117. Aloe vera	Sinkle bible	Listed but not tested	93
118. Spigelia anthelmia	Worm grass	CE active against B. microplus (75AI)	14
119. Oryctanthus occidentalis	Scorn-the-earth	Increases blood pressure, isolated oleaname triterpene; CE showed hypertensive activiy, decoction increased blood pressure at high doses in dogs.	91, 93
120. Phoradendron wattii	No name given	Pharmacological testing; CE had pressor activity, isolated tyramine	71
121. Cuphea parsonsia	Strong back	Active against S. aureus++	45, 93
122. Punica granatum	Pomegranate	Listed but not tested	93
123. Abutilon trisulcatum	No name given	Isolated choline, this improved short-term memory in rats	147
124. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Double hibiscus, shoe black	No effect on 5 bacteria; CE killed 67% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (93AI) - lethal dose was 0.22 µL/tick for TOAc fraction, bioactivity dropped on purification	14, 16, 45, 95, 96, 148, 149, 150
125. Hibiscus sabdariffa	Sorrel	White sorrel resistent to M. incognito and R. reniformis, white and red sorrel soil admendments suppressed nematode numbers	53
126. Sida acuta	Broom weed	CE killed 30% T. confusum, some activity against B. microplus (47AI)	14, 16, 45
127. Sida rhombiflora	?	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
128. Thespesia populnea	Seaside mahoe	CE killed 27% T. confusum	16
129. Urena lobata L.	Burmallow	Active against B. microplus (43AI)	14
130. Azadirachta indica	Neem	CE from seeds active against human pathogenic fungi: MIC (µg/ml) were Fonsecaea pedrosoi (4.0), Petrellidium boydii (5.0), Trichophyton mantagraphytis (8.0), Microsporum gypeseum (30.5), Candida krusei (48.7), Rhizopus sp. (50.8) - these results are similar to commercial antifungal agents; CE killed 53% T. confusum; active against B. microplus (68AI); CE toxic against C. formicarius (48hr Ld95 0.53 µg/insect), CE active against Hypothenemus hampei in lab and field, killed Plutella xylostella and Oomyzus sokolowakii; 2% neem oil active against Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella; low activity against S. stercoralis; decreased spontaneous motor activity in rats, antifertility effects, physiological actions in rats; some biopesticide formulations of neem were active against C. formicarius - inhibited feeding by 26-80% in lab; trees treated were avoided in greenhouse; formulations Ashima I&II and companion crops reduced damage from cabbage pests; formulations killed Exophthalmus vittatus by 12.5-44% and inhibited embryogenesis by 20-60%; formulations stopped post-harvest rot in yams, decreased bacterial load on floors of food processing plant; neem plants micropropagated; Neem weakly toxic to lab animals (LD50 6760 and 8709 mg/kg for mice and rats)	14, 48, 84, 85, 86, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 151-163
131. Cedrela odorata	Cedar	CE killed 17% T. confusum, oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 0.625 µg/insect) - efficacy decreased after 3 hrs; isolated photogedunin, tetracyclictriterpenoids, odoratol, odoratone, isodoralol, tetranortriterpenoids, methyl anglensate, gedunin, deacetyl-7-ketogedunin	16, 164 - 169
132. Trichilia havanensis	?	Triterpenoids isolated	170
133. Trichilia hirta L.	Wild mahogany	CE killed 13% T. confusum	16,171
134. Mimosa pudica L.	Shame mi lady	Inactivated S. stercoralis larvae in 1 hr (most active), CE killed 60% T. confusum, not very active against B. microplus (16AI)	14, 16, 98, 120, 121, 172, 173
135. Artocarpus altilis	Breadfruit	Inactivated S. stercoralis larvae in 9.5 and 49 hrs for two extracts for It95; CE active against T. confusum (95% killed), Hypothenemus hampei, Plutella xylostella, Oomyzus sokolowakii, B. microplus (53AI), Amblyomma cajennense and F. oxysporum; CE active against C. formicarius (48hr Ld95 0.86 µg/insect, Lc50 3.9 mg/g), an isolated pentacyclic triterpene had insecticidal activty against C. formicarius, oil fraction contained compounds with insecticidal activity working synergistically - efficacy decreased with purification, dimethyl sulfoxide increased toxicity of triterpene to 1.9 mg/g; CE was 98% as active as Pyrenone (a commercial formulation of Pyrethrum) on adult B. microplus; isolated gamma- aminobutyric acid was a hypertensive agent	14, 44, 51, 71, 93, 98, 100, 103, 104, 120, 121, 160, 161, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
136. Artocarpus heterophyllus	Jackfruit	CE killed 20% T. confusum	16
137. Cecropia peltata	Trumpet tree	CE killed 7% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (58AI), some antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis	14, 16, 98, 172
138. Ficus perforata L.	Wild fig	CE killed 23% T. confusum	16
139. Trophis racemosa	Ramoon	Alkaloidal extract lowers intraocular pressure in dogs	180,181
140. Bontia daphnoides	Kidney bush	CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (69AI), hexane fraction most active; isolated epingaione, a sesquiterpene furan, which was active against C. formicarius, B. microplus, Candida albicans and inhibited the elongation of radish roots	14, 16, 115, 182, 183,184
141. Myristica fragrans	Nutmeg	No effect on T. confusum, oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 of 0.90 µg/insect), efficacy decreased after 3 hrs.	16, 169, 185
142. Eucalyptus spp.	Eucalyptus	Oil controlled C. formicarius (Ld50 of 0.388 µg/insect), efficiency declined after 3 hours	169
143. Pimento dioica L.	Pimento	Active against B. microplus (44AI); isolated essential oils and oleoresins; leaf extracts as lethal as oxymyl in vitro against M.. incognita and R. reniformis (had nematocidal potential) but appeared phytotoxic at rates used.	14, 93, 186, 187, 188
144. Psidium guajava	Guava	Relatively low activity against B. microplus	93,100
145. Sauvagesia brownei	Iron shrub	Listed but not tested	93
146. Jasminium fluminense	Azores jasmine	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
147. Cocos nucifera	Coconut	Controls diabetes	3
148. Bocconia frutescens	John crow bush	No effect on 5 bacteria, active against B. microplus (46AI)	14, 16, 45
149. Alysicarpus vaginalis	Medina	Active against S. aureus++	45
150. Cajanus cajan L.	Gungo pea	CE killed 37% T. confusum	16
151. Crotalaria juncea	Sunhemp	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
152. Crotalaria retusa	Rattle weed	CE killed 30% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (51AI)	14, 16
153. Desmodium canum	Sweetheart	Listed but not tested	93
154. Erythrina corallodendrum	Spanish machete	Active against B. microplus (61AI)	14
155. Gliricida sepium	Quick stick	No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 60% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (64AI).	14, 16, 45
156. Lonchocarpus latifolius	Dogwood	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
157. Piscidia piscipula L.	Dogwood	CE killed 40% T. confusum	16
158. Stylosanthes viscosa	Poor man’s friend	Listed but not tested	93
159. Passiflora maliformis	Sweet cup	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
160. Petiveria alliacea	Guinea hen weed	CE killed 37% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (66AI), an insecticidal and acaricidal polysulphide isolated; CE had immunodulatory activity; active against F. oxysporum	14, 16, 45, 93, 100, 115, 189, 190
161. Rivina humilis	Dog blood	No effect on 5 bacteria, some antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis (Lt50 of 51.0)	45, 98, 99, 172
162. Peperomia clusifolia	No name given	Isolated a prenylated benzopran derivative, clusifoliol; three isolated natural products exhibited anticancer properties; nigrinodine had antifungal activity	15, 77
163. Peperomia pellucida	Rat ears	No effect on 5 bacteria; no activity against B. microplus	45, 93, 100
164. Peperomia proctorii	No name given	Isolated 5 natural products- 2 chemicals showed mosquitocidal activity	15
165. Piper aduncum	No name given	6 natural isolated amides had no effect on B. microplus; 3 amides synthesized from 5,6Z and E butenolides have insecticidal properties	49, 69, 70, 73, 74
166. Piper amalgo var nigrinodum	Pepper elder	No effect on 5 bacteria; isolated nigrodine, pipercide and guineesine which exhibited antifeedant, anticancer, antifungal properties; isolated 6 amides, 3 (including nigrinodine) killed 100% Aedes aegyptii at 100 ppm but inactive on Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 12.5 µg/ml; isolated gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine, the former being a hypertensive agent	14, 15, 16, 45, 52,
167. Piper auritum	No name given	as for P. fadyenii	69, 70, 73, 74
168. Piper betle	No name given	Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory affects; antifungal	78
169. Piper fadyenii	No name given	3 natural isolated compounds had no effect on B. microplus; 3 amides synthesized from isolated 5,6Z and E butenolides have insecticidal properties – inhibited ovogenesis of B. microplus and was toxic to T. confusum	15, 49, 69, 70, 73, 74
170. Piper hispidum	No name given	as for P. fadyenii	74
171. Piper murrayanum	No name given	6 natural products isolated; isolated prenylated hydroxybenzoic derivatives had antimicrobial activity	15, 72, 76
172. Piper verrucosum	No name given	Isolated 2 natural compounds, one had contact insecticidal activity; isolated 3,4-epoxy-8,9-dihydropiplartine	15, 75
173. Pothomorphe umbellata	Cow foot	Listed but not tested	93
174. Antigonon leptopus	Coralita	CE killed 13% T. confusum, active against Streptococcus A++; isolated oleoresins and aquaresins from flowers - used as colourant and tested for mammalian toxicity	16, 45, 191
175. Coccoloba krugii	No name given	Active against S. aureus++ and P. mirabilis+	45
176. Cycloptis semicordata	Tall fern	CE killed 90% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (74AI)	14, 16, 95
177. Lastrepsis effusa	Fine fern	CE killed 23% T. confusum	16
178. Portulaca oleracea	Jump up & kiss me	Good antihelminthic potential (Lt50 of 31.2 hrs) against S. stercoralis	98, 99
179. Gouania lupuloides	Chew stick	Isolated triterpenoid saponins - bioactivity not determined	192
180. Rhizophora mangle	Red mangrove	Triterpenoids with insecticidal activity	45,193
181. Coffea liberica	Liberian coffee	CE killed 13% T. confusum	16
182. Borreria laevis	Button weed	No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 13% T. confusum	45
183. Morinda royoc	Strong back	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
184. Amyris plumieri	Candle wood	Isolated 2,5-diaryl oxazole and chromene	194 - 197
185. Citrus aurantifolia	Lime	Active against S. aureus+	45, 93
186. Citrus aurantium	Seville orange	CE killed 13% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (50AI)	14, 16
187. Citrus reticulata	Tangerine	CE killed 17% T. confusum	16
188. Fagara elephantiasis	Yellow sanders	CE killed 37% T. confusum	16
189. Fagara martinicensis	Bitter bush	CE killed 37% T. confusum, low activity against B. microplus (22AI)	14
190. Murraya koenigii	Meethi neem	Dose dependant antifeedant	158,159
191. Murraya paniculata	Sweet neem	Active against S. aureus+	16, 45
192. Spathelia glabrescens	No name given	Isolated meso form of 2, 23-dihydroxy-2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl-3,7,11,15,19-penta (oxacyclopentyl) tetracosane, (glabresol) - bioactivity not tested	198
193. Spathelia sorbifolia	Mountain pride	Chromenes and 2-quinolone isolated; spathelin isolated - bioactivity not tested	164,199
194. Blighia sapida	Ackee	Hypoglycin A and B isolated and found to be poisonous; improved isolation procedure for hypoglycin A devised; No effect on 5 bacteria; CE killed 20% T. confusum; active against B. microplus (76AI); oil a potent insecticide - killed 100% C, formicarius (4 mg/insect) and 77% B. microplus (4 µg/tick), most potent fraction was 3 fatty acids including methyl-6-methyl-3-ox opentadecanoic acid; Ld50 values were Leucoptera coffeela (3.2%), Hypothenemus hampei (2.3%) and Plutella xylostella (4.7%), formulations were active for 14 days; CE produced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in mice; plants produced callus and axillary bud growth in tissue culture.	14, 16, 45, 54, 56, 93, 100, 103, 104, 178, 200, 201, 202
195. Melicoccus bijugatus	Guinep	No effect on 5 bacteria, CE killed 17% T. confusum, less active against B. microplus (16AI)	14, 16, 45
196. Chrysophyllum cainito	Star apple	CE killed 17% T. confusum	16
197. Manilkara zapota	Naseberry	Listed but not tested	93
198. Capraria biflora	Goat weed	Novel sesquiterpenoids and 4 caprariolides were isolated; Caprariolides A&B combined had a synergistic effect against C. formicarius (Ld50 50.8 µg/insect) and was equitoxic to eugenol	203
199. Alvaradoa jamaicensis	No name given	Isolated alvaradoins A, B, C &-Dantracenone C arabinosides; isolated anthraquinones chrysophanol and physcion were inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 12.5 µg/ml	47,204
200. Picrasma excelsa	Bitter wood	Some antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis	44, 98, 99, 172
201. Simarouba glauca	Bitter damson	No effect on 5 bacteria, very active against B. microplus (100AI, LD50 0.63 µL/tick for CH2Cl2 fraction); reduced cabbage damage in field trials	14, 45, 95, 96, 151
202. Smilax balbisiana	Chainy root	Listed but not tested	93
203. Smilax regelii	Sarsaparilla	Listed but not tested	93
204. Capsicum annum	Hot pepper	CE killed 100% T. confusum, active against B. microplus (66AI)	14, 16, 102, 104
205. Capsicum baccatum	Bird pepper	Effective hypoglycaemic agent	3,102
206. Capsicum frutescens	Bird pepper	CE killed 13% T. confusum; effective hypoglycaemic agent	3, 16, 102
207. Datura stramonium	Jimson weed	CE killed 13% T. confusum	16
208. Nicotiana tabacum	Tobacco	CE killed 100% T. confusum, very active against B. microplus (95AI)	14, 16
209. Solanum torvum	Susumber	No effect on 5 bacteria	45, 93
210. Cola acuminata	Bissy	Isolated triterpenestaraxeryl acetate, epi-friedeline, friedelin, teraxerylacetate and vanillic acid - bioactivity not tested	67, 154, 205
211. Guazuma ulmifolia	Bastard cedar	Listed but not tested	93
212. Turnera ulmifolia	Ramgoat dash-a-long	No effect on 5 bacteria, less active against B. microplus (26AI)	14, 16, 45, 93
213. Eryngium foetidum	Spirit weed	High antihelminthic potential against S. stercoralis Lt50 18.9 hrs; an unsaturated, long chain fatty aldehyde isolated but not identified, the activity of this antihelminthic compound far exceeds that of thiabendazole and compares favourably with ivermectin; contains ingredients with anticonvalescent properties which may be useful in treatment of epilepsy; hexane extract rich in terpenes (alphacholesterol, brassicasterol, delta 5-avenasterol, campestrol, stigmasterol, deorosterol), leaves effective for anti-inflammatory purposes	26, 44, 98, 99, 206, 207
214. Foeniculum vulagare	Fennel	Listed but not tested	93
215. Pilea microphylla var microphylla	Baby puzzle	Active against S. aureus+	45
216. Pilea microphylla var trianthemoide	Artillery plant	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
217. Clerodendrum philippinum	Lady nugent rose	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
218. Lantana camara	White sage	Active against S. aureus++; CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL	45, 46
219. Lantana involucrata	Wild mint	Low acaricidal activity against B. microplus (21AI)	14,100
220. Lantana trifolia	Wild sage	Listed but not tested	93
221. Lantana urticifolia	Black sage	Terpenes isolated; has acaricidal activity against B. microplus	93, 100, 131
222. Lippia alba	Colic mint	Active against B. microplus (62AI); CE active against Streptococcus Group A, B and D, Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus at 130 µg/mL	14, 46, 93
223. Petrea volubilis	Purple wreath	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
224. Priva lappulacea	Clammy bur	No effect on 5 bacteria	45
225. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Vervine	No effect on 5 bacteria, low antihelminthic activity against S. stercoralis larvae (inactivated in 81.5 hrs), active against B. microplus (79AI); isolated phytosterol and spinasterol; isolated dopamine - had pressor activity	14, 44, 45, 67, 71, 93, 98, 120, 121
226. Zingiber officinale	Ginger	Active against B. microplus (45AI)	14

PRN = plant reference number, CE = crude extract, AI = acaricidal index, MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration.

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